Effects of neuropathic pain induced by selective nerve injury model on intestinal microflora diversity in mice / 西安交通大学学报(医学版)

【Objective】 To investigate the effects of neuropathic pain induced by selective nerve injury (SNI) on intestinal microflora diversity in C57 mice. 【Methods】 36 C57 mice were randomly divided into SNI model group (n=18), sham-operation group (n=8), and control group (n=10). At day 0,1, 3, 7, and 14 after modeling, mechanical pain threshold and thermal pain sensitivity tests were carried out. At day 14 after modeling, colon content (fresh feces) from all the mice were collected for intestinal microflora diversity analysis. 【Results】 One day after modeling, the mechanical pain threshold in SNI group decreased significantly (more than 70%) due to nerve injury, and the thermal pain threshold decreased by 40%, while sham group and control group had no significant decrease. SNI group showed foot hyperalgesia, and the difference was statistically significant compared with sham group and control group (P<0.001). Compared with control group, sham-operation group had a transient decrease in thermal pain threshold on the first day after modeling (P=0.006), but there was no difference in pain threshold between the two groups on the third day after modeling. The α-diversity analysis showed that the abundance of Observed, Chao1, ACE and Simpson in SNI group was significantly lower than that in control group (P<0.05). That is, SNI group had flora disorder due to pain stimulation. Observed, Chao1, ACE, and Simpson were less abundant in sham group than in control group (P<0.05) and the change was between SNI group and control group. 【Conclusion】 Neuropathic pain induced by SNI model resulted in the decrease of mechanical pain threshold and thermal pain threshold, which leads to the reduction of intestinal flora diversity in C57 mice.

Analysis of death time of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 / 西安交通大学学报(医学版)

【Objective】 To investigate the death time of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). 【Methods】 The death time was calculated and analyzed using individual data and aggregated data through the daily notification of the epidemic situation and the death cases published on the website of the Heath Commission of China and provinces. 【Results】 In the 153 patients who died of COVID-19, the shortest time from onset to death was 4 days and the longest time was 50 days with the mean±standard deviation of (16.7±9.2) days. The median was 14 days and the 95% confidence interval was 4.6-42.9. The shortest time from admission to death was 1 day and the longest time was 50 days with the mean ± standard deviation of (12.1±7.8) days. The median was 11 days and the 95% confidence interval was 2-32.8. The time curve from diagnosis to death was skewed. The death time from diagnosis to death was 0 to 48 days with the mean ± standard deviation of (11.1±8.9) days. The median was 9 days, the interquartile interval was 10.5 days, and the 95% confidence interval was 0-35.4. It took 3 days from onset to admission and 1 day from admission to diagnosis. Aggregated data showed that the time from diagnosis to death of COVID-19 patients in China, China (except Hubei Province), Hubei Province and Wuhan City was 8, 9, 6 and 6 days, respectively. 【Conclusion】 The time from diagnosis to death of COVID-19 patients varied significantly, with the median time of 6-9 days in different regions.

An analysis on cure time of patients with COVID-19 / 西安交通大学学报(医学版)

【Objective】 To analyze the cure time from diagnosis to cure of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19). 【Methods】 Based on the time of admission, diagnosis, and discharge of cured cases announced by the provincial and municipal health committees, the average period from diagnosis to discharge was calculated. And based on the aggregate data including the cumulative number of diagnoses, the number of curedcases and the number of deaths and their proportional relationship, we calculated the cure time. 【Results】 The cure time curve of 580 COVID-19 patients had skewed distribution, with a skewness of 1.09, a mean cure time of (14.6±6.7) days, a median of 13 days, and a 95% confidence interval (6.9, 21.0). The average cure time calculated based on the relationship between the cumulative number of diagnoses, the number of cured cases and the number of deaths was (13.3±3.5)d, with a median of 13.5 d. The average value of the cure time calculated based on the proportion of cured cases to the number of endpoints was (14.2±4.2)d, with the median number of 14.5 d. Based on the calculation of the relationship between the cumulative number of diagnosed cases, the number of cured cases and the number of deaths, the median cure time of cases with COVID-19 in Wuhan, Hubei Province, and the whole country was 15 days, 15.5 days and 15 days, respectively. The mediancure time for COVID-19cases in Wuhan, Hubei, and the whole country was 14 days. 【Conclusion】 The median cure time of COVID-19 is 13-15.5 days. There is some variation at different time of the outbreak, but there is not much difference between different regions.

