Antigenic characterization of classical swine fever virus YC11WB isolates from wild boar

Classical swine fever (CSF), a highly contagious disease that affects domestic pigs and wild boar, has serious economic implications. The present study examined the virulence and transmission of CSF virus strain YC11WB (isolated from a wild boar in 2011) in breeding wild boar. Virulence of strain YC11WB in domestic pigs was also examined. Based on the severe clinical signs and high mortality observed among breeding wild boar, the pathogenicity of strain YC11WB resembled that of typical acute CSF. Surprisingly, in contrast to strain SW03 (isolated from breeding pigs in 2003), strain YC11WB showed both acute and strong virulence in breeding pigs. None of three specific monoclonal antibodies (7F2, 7F83, and 6F65) raised against the B/C domain of the SW03 E2 protein bound to the B/C domain of strain YC11WB due to amino acid mutations (⁷²⁰K→R and ⁷²³N→S) in the YC11WB E2 protein. Although strains YC11WB and SW03 belong to subgroup 2.1b, they had different mortality rates in breeding pigs. Thus, if breeding pigs have not developed protective immunity against CSF virus, they may be susceptible to strain YC11WB transmitted by wild boar, resulting in severe economic losses for the pig industry.

Loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for the detection of Salmonella spp. in pig feces / 대한수의학회지

Salmonella are causative agents of gastroenteritis and systemic disease in animals. The invA gene was selected as a target sequence of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for diagnosis of Salmonella infection. The detection limits for broth dilution, spiked feces and enrichment were 10(4), 10(5) and 10(2) CFUs/mL, respectively. The LAMP assay developed in the present study may be a reliable method for detection of Salmonella spp. in pig feces.

Difference in Management Between Native Koreans and Foreigners with Penetrating Wounds In the Emergency Room

PURPOSE: With the increasing numbers of foreign residents in Korea, the need for an emergency medical care system for foreign patients seems to be growing. Sometimes, a foreigner admitted to an emergency room is not treated sufficiently due to the absence of insurance, facility in the Korean language, and a guardian. The management of a foreigner with trauma in the ER is difficult due to various problems such as social and economic status. The purpose of this study was to investigate the current management status of foreigners with penetrating wounds in the emergency room. METHODS: This study is an analysis of 580 patients that were diagnosed with penetrating wounds in one teaching Hospital from Jan. 1, 2008 to Dec. 31, 2008. We analyzed results according to nationality, alcohol ingestion, intentional or accidental trauma, trauma mechanism, injury severity, management time in the ER, and outcome in the ER. RESULTS: Of the total 580 patients, 486 patients (83.8%) were native Koreans and 94 patients (16.2%) were foreigners. According to the Revised Trauma Score, the average score of native Korean patients was 7.808, and the average score of foreign patients was 7.638. Of native Korean patients, 22.6% had knife wounds while 38.3% of foreign patients did. Of native Korean patients, 17.3% experienced intentional trauma while 33.0% of the foreign patients did. Of native Korean patients, 22.5% had ingested alcohol while 49.4% of the foreigners had. Of native Korean patients, 10.5% were admitted while 7.6% of the foreign patients were. Of native Korean patients, 14.2% were discharged against medical advice (DAMA), while 18.5% of foreign patients were. Of native Korean patients, 1.2% ran away while 8.7% of the foreign patients did. CONCLUSION: Stabbing was the most common cause of penetrating wounds in foreigner patients in this study. Intentional trauma was more common in foreigners with penetrating wounds than in native Koreans. The severity was higher in foreigners with penetrating wounds than it was in native Koreans, and patients who ran away or were discharged against medical advice were more commonly foreigners with penetrating wounds. Social insurance or policy is needed for the management of foreigners with penetrating wounds.

