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Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a relentless, progressive, and presently incurable neurodegenerative disease. Its drug development has been hampered by the lack of effective biomarkers for early diagnosis, progression and prognosis. Recently, significant progress has been made for the identification of body fluid biomarkers for ALS, which conferred both theoretical and practical feasibility for the early diagnosis and progression monitoring. Meanwhile, it also facilitated identification of genes and/or pathways for the pathogenesis of ALS. This review summarized biomarkers identified from cerebrospinal fluid, blood and urine of ALS patients and their clinical implications.
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Humanos , Esclerose Lateral Amiotrófica/genética , Biomarcadores , Doenças Neurodegenerativas , PrognósticoRESUMO
Objective@#Comparing the benefit of Abidor, lopinavir/ritonavir and recombinant interferon α-2b triple combination antiviral therapy and lopinavir/ritonavir and interferon dual combination antiviral therapy to hospitalized novel coronavirus pneumonia 2019 in Zhejiang province.@*Methods@#A multi-center prospective study was carried out to compare the effect of triple combination antiviral therapy with dual combination antiviral therapy in 15 medical institutions of Zhejiang Province. All patients were treated with recombinant interferon α-2b (5 million U, 2 times/d) aerosol inhalation. 196 patients were treated with abidol (200 mg, 3 times/d) + lopinavir / ritonavir (2 tablets, 1 time/12 h) as the triple combination antiviral treatment group. 41 patients were treated with lopinavir / ritonavir (2 tablets, 1 time/12 h) as the dual combination antiviral treatment group. The patients who received triple combination antiviral therapy were divided into three groups: within 48 hours, 3-5 days and > 5 days after the symptom onset. To explore the therapeutic effects of triple combination antiviral drugs and dual combination antiviral drugs, as well as triple combination antiviral drugs with different antiviral initiate time. SPSS17.0 software was used to analyze the data.@*Results@#The time of virus nucleic acid turning negative was (12.2 ± 4.7) days in the triple combination antiviral drug group, which was shorter than that in the dual combination antiviral drug group [(15.0 ± 5.0) days] (t = 6.159, P < 0.01 ). The length of hospital stay [12 (9, 17) d] in the triple combination antiviral drug group was also shorter than that in the dual combination antiviral drug group [15 (10, 18) d] (H = 2.073, P < 0.05). Comparing the antiviral treatment which was started within 48 hours, 3-5 days and > 5 days after the symptom onset of triple combination antiviral drug group, the time from the symptom onset to the negative of viral shedding was 13 (10,16.8), 17 (13,22) and 21 (18-24) days respectively (Z = 32.983, P < 0.01), and the time from antiviral therapy to the negative of viral shedding was (11.8±3.9) , (13.5±5.1) and (11.2±4.3) d. The differences among the three groups were statistically significant (Z=32.983 and 6.722, P<0.01 or<0.05).@*Conclusions@#The triple combination antiviral therapy of Abidor, Lopinavir/Litonavir and recombinant interferon α-2b showed shorter viral shedding time and hospitalization time compared with the dual combination antiviral therapy. The earlier the time to initiate triple antiviral treatment, the shorter the time of virus shedding.
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Objective:To compare the efficacy of the combination of abidol, lopinavir/ritonavir plus recombinant interferon α-2b (rIFNα-2b) and the combination of lopinavir/ritonavir plus rIFNα-2b for patients with COVID-19 in Zhejiang province.Methods:A multicenter prospective study was carried out to compare the efficacy of triple combination antiviral therapy and dual combination antiviral therapy in 15 medical institutions of Zhejiang province during January 22 to February 16, 2020. All patients were treated with rIFNα-2b (5 million U, 2 times/d) aerosol inhalation, in addition 196 patients were treated with abidol (200 mg, 3 times/d) + lopinavir/ritonavir (2 tablets, 1 time/12 h) (triple combination group) and 41 patients were treated with lopinavir/ritonavir (2 tablets, 1 time/12 h) (dual combination group). The patients who received triple combination antiviral therapy were further divided into three subgroups: <48 h, 3-5 d and >5 d according the time from the symptom onset to medication starting. The therapeutic efficacy was compared between triple combination group and dual combination group, and compared among 3 subgroups of patients receiving triple combination antiviral therapy. SPSS 17.0 software was used to analyze the data.Results:The virus nucleic acid-negative conversion time in respiratory tract specimens was (12.2±4.7) d in the triple combination group, which was shorter than that in the dual combination group [(15.0±5.0) d] ( t=6.159, P<0.01). The length of hospital stay in the triple combination group [12.0 (9.0, 17.0) d] was also shorter than that in the dual combination group [15.0 (10.0, 18.0) d] ( H=2.073, P<0.05). Compared with the antiviral treatment which was started within after the symptom onset of in the triple combination group, the time from the symptom onset to the viral negative conversion was 13.0 (10.0, 17.0), 17.0 (13.0, 22.0) and 21.0 (18.0, 24.0) d in subgroups of 48 h, 3-5 d and >5 d, respectively ( Z=32.983, P<0.01), while the time from antiviral therapy to viral negative conversion was (11.8±3.9), (13.5±5.1) and (11.2±4.3) d, respectively( Z=6.722, P<0.05). Conclusions:The triple combination antiviral therapy of abidol, lopinavir/litonavir and rIFNα-2b shows shorter viral shedding time and shorter hospitalization time, compared with the dual combination antiviral therapy; and the earlier starting triple combination antiviral therapy will result in better antiviral efficacy.