Hemostasis Effect of Compound Hemostasis Patches / 中国药师

Objective:To study the hemostasis effect of the ingredients in compound hemostasis patches .Methods:The effect of the ingredients in compound hemostasis patches on the clotting time was studied by the coagulation of rabbit whole blood in vitro.The models of femoral arterial injury in rats and perforation of femoral artery in pigs were established , and the effect of the ingredients in compound hemostasis patches on the bleeding time and the bleeding loss was studied .Results:The results of the whole blood coagula-tion in vitro showed that the clotting time of the three compound hemostasis patches at different concentrations and thrombin group was significantly shorter than that of the blank control group and the saline control group (P<0.01).Compared with to the blank control group, the results of rat femoral artery trauma model test showed that the three patch groups and thrombin group could significantly re -duce the bleeding loss and bleeding time (P<0.05 or P<0.01).The results of pig femoral artery perforation hemorrhage model test showed that the compound hemostasis patches could significantly reduce the bleeding time (P<0.05).Conclusion:Compound hemo-stasis patches can significantly shorten clotting time and decrease bleeding loss .

Analgesic Effect Comparison Between Living Rhino Horn and Rhino Horn / 中国药师

Objective:To compare the analgesic effect between living rhino horn and rhino horn in mice and rats,and to explore the possibility of living rhino horn used as a substitute of rhino horn. Methods:The analgesic effect was compared using the body tor-sion method and the formaldehyde method in mice,and the hot plate method and the thermal sting imager method in rats. Results:Compared with the control group,the living rhino horn at the dose of 0. 35,0. 7 and 1. 4 g·kg - 1 could significantly prolong the incu-bation period of body torsion induced by acetic acid(P < 0. 05 or P < 0. 01),and significantly reduce the number of body torsion(P <0. 05 or P < 0. 01). The three dose groups(0. 35,0. 7,1. 4 g·kg - 1 )of rhino horn could significantly reduce the number of body tor-sion(P < 0. 05 or P < 0. 01). After the second dose and compared with the control group,the pain threshold of high dose group(1. 4 g·kg - 1 )of living rhino horn,high and middle dose groups(0. 7,1. 4 g·kg - 1 )of rhino horn was significantly prolonged(P < 0. 05 or P < 0. 01). Compared with the control group,three dose groups(0. 175,0. 35,0. 7 g·kg - 1 )of living rhino horn and rhino horn could significantly reduce the analgesic effect in mice induced by formaldehyde in the second phase(P < 0. 01). Compared with the control group,the changes of pain threshold before and after the administration in three dose groups(110,220,440 mg·kg - 1 )of liv-ing rhino horn and high dose group(440 mg·kg - 1 )of rhino horn was significantly increased(P < 0. 05 or P < 0. 01). Conclusion:Living rhino horn can be used as a substitute of rhino horn with promising analgesia effect.

The characteristics and research progress of inverse agonists / 西安交通大学学报(医学版)

Inverse agonist is a new type of drug acting on receptors.Its research has experienced several stages, including discovery of ethylβ-carboline 3-carboxylate,activity study,proposal of the concept,two-state model,and constitutive activity theory in succession.Most G protein-coupled receptors possess constitutive activity,i.e.a proportion of receptors are in active state and can produce effects without any agonist.Inverse agonist has an affinity to receptors,but no intrinsic activity,so it cannot activate receptors.However,it can antagonize the constitutive activity of receptors,and produce an opposite effect on the corresponding agonist.Both agonist and inverse agonist can produce their effect alone with different mechanisms.Agonist activates its receptors,but inverse agonist antagonizes them.Both inverse agonist and antagonist can antagonize receptors.However,inverse agonist and antagonist antagonize the constitutive activity of receptor and the agonist’s effects,respectively.Inverse agonists can be used to treat diseases with enhanced constitutive activity,up-regulate and sensitize receptors with constitutive activity.Moreover,endogenous inverse agonists can maintain a specific physiological function.The study on inverse agonist has a theoretical significance in perfecting receptor theory as well as a clinical value in diagnosis and treatment of diseases with enhanced constitutive activity.