Gene expression patterns induced by taxol(R) and cyclosporin a in oral squamous cell carcinoma cell line using cDNA microarray

The reconstruction of posttraumatic craniofacial deformity using modified lefort II and III osteotomy and autogenous iliac bone graft

Simple double eyelid operation (oriental blepharoplasty) using Y needle

The eyes, the saying goes, are the windows of the soul. It's the first thing you notice about a person. Therefore, many people want to possess beautiful eyelids. Surgical formation of a palpebral fold and sulcus divides the lid into two well-defined segments (palpebral and pretarsal), producing the double eyelid desired by many Oriental women as well as an increasing number of man recently. Upper lid blepharoplasty is the Oriental eye is one of the variations of standard upper lid blepharoplasty. In Oriental double eyelid surgery, there have been two approaches to form a superior palpebral fold: the buried suture(nonincision) method and the full external incision method. Conventionally, the nonincision technique has been shown to produce little postoperative edema. However, the probability of the fold disappearing is high, and this technique cannot be performed in patients with fatty eyelids. Conversely, the incision technique has contrary characteristics. Recently, partial incision(or semi-open) technique which is combination of mentioned methods is used, this technique is removal of pretarsal tissue, muscle, and/or orbital fat around 2 or 3 incision site to facilitate tarsus-dermal adhesion. Our method is on the basis of this technique, furthermore, compared with conventional semi-open method, Y(Yang's) needle assisted double eyelid operation is more easy, convenient, saving-time method and provide satisfactory results.

A clinical study on the nasal bone fracture, focused on the patient's satisfaction following treatment

Clinical comparison of antibacterial effect of skin disinfectants used in surgical field of orthognathic surgical patients:povidone-iodine and chlorhexidine

Effect of a Psychoeducational Family Therapy Model for the Families of Schizophrenic Patients / 신경정신의학

OBJECTIVES: This study was performed to introduce a psychoeducational family therapy model for the families of schizophrenic patient and to investigate the effect of this model on the changes in coping style and depressive symptoms of the family members, and in perception of emotional support by families and depressive symptoms of patients. METHODS: Subjects were schizophrenic out-patients, who fufilled DSM-IV diagnostic criteria, and their families. The members of "education group" were 11 families and patients who participated in more than two thirds of 19 sessions of the program. The members of "non-education group" were 11 families and patients who had no experience of family education and were treated in a general hospital in Pusan. Clinical ratings were performed using by The Ways of Coping Checklist, Family Emotional Support Questionnaire for Transactions, and Beck Depression Inventory. RESULTS: Coping style was changed positively, in education group but not in non-education group. The depressive symptoms of families were decreased in educated group and increased in non-educated group, although there were no statistical significance. In education group, patients felt much better emotional support by their families than patients in non-education group did. At the same time, their depressive symtoms were significantly reduced. The patients from education group were on more successful rehabilitation than those from non-education group were. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that this psychoeducational family therapy model would be helpful to induce the positive changes in coping styles and reduce the depressive symptoms of family members, and it could also induce the reduction of depressive symptoms of schizophrenic patients and help their rehabilitation.

Antidepressant Effects of Ethaverine, a Calcium Channel Antagonist, in Animal Models of Depression / 신경정신의학

OBJECTIVES: This pre-clinical study was performed to assess the effects of ethaverine in the two kinds of behavioral models of depression in rats. METHODS: We observed the changes of the immobility time in the forced swimming test and the quantity of sucrose consumed in the chronic mild stress model, using ethaverine(20mg/kg) alone, imipramine(20mg/kg) alone, or ethaverine and imipramine concomitantly. RESULTS: In the forced swimming test, both single treatment and chronic treatment(for 7 days) with imipramine or ethaverine significantly reduced the immobility time, and concomitant chronic treatment with ethaverine potentiated the effect of imipramine. In the chronic mild stress model, both imipramine and ethaverine reversed the decreased sucrose consumption induced by 3-week stress and concomitantly treated ethaverine potentiated the effect of imipramine in the early phase of treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The data suggest that ethaverine can be used alone or concomitantly with other anti-depressants in the clinical situation.

A Preliminary Study for the Development of the Family Burden Scale of the Schizophrenics / 신경정신의학

OBJECTIVES: This preliminary study was carried out to develop the Family Burden Scale(FBS) of the schizophrenics. METHODS: Ninety-four items were collected by interviewing in a free unstructured format with one relative of each 200 schizophrenic patients and reviewing foreign FBS's. Several professionals and relatives were asked to group and integrate them into several categories. Finally 36 burden items were chosen to constitute a FBS. The FBS was administered to the relatives of 135 schizophrenic, 22 anxiety disorder, 26 dysthymic disorder and somatization disorder, and 49 dementia patients for examining the reliability and validity. RESULTS: The FBS showed high test-retest reliability, internal consistency, and discriminant validity. The results of the factor analysis revealed five-factor solution. CONCLUSION: The FBS can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of various programs intended not only to reduce decompensation among schizophrenics, but also to alleviate family burden.