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Objective:To investigate the relationship between peritoneal thickness and baseline solute transport function in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients, and analyze the factors affecting the function of peritoneal transport.Methods:Non-diabetic end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients admitted to the Second Hospital of Longyan City from January 2017 to June 2019 were enrolled in this study. The thickness of the peritoneal membrane was measured by color ultrasound instrument before the peritoneal catheterization. Standard peritoneal equilibration test (PET) was performed after one month of peritoneal dialysis. The ratio of corrected creatine in 4 h dialysate to 2 h serum creatine (D/Pcr) was used as a solute baseline transport index, and according to the D/Pcr evaluation results, the patients were divided into high/high average transfer (H) group (D/Pcr≥0.65) and low/low average transfer (L) group (D/Pcr<0.65). The clinical data, peritoneal thickness and peritoneal dialysis related indicators between the two groups of patients were compared. Binary logistic regression was used to analyze the factors affecting the function of peritoneal transport.Results:The amount of peritoneal ultrafiltration in H group was significantly lower than that in L group, intraperitoneal creatinine clearance (Ccr) and peritoneal thickness were significantly higher than those in L group (both P<0.05). Pearson and Spearman correlation results showed that the thickness of peritoneal membrane positively correlated with D/Pcr ( r=0.673, P<0.05), peritoneal Ccr ( r=0.261, P<0.05), and negatively correlated with ultrafiltration of peritoneal dialysis ( r=-0.365, P<0.05). Partial correlation analysis showed that the peritoneal thickness was positively correlated with the solute transport index D/Pcr ( r=0.539, P<0.05) and the peritoneal Ccr ( r=0.338, P<0.05). Binary logistic regression results showed that peritoneal thickening was a risk factor affecting peritoneal transport function ( OR=1.175, 95% CI 1.009-1.369, P<0.05). Conclusions:There is a positive correlation between the peritoneal membrane thickness and the baseline solute transport index in patients with non-diabetic peritoneal dialysis. Peritoneal thickening is a risk factor affecting peritoneal transport function.
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Objective To evaluate therapeutic effects of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells(MSC)derived exosomes on alcohol-induced liver injury.Methods Eighteen male C57BL/6 mice aged 6 to 8 week were randomly divided into control group,model group and exosomes group,with 6 mice in each group.The mice in the model group and the exosomes group were fed with Lieber-DeCarli ad libitum diet(Dyets Inc.)for 4 weeks,followed by gavage a bolus of ethanol at day 26,27 and 28.The mice in the control group matched the alcohol-derived calories with dextran-maltose.Meanwhile,the mice in exosomes group were injected with MSC-exosomes via the tail vein at day 14 and 26.After the experiment,serum levels of alanine aminotransferase(ALT)and aspartate aminotransaminase(AST)were detected,and the pathological changes of liver tissues were observed.The expressions of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(Nrf-2),heme oxygenase-1(HO-1),CD63,CD81,TSG101 and Cytochrome C were analyzed by Western blot,and mRNA levels of Nrf-2,HO-1,interleukin(IL)-10 and IL-17 were analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR).The commercial kits were used to detect serum IL-10,IL-17 levels and liver tissue malondialdehyde(MDA),glutathione(GSH),superoxide dismutase(SOD)oxidative stress indicators.The numbers of regulatory T cell(Treg)and help T(Th)17 cells in the liver were analyzed by flow cytometry.One-way analysis of variance was used for comparison between groups.Results MSC-exosomes expressed positive markers CD63,CD81 and TSG101,but did not express the negative markers Cytochrome C.The serum ALT and AST levels in model group were(87.3±25.1)U/L and(223.2±43.5)U/L,respectively,while those in exosomes group were(47.7±12.0)U/L and(128.2±33.6)U/L,respectively.The differences between the two groups were both statistically significant(F=12.818 and 12.226,respectively,both P<0.05).Compared with control group,the SOD activity and GSH level in the model group significantly decreased with statistically significant differences(F=4.245 and 24.074,respectively,both P <0.05).Lieber-DeCarli ethanol feeding significantly increased intrahepatic MDA level in the model mice,which was reversed by MSC-exosomes supplementation,and the difference was statistically significant(F=36.675,P <0.05).Compared with control group,the intrahepatic protein expressions of Nrf-2 and HO-1 in model group were significantly decreased,while the expressions in exosomes group were obviously increased.The differences were statistically significant(F=33.623 and 14.960,respectively,both P <0.05).The expression trends of Nrf-2 and HO-1 mRNA were the same as those of protein expressions(F=20.784 and 276.336,respectively,both P <0.05).The proportions of liver Treg/Th17 in the control group,model group and exosomes group were 4.3±0.9,0.4±0.2,and 3.4±0.5,respectively.The differences among groups were statistically significant(F=64.227,P <0.05).Compared with control group,the serum protein and intrahepatic gene expression of IL-17 in the model group were significantly increased,which were reversed by MSC-exosomes treatment.The differences were statistically significant(F=15.581 and 40.095,respectively,both P<0.05).Serum IL-10 protein levels and intrahepatic IL-10 gene expression were significantly decreased after Lieber-DeCarli ethanol feeding,which were lower than the exosomes group.The differences were statistically significant(F=98.268 and 153.743,respectively,both P <0.05).Conclusions MSC-exosomes transplantation may relieve alcohol-induced liver injury.The mechanism could involve reduction of oxidative stress in the liver via regulating Nrf-2/HO-1 and normalizing the balance of Treg and Th17 cells.