Sumatriptan down-regulates calcitonin gene-related peptide expression via extracellular signalregulated 1/2 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase signaling transduction pathways in rat trigeminal ganglion after organ culture / 中华神经科杂志

Objective To explore the effects of sumatriptan on the modulation of calcitonin generelated peptide(CGRP) expression and its involving intracellular signaling transduction mechanisms in rat trigeminal ganglion(TG) after organ culture.Methods Using organ culture in vitro model,54 isolated TGs of SD rats were randomly divided into fresh group ( n =6 ),control group ( n =6 ) and experimental group (n =42,6 TGs for each subgroup).Experimental group included seven subgroups,which were respectively pretreated with four different concentrations of sumatriptan,specific inhibitors of extracellular signalregulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) pathway (U0126 and PD98059 ),and the inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) (SP600125).After co-cultured with above intervention agents for 24 h,CGRP-immunoreactivity (CGRP-ir) positive neurons and CGRP-mRNA expression levels were quantified by immunohistoehemistry stain and real-time polymerase chain reaction,respectively.Phosphorylated ERK1/2 (pERK1/2) and JNK (pJNK) proteins levels were determined by Western-blotting method.Results The CGRP-ir ( + ) neurons expression levels were significantly increased after 24 h organ culture.However,0.10 and 0.50 mg/ml concentrations of sumatriptan remarkably decreased the CGRP-ir ( + ) neurons expression levels.The positive cell percentage,positive optic area,integrated optical density,mean optical density and CGRP-mRNA expression level in TG were significantly reduced than control groups (tPCP =8.652,26.382; tarea =6.220,13.917; tIA =5.606,15.904; tM14 =2.661,21.748; tmRNA =8.032,15.675.P ＜ 0.05 ).The CGRP-mRNA expressions were significantly down-regulated after co-incubation with concentration of 0.50 mg/ml sumatriptan for 24 h in TG of SD rat ( P ＜0.05 ).The levels of pERK1/2 and pJNK protein kinase detected by Western-blotting were significantly reduced by 0.50 mg/ml concentration of sumatriptan,the degrees of which were closed to the ERK1/2 and JNK pathway specific blockers.Conclusion It suggests that the optimal concentration of sumatriptan significantly down-regulates CGRP over-expression via intracellular ERK1/2 and JNK signaling transduction pathways in TG after organ culture.

The pharmacological mechanism of gastrodin on calcitonin gene-related peptide of cultured rat trigeminal ganglion / 药学学报