A Clinical Study of the Nasal Morphologic Changes following LeFortI Osteotomy

The facial esthetics are much affected by nasal changes due to especially its central position in relation to facial outline and so appropriately evaluated should be the functional and esthetic aspects of the nose associated with the facial appearance. Generally, a maxillary surgical movement is known to induce the changes of nasolabial morphology secondary to the skeletal repositioning accompanied by muscular retraction. These changes can be desirable or undesirable to individuals according to the direction and amount of maxillary repositioning. We investigated the surgical changes of bony maxilla and its effects to nasal morphology through the analysis of the lateral cephalogram in the Le Fort I osteotomy. Subjects were 10 patients(male 2, female 8, mean age 22.3 years) and cephalograms were obtained 2 weeks before surgery(T1) and 6 months after surgery(T2). The surgical maxillary movement was identified through the horizontal and vertical repositioning of point A. Soft-tissue analysis of the nasal profile was performed employing two angles: nasal tip projection(NTP), columellar angle(CA). Also, alar base width(ABW) was assessed directly on the patients with a slide gauge. The results were as follows: 1. Both anterior and superior movement above 2mm of maxilla rotated up nasal tip above 1mm. Either anterior or superior movement above 2mm of maxilla made prediction of the amount & direction of NTP changes difficult. Especially, a correlation between horizontal movement of maxilla and NTP rotated-up was P<0.01. 2. Both much highly anterior and superior movement of maxilla is accompanied by more CA increase than either highly. Especially, the correlation between horizontal movement of maxilla and CA change was P<0.05. 3. Anterior and/or superior movement of maxilla was accompanied by the unpredictable ABW widening. 4. The amount of changes of NTP, CA, and ABW is not in direct proportion to amout of anterior and/or superior movement of maxilla. 5. Nasal morphologic changes following Le Fort I osteotomy are affacted by not merely bony repositioning but other multiple factors.

An Investigation to the Diagnostic Validity of MMSE-K and the Psychopathology in a Group of Urban Patients with Dementia of Alzheimer Type / 신경정신의학

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of present study was to determine the validity of MMSE-K and its items in a group of urban patients with dementia of Alzheimer type and investigate the frequency of psychiatric symptoms and the correlation between the severity of cognitive impairment and that of psychopathology in them. METHODS: The subjects were 107 residents, aged over 55, of an urban community, who participated voluntarily in a free medical service for dementic patients. At first, MMSE-K were administered to all the participients to screen for the cognitive impairment. They were diagnosed mainly by the criteria of DSM-IV for dementia of Alzheimer type. Other diagnostic procedures were performed at that time and these included: a history taking for the past and present medical and psychiatric illnesses of the subject and its family members, physical and neurological examinations, clinical evaluations using several psychiatric symptom rating scales such as BPRS, HDRS, HARS and Overt Aggression Scale, Hachinski's Ishcemic Scale, evaluations for sleep disturbances and behavioral problems in daily living. The majority, of total 72 subjects who were evaluated as having cognitive dysfunctions, were the patients with dementia of Alzheimer type: 52 dementia of Alzheimer type, 12 vascular dementia, one mixed type of the two, and 7 others. We determined the validity of MMSE-K and its items in 52 subjects with dementia of Alzheimer type except the two, who could not respond well to the instructions of MMSE-K due to severe cognitive impairments, and 34 non-dementic subjects with only mild psychiatric symptoms. In 42 subjects with dementia of Alzheimer type who completed all the clinical rating scales with confidence, we investigated the frequency of psychiatric symptoms and the correlation between the severity of cognitive impairment and psychopathology. RESULTS: 1) The percent of false positive in diagnosing dementia of Alzheimer type using MMSE-K was 8.0%, and the sensitivity of MMSE-K was 82% in our 107 urban subjects. 2) There were statistically significant differences in the the mean scores of all items except the item, judgement, between the patients with dementia of Alzheimer type and non-dementic subjects(p<0.05). The two items, orientation for time and place, and the item, copy two pentagons, had the sensitivity and specificity over 70%. 3) The frequencies of behavioral and psychiatric symptoms in 42 patients with dementia of Alzheimer type were as follows: verbal aggression(50.0%), depression(46.2%), insomnia(30.8%), ...... , hallucination(21.2%) and delusion(15.4%). 4) The more cognitive dysfunctions had the patient with dementia of Alzheimer type, the more higher scores in the thinking disturbance subscale of BPRS they showed(p<0.01). CONCLUSION: MMSE-K was proved to be a valid instrument to evaluate the cognitive impairments in patients with dementia of Alzheimer type, but the item, judgement, newly admitted to MMSE-K instead of a language item in MMSE, was proved to be lack of power to discriminate the dementic patient from non-dementic subjects. Our subjects with dementia of Alzheimer type had revealed several behavioral and psychiatric symptoms other than cognitive dysfunctions, and those included depression, anxiety, insommnia, aggression, delusion and hallucination which needed intensive pharmacological interventions.