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Objective To evaluate the effects of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and its treatment during pregnancy on neonatal respiratory diseases in late-preterm infants.Method From January 2013 to December 2016,respiratory outcome of singleton infants (gestational age:34-36 weeks) of GDM mothers(GDM group) was compared with infants delivered from mothers without GDM(non-GDM group).We also studied the relationship between maternal GDM treatment (insulin-treated GDM and diet-controlled GDM) and neonatal respiratory outcome,including incidences of respiratory diseases,mechical ventilation and oxygen supplementation.Result A total of 2 174 late-preterm infants were enrolled in this study,including 425 in GDM group and 1 749 non-GDM group.The average birth weight was (2 688 ± 423) g,ranging from 1 320 g to 4 275 g,and mean gestational age was (35.5 ± 0.7) weeks.Comparing with nonGDM group,the incidence of cesarean delivery was significantly higher in GDM group (35.5％ vs.30.5％,P ＜0.05),so was the incidence of antenatal corticosteroids (19.1％ vs.13.0％,P ＜0.01).GDM group was more likely to develop wet lung comparing with non-GDM group (8.0％ vs.5.4％,P ＜ 0.05).A similar incidence of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (RDS),apnea,pneumonia,pneumothorax and pulmonary hypertension were found in the two groups (P ＞0.05).In the GDM group,a total of 91 infants were born to mothers with insulin-treated GDM and 334 diet-controlled GDM.Comparing with the diet controlled group,insulin treatment group was associated with higher risk of neonatal RDS (6.6％ vs.1.8％,P ＜ 0.05) and higher incidence of mechanical ventilation (13.2％ vs.6.0％,P ＜ 0.05).A similar incidences of wet lung,apnea,pneumonia,pneumothorax and pulmonary hypertension were found in the two groups (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion The late-preterm infants born to GDM mothers with insulin treatment have higher incidences of neonatal RDS and mechanical ventilation,and they need much more care.
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Objective To investigate the effect of high-fat diet(HFD)on liver damage caused by autoimmune hepatitis(AIH)in mice.Methods Fifty C57BL/6 male mice were divided randomly into four groups:standard chow(SC)group,HFD group,AIH + SC group and AIH+ HFD group.AIH model was built after feeding for one week and all mice were sacrificed after four weeks.Liver and spleen tissues and serum were collected. Liver histopathology was detected by HE staining. Serum alanine aminotransperase(ALT)and aspartate aminotransferase(AST)levels were measured.Western blot analysis and real-time polymerase chain reaction(PCR)analysis were used to test the expressions of NLR pyrin domain containing 3(NLRP3)and cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase 1(Caspase-1).The concentrations of interleukin(IL)-6,IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-α were analyzed using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay technology.The amount of Th17 cells in spleen was analyzed by FACS.Means among groups were analyzed with one-way ANOVA.SNK-q analysis was used for groups with homogeneity of variance, while nonparametric test was used for groups with variance nonhomogeneity.Results Histologically,the H&E staining of liver tissue from HFD group showed adipose degeneration,and there was inflammation around vessel in AIH+SC group.Moreover,in AIH+HFD group,the inflammation was more serious with mildly adipose degeneration.Compared with SC group,serum levels of ALT and AST increased in HFD group and AIH +SC group,and greatest increase was observed in AIH+ HFD group.The differences were statistically significant(F=57.12 and 37.58, both P<0.05).The proportions of Th17 cells in SC group,HFD group,AIH+ SC group and AIH+HFD group were(2.98 ± 0.90)%,(6.89 ± 0.99)%,(6.47 ± 1.08)% and(9.96 ± 0.83)%, respectively.The differences among all groups were statistically significant(F=54.05,P<0.05).The concentrations of IL-1β,IL-6 and TNF-α in each group were as follows:SC:IL-1β[(7.62 ± 2.81)ng/L],IL-6 [(106.54 ± 53.08)ng/L],T NF-α[(107.26 ± 36.20)ng/L];HFD:IL-1β[(25.06 ± 7.09)ng/L],IL-6 [(220.11 ± 47.41)ng/L],TNF-α[(273.77 ± 33.62)ng/L];AIH+SC:IL-1β[(17.49 ± 5.68)ng/L],IL-6 [(260.73 ± 50.29)ng/L],TNF-α[(250.49 ± 81.63)ng/L];AIH+ HFD:IL-1β[(52.04 ± 10.22)ng/L], IL-6[(785.93 ± 70.91)ng/L],TNF-α[(913.97 ± 64.57)ng/L].The differences were statistically significant(F=44.66,242.15 and 233.49,respectively,all P<0.05).The expressions of NLRP3 and Caspase-1 were significantly increased in AIH+ HFD group than the other three groups(all P<0.05). Conclusions High-fat diet potentiates liver damage induced by autoimmune hepatitis,which might relate to the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines,the activation of Th17 cells and the NLRP3 inflammasome as well as pyroptosis.