The Chinese herbal medicine Tianma (Gastrodia elata) has been used for treating and preventing primary headache over thousands of years, but the exact pharmacological mechanism of the main bioactive ingredient gastrodin remains unclear. In present study, the effects of gastrodin on calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 (pERK1/2) expression were observed in rat trigeminal ganglion (TG) after in vitro organ culture to explore the underlying intracellular mechanism of gastrodin on primary vascular-associated headache. CGRP-immunoreactivity (CGRP-ir) positive neurons count, positive area, mean optical density and integrated optical density by means of immunohistochemistry stain were compared at different concentrations of gastrodin, which was separately co-incubated with DMEM in SD rat TG for 24 hours. Only at 5 or 10 mmol L(-1) concentration, gastrodin demonstrated significantly concentration-dependent reduction of CGRP-ir (+) expression and its action closed to 1.2 mmol L(-1) sumatriptan succinate. While at 2.5, 20, and 40 mmol L(-1) concentration, gastrodin did not show remarkable effects on CGRP-ir (+) expression. The optimal concentration of gastrodin (5 and 10 mmol L(-1)) similarly inhibited CGRP-mRNA expression level separately compared with 1.2 mmol L(-1) sumatriptan succinate and 10 micromol L(-1) flunarizine hydrochloride, which was quantitatively analyzed by real-time PCR (RT-PCR). pERK1/2 level was examined by Western blotting after co-cultured with optimal concentration of gastrodin and effective specific ERK1/2 pathway inhibitors PD98059, U0126. The result indicated that gastrodin significantly reduced pERK1/2 protein actions similarly to ERK1/2 pathway specific blockade. It suggests ERK1/2 signaling transduction pathway may be involved in gastrodin intracellular mechanism. This study indicates gastrodin (5 and 10 mmol L(-1)) can remarkably reduce CGRP-ir (+) neuron, CGRP-mRNA and pERK1/2 expression level in cultured rat TG, with its actions similar to the effective concentration of sumatriptan succinate, flunarizine hydrochloride and specific ERK1/2 pathway blocker. The intracellular signaling transduction ERK1/2 pathway may be involved in the gastrodin reducing CGRP up-regulation in rat TG after organ culture.

The hemostatic effect of emergent hemostasis patch / 西安交通大学学报(医学版)

Objective To observe the hemostatic effect of emergent hemostasis patch (EHP). Methods The coagulation time was studied with tube method in vitro. Hemostasis was studied with femoral artery hemorrhage models of rats and dogs as well as rabbit hepatorrhexis model in vivo. Results The clotting time of EHP of high, medium and low concentrations was (4.9±1.3)min, (5.7±1.8)min and (5.8±1.3)min, respectively, which was significantly lower than that of control (14.4±1.6)min in vitro. In femoral hemorrhage models of rats and dogs, the duration and amount of bleeding in EHP of high, medium and low doses were significantly decreased compared with those in the PVF sponge group (P<0.01 or P<0.05). The results of rabbit hepatorrhexis experiment showed that EHP of three doses obviously decreased the hemostatic time and blood loss compared with PVF sponge group (P<0.01). Conclusion EHP can shorten coagulation time and bleeding time, and reduce bleeding amount.

Mechanism of the protective effect of α_(1A)-AR antagonist on renal ischemic injury in rats with hepatorenal syndrome / 西安交通大学学报(医学版)

Objective To study the mechanism of the protective effect of α_(1A)-AR antagonist Tamsulosin (Tam) on renal ischemic injury in hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) rats. Methods HRS was induced in male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats by intraperitoneal injection of D-(+)-galactosamine hydrochloride (GalN). Thirty-two HRS rats were divided into 3 groups randomly. Then surgical occlusions of the infrahepatic inferior vena cave (OIVC) were performed; Tam, an α_(1A)-AR antagonist, was administered daily before injection of GalN. During the operation, hemodynamic changes of the kidney and liver were measured by laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF). Serum samples were collected to measure serum levels of liver and renal function. At the same time, renal and liver samples were harvested and stained by HE and immunohistochemistry. Other parts of the sample were fixed with 2.5% glutaral to observe the cellular ultrastructure of renal and vascular endothelium by electron microscope. Results OIVC developed much severe ischemic injury in the kidney and liver of HRS rats. The renal cortex blood perfusion (RCBP) of HRS rats decreased rapidly after OIVC, and did not return to baseline after reflow. Pathological study showed severe injury of the liver and kidney. However, expressions of alpha-1 AR on renal artery and kidney were reduced in those rats that had received Tam before OIVC. Histological examination of the kidney also showed few abnormalities. Conclusion Marked increases of contractive response of renal artery of HRS rats induced by up-regulation of α_1-AR may be associated with a high risk of progression to acute renal failure in HRS rats after ischemia. Tamsulosin has a protective effect on renal ischemic injury through reducing α_(1A)-AR overexpression in HRS rats.