The Relationships between the Caring Burdens of Caregivers and the Psychopathology of In-home Demented Elderlies, and the Needs of Caregivers for the Social Services / 신경정신의학

OBJECTIVES: This study was attempted to offer the foundation data to develop a specific and practical social service of caregiver-centered. For this purpose we assessed the cognitive functions of a group aged 65 or more using the Korean version of Mini Mental State Examination(MMSE-K) in a Dong area of urban community. And then we reassessed the relationships between the caring burdens of caregivers and the psychopathology of in-home demented elderlies, and the needs of caregivers for the social services. METHODS: Subjects in this study were over the age of 65 and resided in a Dong area of urban community. At first, their cognitive functions were screened by MMSE-K. Subjects, whose total score of MMSE-K were below 24 and met the diagnostic criteria of DSM-IV for dementia, were enrolled in this study and defined to be the patients with dementia. Their psychiatric symptoms were assessed by Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale(BPRS), Hamilton's Rating Scale for Depression(HDRS) and Hamilton's Rating Scale for Anxiety(HARS). At the same time, the caring burdens of caregivers and their needs for social services were assessed by caregiver`s burden inventory(CBI). Total 23 subjects completed all of the assessments and their data were analysed statistically by ANOVA, chi2-test, and Duncan's multiple range test using SAS program. RESULTS: 1) The mean total score of BPRS tended to be correlated positively with the mean score of social activity restriction subscale of caring burden dimensions. 2) Some of religions of the caregivers could affect differently and significantly on the negative changes of relationships between the demented elderlies and their caregivers(p<.05). Especially, the Christians experienced less negative changes of relationships between them than the others did. 3) When the demented elderlies were males, total burdens of caregivers and negative changes of relationships between the demented elderlies and their caregivers, and between the caregivers and their relatives were significantly higher than the other burden dimensions were(p<.05). 4) When the demented elderlies were more educated, the psychological burdens of their caregivers were more severe(p<.05). 5) The more were the total burdens of the caregivers, they wanted more social services for them(p<.05). 6) The more were the psychological and financial burdens of the caregivers, their needs for the education and counselling services were more than the needs for the other social services(p<.05). CONCLUSION: Caregivers living with male demented elderlies, who had more severe psychopathology, had more burdens of caregiving and restricted the social activities of the in-home demented elderlies more severely. As a result, the relationships between them became more worse. Our results suggested that free-home helper services for the severely demented elderlies and education counselling services including information-referral service for their caregivers were in needs. Consequently, we should develop more specific services for in-home demented elderlies and their caregivers according to the needs in their family environments.

A Comparison Study on the Psychopathology between the Patients with Dementia of Alzheimer Type and Normal Controls in an Urban Community / 신경정신의학