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Objective To study the immunoregulatory effect of sodium butyrate(NaB)on T helper cell 17(Th17)and the effect on toll-like receptor 4(TLR4)signal pathway in autoimmune hepatitis (AIH).Methods Fifty male C57BL/6 mice(6 weeks of age)according to the random number table method divided into control group(n=10),AIH group(n=10),NaB group(n=10)and high roughage diet(HRD)group(n=10),and the other ten mice were used to extract hepatic sytosolic S-100.After the establishment of AIH model,mice in NaB group were given sodium butyrate 500 mg/(kg·d)by gavage and those in HRD group were fed with high-fiber stuff.After 3 weeks of treatment,all the mice were sacrificed.The pathological change was observed.The serum levels of alanine aminotransferase(ALT), aspartate transaminase(AST),IL-17A and TNF-α,the proportion of Th17 in spleen,the expression levels of TLR4 and myeloid differentiation factor 88(MyD88)in liver were observed in each group.The tests of normality and homogeneity of variance were used to compare the means of each group.One-way analysis of variance and multiple comparative analyses were used in the statistical analysis.Results HE staining showed that inflammatory cell infiltration and hepatocyte necrosis were significantly reduced in mice treated with NaB and HRD compared to AIH group.Serum ALT levels in control group,AIH group,NaB group and HRD group were(24.833 ± 2.229),(88.333 ± 9.543),(27.167 ± 3.189)and (29.833 ± 6.113)U/L,respectively,while AST levels in each group were(97.00 ± 14.953),(285.000 ± 35.434),(139.500 ± 38.976)and(127.167 ± 28.687)U/L,respectively.The differences among groups were all statistically significant(F=156.49 and 44.118,respectively,both P<0.01).The proportion of Th17 in spleen and the expressions of the transcription factors retinoid-related orphan receptor gamma t in the spleen of the NaB group and HRD group were significantly lower than those of AIH group.The differences were statistically significantly(F=21.780 and 68.283,respectively,both P<0.05).The expressions of TLR4 and MyD88 in liver of AIH group were significantly higher than control group,but those were inhibited in NaB group and HRD group.The differences were statistically significantly(F= 26.235 and 28.293,respectively,both P<0.01).The expressions of IL-17 and TNF-α in liver and serum decreased in NaB group and HRD group.Conclusion NaB exerts an immunoregulatory effect in AIH and improves inflammatory reaction in liver.
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Exosomes, as a kind of extracellular vesicles generated by inward budding of the endosomes to form multi-vesicular bodies (MVBs), are secreted into the extracellular milieu and the systemic circulation thereafter. By endocytosis, direct fusion or receptor-ligand interactions, exosomes can interact with receptor cells and involve in various pathophysiological processes. Accumulating evidence have indicated that exosomes may play crucial roles in the pathogenesis of many neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), Alzheimer disease (AD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). In this paper, the roles of exosomes in the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of PD and ALS are reviewed.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To detect potential mutations of the spastic ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay (SACS) gene in a pedigree affected with autosomal recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay (ARSACS).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood samples of the proband and her family members. All exons and flanking sequences of the SACS gene were analyzed by high-throughput sequencing. Suspected mutations were verified with Sanger sequencing.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Next generation sequencing revealed novel compound heterozygous mutations of the SACS gene, namely c.13085T to G (p.I4362R) and c.5236dupA (p.T1746fs), in the proband, which were respectively derived from her parents. The mutations were confirmed by Sanger sequencing.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The c.5236dupA (p.T1746fs) and c.13085T to G (p.I4362R) mutations of the SACS gene probably underlie the ocular symptoms and hearing loss in the proband.</p>
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Objective To investigate the therapeutic effect and possible mechanism of adenosine A2A receptor agonist (CGS21680) combined with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSC) transplantation in acute liver failure (ALF).Methods Fifty male C57BL/6 mice, 6-8 weeks old, were fed with standard diet for 1 week and randomly divided into 5 groups according to random number table: healthy control group (n=6), model group (n=11), BMMSC group (n=11), CGS21680/BMMSC group (n=11) and CGS21680 group (n=11).Except healthy control group, the other mice were injected with D-GalN and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to establish ALF model.Ten hours later, CGS21680/BMMSC group and CGS21680 group were injected intraperitoneally with adenosine A2A receptor agonist CGS21680 (2.1 mg/kg).In addition, the BMMSC group and CGS21680/BMMSC group were injected BMMSC (1×10.6) through tail vein.After 24 hours, pathological changes of liver tissue was observed by hematoxylin and eosin staining.The change of proportion of mouse splenic Treg among CD4+T lymphocytes was detected by flow cytometry.Toll-like receptor (TLR)4 and nuclear factor (NF)-κB expression levels in liver tissue were detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Western blot.One-way analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA) and SNK-q test was conducted for data analysis.Results Serum IL-6 levels were (23.67±2.97) pg/mL in healthy control group, (151.47±6.03) pg/mL in model control group, (72.10±3.74) pg/mL in BMMSC group, (53.35±2.50) pg/mL in CGS21680/BMMSC group and (84.85±3.25) pg/mL in CGS21680 group.The differences between healthy control group and the other 4 groups were all statistically significant (t=46.02, 25.51, 19.58 and 34.03, respectively, all P<0.01).Serum TNF-ɑ levels were (24.62±3.19) pg/mL in healthy control group, (102.25±2.10) pg/mL in model control group, (54.71±2.23) pg/mL in BMMSC group, (42.20±4.72) pg/mL in CGS21680/BMMSC group and (81.76±3.50) pg/mL in CGS21680 group.The differences between healthy control group and the other 4 groups were all statistically significant (t=46.49, 19.97, 7.72 and 29.57, respectively, all P<0.01).The differences of spleen Treg proportion in healthy control group were statistically significant compared with model control group, BMMSC group, CGS21680/BMMSC group and CGS21680 group (t=51.67, 12.22, 5.91 and 18.21, respectively, all P<0.01).The differences of TLR4 mRNA levels of liver tissue in healthy control group were statistically significant compared with model control group, BMMSC group, CGS21680/BMMSC group and CGS21680 group (t=26.31, 21.33, 13.24 and 27.14, respectively, all P<0.05).The differences of NF-κB mRNA level of liver tissue in healthy control group were statistically significant compared with model control group, BMMSC group, CGS21680/BMMSC group and CGS21680 group (t=16.56, 16.34, 7.83 and 13.11, respectively, all P<0.05).The differences of TLR4 protein level in liver tissue of healthy control group were statistically significant compared with model control group, BMMSC group, CGS21680/BMMSC group and CGS21680 group (t=35.60, 10.38, 6.05 and 18.02, respectively, all P<0.05).The differences of liver NF-κB protein level in the healthy control group were statistically significant compared with model control group, BMMSC group, CGS21680/BMMSC group and CGS21680 group (t=10.80, 7.30, 4.61 and 13.24, respectively, all P<0.05).Conclusions Adenosine A2A receptor agonist combined with BMMSC can significantly up-regulate the proportion of Treg cells in acute liver failure mice and inhibit the TLR4/NF-κB pathway activation, with both coordinated regulation, and further inhibit the liver inflammation.
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Objective@#To investigate the clinical effect and safety of long-acting pegylated interferon-α-2b (Peg-IFN-α-2b) (Y shape, 40 kD) injection (180 μg/week) in the treatment of HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients, with standard-dose Peg-IFN-α-2a as positive control.@*Methods@#This study was a multicenter, randomized, open-label, and positive-controlled phase III clinical trial. Eligible HBeAg-positive CHB patients were screened out and randomized to Peg-IFN-α-2b (Y shape, 40 kD) trial group and Peg-IFN-α-2a control group at a ratio of 2:1. The course of treatment was 48 weeks and the patients were followed up for 24 weeks after drug withdrawal. Plasma samples were collected at screening, baseline, and 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, and 72 weeks for centralized detection. COBAS® Ampliprep/COBAS® TaqMan® HBV Test was used to measure HBV DNA level by quantitative real-time PCR. Electrochemiluminescence immunoassay with Elecsys kit was used to measure HBV markers (HBsAg, anti-HBs, HBeAg, anti-HBe). Adverse events were recorded in detail. The primary outcome measure was HBeAg seroconversion rate after the 24-week follow-up, and non-inferiority was also tested. The difference in HBeAg seroconversion rate after treatment between the trial group and the control group and two-sided confidence interval (CI) were calculated, and non-inferiority was demonstrated if the lower limit of 95% CI was > -10%. The t-test, chi-square test, or rank sum test was used according to the types and features of data.@*Results@#A total of 855 HBeAg-positive CHB patients were enrolled and 820 of them received treatment (538 in the trial group and 282 in the control group). The data of the full analysis set showed that HBeAg seroconversion rate at week 72 was 27.32% in the trial group and 22.70% in the control group with a rate difference of 4.63% (95% CI -1.54% to 10.80%, P = 0.1493). The data of the per-protocol set showed that HBeAg seroconversion rate at week 72 was 30.75% in the trial group and 27.14% in the control group with a rate difference of 3.61% (95% CI -3.87% to 11.09%, P = 0.3436). 95% CI met the non-inferiority criteria, and the trial group was non-inferior to the control group. The two groups had similar incidence rates of adverse events, serious adverse events, and common adverse events.@*Conclusion@#In Peg-IFN-α regimen for HBeAg-positive CHB patients, the new drug Peg-IFN-α-2b (Y shape, 40 kD) has comparable effect and safety to the control drug Peg-IFN-α-2a.