OBJECT: There are lots of studies on the cognitive impairments in patients with dementia of Alzheimer type in our country, but those on the psychopathology in them are very scanty. We investigated the psychopathology such as psychotic symptoms, depression, and anxiety and their correlations with the severity of cognitive impairments in our urban subjects with dementia of Alzheimer type. METHODS: Our subjects(N=34) with dementia of Alzheimer type in an area of Pusan, aged over 65, are screened with MMSE-K(below 24) and Hachinski's Ischemic Scale(below 4) and enrolled in this study when they met with the criteria of dementia of DSM-IV. They were devided into the mild(N=16) and severe dementic group(N=18) according to their scores of MMSE-K(cut-off point 20/21). The severities of psychiatric symptoms in the two groups were evaluated by using sets of clinical symptom rating scales such as BPRS, HAM-D, and HAM-A and the frequencies of aggressive behaviors and sleep disturbances in them were also rated at that time by two psychiatrists. Data of the two dementic groups were compared with those of healthy control subjects(N=40). RESULTS: The mean total score of BPRS, scores of thinking disturbance and withdrawal retardation subscale were lowest in the healthy control group and highest in the severe dementic group(p<0.05). Mean score of anxious depression subscale of mild dementic group was higher than that of other two groups(p<0.05). There were no ststistical differences in the mean score of hostile suspiciousness subscale among the three groups. The mean total scores of HAM-D and HAM-A tended to be higher in mild dementic group than in other two groups, but the differences were not reached to the statistical significance. These findings were thought to be identical with those of following. The total frequency of insomnia only tended to be higher, but the frequency of initial insomnia and that of using hypnotics were highest in mild dementic group(p<0.05). The frequency of aggressive behaviors tended to be higher in mild dementic group than in other two groups, but the differences were not reached to the statistical significance. CONCLUSION: Patients with dementia of Alzheimer type suffered from several psychiatric problems such as psychotic symptoms, depression, anxiety, insomnia, and aggressive behaviors from the initial stage of the illness. Clinicians should be more aware of those symptoms which need proper pharmacological and social interventions, especially in patients with mild cognitive impairment.

Molecular Neurobiology of Alzheimer's Disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common dementia in the elderly, is associated with a characteristic neuropathology:extracellular neuritic plaques (NPs) and intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). AD is diagnosed clinically on the basis of progressive cognitive impairment. However, the diagnosis of AD is only reliable if a histopathological examination at autopsy shows high numbers of NPs and NFTs particularly in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex. The major component of NP is beta-amyloid protein (Abeta), a fragment of the amyloid precursor protein (APP). NFTs are largely composed of paired helical filaments (PHFs) containing abnormally phospholylated form of the microtubule-associated protein (MAP), tau. A genetic etiology for AD has been established based on population survey. It is revealed that 25-40% of the AD patients are familial and the disease is inherited as an autosomal-dominant trait in most families. Age at onset patterns of AD patients in affected families had indicated that its distribution is bimodal with a cut-off age 58 years. Several mutations in the APP gene, located on chromosome 21, are linked to early-onset AD (EOAD). However, these account for only a small fraction of cases of EOAD. The remaining cases are associated with mutations in two other genes:one on chromosome 14 that encodes S182 (presenilin 1) and the other on chromosome 1 that encodes STM2 (presenilin 2). It is also known that inheritance of specific apolipoprotein E (apoE) alleles, located on chromosome 19, determines the risk and mean age of onset of late-onset AD (LOAD). In this review, we will briefly discuss the biology and hypothetical mechanisms of Abeta, presenilins, apoE and tau protein, those involved in the pathogenesis of AD.

Molecular Neurobiology of Alzheimer's Disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common dementia in the elderly, is associated with a characteristic neuropathology:extracellular neuritic plaques (NPs) and intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). AD is diagnosed clinically on the basis of progressive cognitive impairment. However, the diagnosis of AD is only reliable if a histopathological examination at autopsy shows high numbers of NPs and NFTs particularly in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex. The major component of NP is beta-amyloid protein (Abeta), a fragment of the amyloid precursor protein (APP). NFTs are largely composed of paired helical filaments (PHFs) containing abnormally phospholylated form of the microtubule-associated protein (MAP), tau. A genetic etiology for AD has been established based on population survey. It is revealed that 25-40% of the AD patients are familial and the disease is inherited as an autosomal-dominant trait in most families. Age at onset patterns of AD patients in affected families had indicated that its distribution is bimodal with a cut-off age 58 years. Several mutations in the APP gene, located on chromosome 21, are linked to early-onset AD (EOAD). However, these account for only a small fraction of cases of EOAD. The remaining cases are associated with mutations in two other genes:one on chromosome 14 that encodes S182 (presenilin 1) and the other on chromosome 1 that encodes STM2 (presenilin 2). It is also known that inheritance of specific apolipoprotein E (apoE) alleles, located on chromosome 19, determines the risk and mean age of onset of late-onset AD (LOAD). In this review, we will briefly discuss the biology and hypothetical mechanisms of Abeta, presenilins, apoE and tau protein, those involved in the pathogenesis of AD.

A clinical study of the pulp vitality after orthognathic surger: preliminary study

A clinical study of the blood loss and transfusion on orthognathic surger

PULMONARY EDEMA INDUCED BY BOSMINE SOAKED GAUZE IN ORTHOGNATHIC SURGER