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Objective To investigate the effect of trichostatin A(TSA),a histone deacetylase inhibitor, on s-100-induced autoimmune hepatitis in mice.Methods A total of 26 six-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into control group,model group and TSA group(six in each group),and the rest 8 mice were used to extract the s-100 protein from liver tissue.Mice of model group and TSA group were injected intraperitoneally with s-100 with complete Freund's adjuvant to induce autoimmune hepatitis model.At day 21, TSA group mice were injected intraperitoneally with TSA 2 mg/(kg·d)for 7 days,and 0.9% sodium chloride solution containing 1% dimethyl sulfoxide was injected into the control and model group mice.Alanine transaminase(ALT)and aspartate aminotransferase(AST)in serum were measured and liver histopathology was observed.The protein levels of nuclear factor(NF)-κB and acetylated histone H3 in liver tissue were detected by Western Blot.The hepatic mRNA levels of NF-κB,HDAC3,toll-like receptor 4(TLR4)and TNF-α were measured by real-time PCR.ELISA was used to determine the TNF-α in serum.The results were analyzed with t test.Results The serum levels of ALT in control group,model group and TSA group were(122.00 ± 45.29),(459.33 ± 167.58)and(217.33 ± 49.25)U/L,respectively.The differences between model group and control group or TSA group were significant(t=4.76 and 3.41,respectively,both P<0.05).The serum levels of AST in control group,model group and TSA group were(127.83 ± 18.55),(389.67 ± 87.14)and (249.50 ± 71.72)U/L,respectively.The differences between model group and control group or TSA group were also significant(t= 7.20 and 3.04,respectively,both P< 0.05).The inflammation of the liver histopathology induced by s100 was alleviated by TSA.The relative expressions of NF-κB protein,NF-κB mRNA,TNF-α mRNA,HDAC3 mRNA and TLR4 mRNA in the liver tissue of model group mice were 2.43 ± 0.42,9.51 ± 0.36,10.53 ± 0.74,2.90 ± 0.22,and 4.50 ± 0.73,respectively,which were significantly higher than those of the control group(1.28 ± 0.49,1.28 ± 0.49,1.06 ± 0.14,1.72 ± 0.73,and 1.01 ± 0.31, respectively)(t=4.68,37.14,30.69,4.33 and 10.85,respectively,all P <0.05).In TSA group,the relative expressions of NF-κB protein,NF-κB mRNA,TNF-α mRNA,HDAC3 mRNA and TLR4 mRNA were decreased(1.30 ± 0.36,1.30 ± 0.36,2.38 ± 0.36,2.13 ± 0.32 and 2.40 ± 0.51,respectively),which were statistically lower than those in model group(t=4.58,30.62,24.12,2.81 and 5.81,respectively,all P<0.05).The serum TNF-α levels in control group,model group and TSA group were(122.37 ± 68.12), (1361.44 207.13)and(691.64 ± 162.12)ng/L,respectively.Compared with model group,the differences were statistically significant(t=13.92 and 6.24,respectively,both P<0.05).The relative expression of ac-H3 protein in the model group was 1.10 ± 0.08,which was higher than that in the control group 0.96 ± 0.17(t=2.27,P<0.05).That in TSA group was 1.30 ± 0.04,which was higher than the model group(t=-0.30, P <0.05).Conclusion Histone deacetylase inhibitor TSA alleviates autoimmune hepatitis by enhancing histone acetylation and inhibiting NF-κB and inflammatory factors.
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Objective To investigate the effects of curcumin derivatives (C66) on proliferation and expressions of α-smooth muscle (α SMA) and Collagen Ⅰ in rat hepatic stellate cells (HSC) induced by transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) in vitro and the relationship with cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1).Methods To determine the optimum time and concentration of C66,HSC-T6 cell line was cultured in vitro and divided into control group and groups with different doses of C66 (1 μmol/L,2 μmol/L,5 μmol/L,10 μmol/L,20 μmol/L).Cell proliferation was detected by Cell Counting Kit-8 assay.Then,according to the time and concentration of C66 above,cells were divided into 5 groups including control group,TGF-β only group,TGF-β combined with CB1 antagonist group,TGF-β combined with C66 group and TGF β combined with CB1 antagonist plus C66 group.Quantitative realtime polymerase chain reaction and western blot were used to assess the expressions of α SMA,Collagen Ⅰ,CB1,JNK and phosphorylation of JNK (p-JNK).The variance homogeneity of multiple samples was compared by LSD method.The variance was compared with Dunnett T3 test.One-way analysis of variance was performed to compare the mean values among the groups.Results The inhibitory effect of C66 on HSC-T6 proliferation was dose and time dependent.The optimum time and concentration were 48h and 10 μmol/L,respectively,with the inhibition rate of 54％.Compared with control group,expressions of α-SMA,collagen Ⅰ and CB1 were significantly elevated in TGF-β group (t=6.188,3.48 and 20.64,respectively,all P＜0.05).TGF-β1 could increase the relative mRNA expressions of CB1,collagen Ⅰ and α-SMA with significant differences (t =4.705,9.492 and 38.27,respectively,all P＜ 0.05).Compared with control group,p-JNK expression was significantly elevated in TGF-β group (t=9.567,P＜0.05).Conclusions C66 could inhibit the proliferation and collagen synthesis in HSC-T6 induced by TGF-β and the effect is strengthened when combined with CB1 antagonist,which may involve JNK phosphorylation.Our study provides a better understanding on the mechanism and a new target for treatment of liver fibrosis.
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Objective To investigate the effects of bone marrow-derived stem cells (BMMSC)on the expressions of inflammatory cytokines and Toll-like receptor (TLR)4 pathway in primary hepatic stellate cells (HSC)with direct and indirect contact coculture system.Methods Purified HSC were separately treated with LPS in the concentrations of 0,50,100 and 150 g/L for 48 h.Proliferation ratio was tested with cell counting kit-8 to determine the optimal concentration.HSC in LPS were divided into three groups,including HSC alone group,cocultured with BMMSC at 1∶1 group and cocultured with transwell group at the optimal concentration.The supernatants were collected to detect the concentrations of interleukin-6 (IL-6)and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α.Cells were further divided into seven groups, including BMMSC without LPS group,HSC without LPS group,BMMSC with LPS group,HSC with LPS group,BMMSC in transwell system group,HSC in transwell system group,all cells in transwell system group and direct contact system group.The mRNA expressions ofα-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and collagen I were detected by quantitative real-time PCR,and protein expressions of TLR4,myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88)and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)were analyzed by Western blot.Data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA analysis.Results The proliferation rate of HSC in 50,100 and 150μg/L LPS were (129.77±11 .26)%,(162.90±13.15 )% and (55 .12 ±11 .6)%,respectively compared with HSC without LPS group.The differences were statistically significant (t =5 .91 ,10.70 and 8.65 , respectively,all P <0.05).The concentrations of IL-6 and TNF-αin HSC alone group,directly/indirectly cocultured group were (252.02 ±30.94)ng/L and (148.00 ± 10.27 )ng/L,(88.52 ±6.61 )g/L and (72.63±5 .54)ng/L,(103.74±7.14)ng/L and (81 .79 ±6.92 )ng/L,respectively.The differences between HSC alone group and directly/indirectly cocultured group were significant (t=12.66 and 15 .82, 11 .81 and 12.34,respectively,all P < 0.05 ).The directly and indirectly cocultured groups were significantly different (t=3.83 and 2.53,respectively,both P <0.05 ).The mRNA expressions of α-SMA and collagen I in HSC with LPS were remarkably increased compared with HSC without LPS (t =14.16 and 11 .84,respectively,both P <0.05 )and reversed by cocultured with BMMSC (t =11 .98 and 4.47,respectively,P <0.05).All cells in transwell group expressed moreα-SMA and collagen I than the direct contact group (t=3.70 and 3.19,respectively,P <0.05 ).The TLR pathway associated protein expressions,TLR4,MyD88,and NF-κB in HSC in transwell group were significantly down-regulated compared with HSC with LPS group.And all cells in transwell system had higher level of protein expressions compared with direct contact system (P < 0.05 ).Conclusions BMMSC are effective in inhibiting HSC activation and inflammatory cytokines excretion,which may be modulated through TLR4 pathway and cell to cell contact.
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Objective To investigate the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of curcumin derivatives C66 treatment on hepatic fibrosis .Methods Thirty three C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into 3 groups:normal control group ,model control group and curcumin derivatives C66 treatment group .Nine mice in normal control group were fed with water and food .Hepatic fibrosis model was induced in 24 mice by intraperitoneal injection of 40% carbon tetrachloride at a dose of 4 mL/kg for the first time ,followed by 2 mL/kg twice a week for 6 weeks . At week 6 ,6 mice were randomly selected to perform pathological examination to evaluate whether the hepatic fibrosis were successfully induced .Mice with hepatic fibrosis were randomized into model control group and curcumin derivatives C66 treatment group with 9 mice in each group .From week 6 on ,mice in the treatment group were lavaged with curcumin derivatives C66 at a dosage of 10 mg ·/(kg · d) .The rest mice were administered with equivalent dosage of 0 .5% carboxymethylcellulose sodium .Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) ,aspartate aminotransferase (AST ) and liver hydroxyproline ( Hyp ) contents were detected , and the semi‐quantitative analysis of liver fibrosis was performed by pathological examination in hepatic tissue by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) and Masson staining .The expressions of collagen Ⅰ ,α‐smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA) mRNA and collagen Ⅰ ,α‐SMA ,nuclear factor‐kappa B p65 (NF‐κB p65) ,inhibitor kappa B alpha (IκBα) protein in each group were detected by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and Western blot .Data were analyzed with one‐way ANOVA analysis .Results The serum levels of ALT and AST in model control group ,C66 treatment group and normal control group were (202 .71 ± 19 .66 ) U/L , (233 .42 ± 23 .97 ) U/L ;(102 .00 ± 11 .04 ) U/L , (120 .87 ± 13 .83 ) U/L ;(36 .66 ± 6 .37) U/L and (43 .33 ± 8 .08)U/L ,respectively .The differences between model and normal control group were both significant (t=23 .96 and 22 .39 ,respectively ;both P<0 .05) .The C66 treatment group showed significantly lower levels of serum ALT and AST in contrast with model control group (t =11 .56 and 10 .52 ,respectively ;both P<0 .05) .Compared to the model control group ,hepatic Hyp contents in normal control group and C66 treatment group were significantly different (t= 17 .50 , P< 0 .05;t=11 .45 ,P<0 .05) .Collagen Ⅰand α‐SMA mRNA expressions in C66 treatment group were remarkably lower in contrast with that in model control group (t= 7 .23 and 7 .95 ,respectively ;both P< 0 .05) . Protein levels of Collagen Ⅰ ,α‐SMA and NF‐κB p65 decreased in C66 treatment group ,while IκBαincreased significantly (all P<0 .05) .Conclusion The application of C66 can contribute to the regression of liver fibrosis and the mechanism may rely on the regulation of NF‐κB expression .
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Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common age-related neurodegenerative disorder characterized mainly by motor dysfunction resulting in bradykinesia, rigidity, tremor, gait impairment, and postural instability. The classic pathogenic feature of PD is preferential loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Downregulation of rRNA transcription is one of major mechanisms to maintain cellular homeostasis under stress conditions. Nucleolar stress has emerged as a component of the degenerative process caused by impaired rRNA transcription and altered nucleolar integrity. Recent study has indicated that the response to stress conditions and quality control mechanisms are impaired in PD, and that metabolic stress may be a trigger mechanism for PD. This review aims to present evidence for a role of nucleolar stress in PD and has summarized mechanisms by which nucleolar stress may play a role in the progression of PD.
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Humanos , Nucléolo Celular , Fisiologia , Doença de Parkinson , RNA Ribossômico , Genética , Transdução de Sinais , Estresse Fisiológico , Serina-Treonina Quinases TOR , FisiologiaRESUMO
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To determine the role of zinc finger protein 1 (ZEB 1) in liver fibrosis and in regards to expression of the tumor growth factor-beta (TGFb) signaling factor using a rat model system.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into a normal (control) group, liver fibrosis (model) group and a liver fibrosis + therapy (ZEB1 intervention) group. The model group and the ZEB1 intervention group were given intraperitoneal injections of dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) for the first 3 days of each week over a 7-week period; starting at week 5, the ZEB 1 intervention group was started on a routine of every other day tail vein injections of recombinant ZEB1. During this 7-week period, the control group was given intraperitoneal injections of 0.9% NaC1 alone on the DMN schedule. Liver tissues were collected for pathological examination (with hematoxylin-eosin and Masson staining) and for detection of TGFb1 and ZEB 1 expression (by RT-PCR and western blotting). Measurement data were compared between groups using the single-factor analysis of variance test, followed by the least significant difference LSD test. Count data were analyzed by Fisher's exact test.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The model group's liver tissues showed degeneration and necrosis, as well as obvious fibrous septa accompanied by pseudo lobules. The ZEB 1 intervention group's liver tissues showed a significantly higher degree of fibrosis (x²=21.63, P=0), with more coarse fiber cords. The expression of ZEB1 and TGFb1 was significantly higher in the model group than in the control group (both P less than 0.05). However, the ZEB 1 intervention group showed the highest levels of ZEB 1 and TGFb1 expression (vs. model group, P less than 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>ZEB 1 may promote the development of liver fibrosis in rats through a mechanism involving the TGFb/Smad signaling pathway.</p>
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Animais , Masculino , Ratos , Proteínas de Homeodomínio , Farmacologia , Fígado , Metabolismo , Cirrose Hepática Experimental , Metabolismo , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Fatores de Transcrição , Farmacologia , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta1 , Metabolismo , Dedos de ZincoRESUMO
Objective To isolate and culture splenic CD11clow CD45RBhigh dendritic cells (DC) derived from endotoxin tolerance (ET) mice and investigate its biological characterization.Methods Mice weighed 20 to 25 gram were completely randomized into two groups including ET group and control group with 6 each.ET mice were modeled by intraperitoneal injection of low-dose lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for several days (pretreated with LPS 0.1 μg/mouse for 5 d).Mice in control group were given the same volume of normal saline (NS).CD11clowCD45RBhighDC were isolated from spleen by magnetic activated cell sorting (MACS).The immunological phenotypes were detected by flow cytometry.The suppressive capacity of CD11clow CD45RBhigh DC was determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) colorimetric assay in allogenic mixed T cells reaction.The expressions of interleukin (IL)-10 and IL-12 produced by CD11clow CD45RBhigh DC were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).Statistical significance was analyzed through one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA).The homogeneity of variances was detected by Levene test.If variances were homogeneous,the least significant difference (LSD) test was used.If not,Dunnett T3 test was applied.Results The consistence of CD1 1 clow CD45RBhigh DC in control group was 30 ％,reaching the amount of (5.30±0.12) × 105/mouse ;In ET group,the percentage of CD11clow CD45RBhighDC achieved 80 ％ and the production was (1.20 ± 0.13) × 106/mouse the difference was statistically significant (t=3.23,P＜0.01).The cellar morphology in two groups showed no obvious difference.Compared to expression levels of all cell phenotypes (histocompatibility complex-Ⅱ,CD40 and CD80) in normal mice,the cell surface expression levels of CD11clowCD45RBhigh DC in ET mice were much lower.The difference in two groups was statistically significant.Splenic CD11clowCD45RBhighDC derived from ET mice with cell concentration of 1∶ 10,1∶50and 1∶100 had more obvious prohibitory effects on allogenic T cells (t1∶0 =1.36,P1∶10 ＜0.01,t1∶50 =2.49,P1∶50 ＜0.01,1∶100 =1.88,Pm00 ＜0.01).Secretion of IL-10 produced by CD11clowCD45RBhighDC of ET mice was significantly increased (t1∶0=13.63,P1∶10 ＜0.01,t1∶50 =13.45,P1∶50 ＜0.01,t1∶00 =9.31,P1∶00 ＜0.01),but the expression of IL-12 was lower (t1∶0 =2.62,P1∶0 =0.02,1∶∶50 =2.74,P1∶0=0.02,t1∶100 =2.99,P1∶100 =0.01).Conclusion Splenic CD11clow CD45RBhigh DC from ET mice have weaker ability of antigen presenting and allogeneic lymphocytes proliferation stimulating than those from normal mice.
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For the problems that 3 first-class ternary hospitals which are not directly affiliated to medical universities are facing in cultivating high-educated staff's scientific abilities,analyze the importance to carry out scientific work in clinic and discuss how to improve their scientific abilities from hospitals,departments and high-educated staff themselves.