The protective effect of hydrogen sulfide on intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats / 西安交通大学学报(医学版)

Objective To study the protective effect of hydrogen sulfide(H2S) on intestinal ischemia-reperfusion(I/R) injury so as to provide a new clinical treatment on I/R.Methods NaHS was taken as a donor of H2S.Forty Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 5 groups with 8 rats in each group: sham operation group,I/R model group,tetram ethylpyrazine group,and NaHS 7 ?mol/kg and 14 ?mol/kg groups.The contents of superoxidase dismutase(SOD),malondialdehyde(MDA) and glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px) in serum and intestinal tissue were measured,respectively.The intestinal mucosal injury and histological alteration were observed.Results The content of MDA within serum and intestinal tissue was significantly reduced and the activities of SOD and GSH-Px were significantly increased.H2S could obviously reduce the injury in intestinal mucosa and glands.Conclusion H2S possesses a protective effect on intestinal I/R injury in rats.

Antitumor and immunological regulation effects of ardipusilloside-Ⅰ / 中国药理学通报

Aim To study the antitumor and immunological regulation effects of ardipusilloside-Ⅰ(ADS-Ⅰ) on tumor-bearing mice of S180, H22, EAC and L1210. Methods The tumor-bearing mouse model was made through injecting cancer cells in the right limb oxter(or in abdominal cavity), and the mice were administrated orally with ADS-Ⅰfor 8 days. Then we detached the tumor and counted the inhibition rate of tumor growth. Incorporation of ()~3H-TdR was used to assess the proliferation of T spleen lymphocyte cells; phagocytosis of abdominal cavity macrophage was measured with the method of chicken red blood cells. Results ADS-Ⅰ was proved to be effective on the tumor-bearing mice of S180, H22 and EAC, and the maximal inhibition rate of the dose of 100 mg?kg~(-1) was 38.7%, 48.6% and 50.0%, respectively;ADS-Ⅰ promoted the proliferation of T spleen lymphocyte cells,and strengthened the phagocytosis of macrophage in the tumor-bearing mice significantly. Conclusion ADS-Ⅰ can inhibit the growth of transplanted tumor,and improve the immunological function of tumor-bearing mice.

Effect of Tongjiangning Capsule on reproductive organ of female immature mice and its anti-inflammatory analgesia / 中成药

AIM: To observe the effect of Tongjingning Capsule (Radix Angelicae Sinensis, Rhizoma Chuanxiong, Rhizoma Cyperi, etc.) on reproductive organs of female immature mice and anti inflammatry analgesia. METHODS: Mouse uterus and ovaries were weighted. Mouse twisting numbers induced by acetic acid and mouse pain thresholds after heat stimulation were recorded. Swelling of mouse external ears, swelling of rat toes and rat granuloma were used for experiment models. RESULTS: Tongjingning Capsule significantly increased the weight of mouse uterus and ovaries. It could reduce mouse twisting numbers and prolong mouse pain thresholds after heat stimulation. It had inhibitory effects on swelling of mice's external ears resulted by dimethylbenzene, rat granuloma and swelling of rat toes resulted by egg white. CONCLUSION: Tongjingning Capsule can promote the growth of reproductive organs of female immature mice and ease pain and diminish inflammation.

Protection of Pingkui Powder from acute gastric ulcer in rats / 中成药

AIM: To study the action of Pingkui Powder (Herba Gynostemmatis Pentaphylli, Fructus Hippophae, etc.) on the experimental acute gastric ulcer and its influence on gastric mucosa injury in rats. METHODS: The experimental models were established by means of histamine and indomethacin, area of ulcer was measured and quantity of gastric mucosa secretion of rats was analyzed. RESULTS: Pingkui Powder could reduce areas of ulcers, promote the gastric mucosa secretion. CONCLUSION: Pingkui Powder can improve the healing of acute ulcer and promote gastric mucosa secretion.

Effects of Nourishing Yin and Supplementing kindney of Peikun Capsule / 中成药

Objective:To study the effects of nourishing yin and supplementing kidney of Peikun Capsule. Methods: The Kindney yin vacuity model was made with thyroid hormone. Results: It was found that Peikun Capsules could reduce the oxygen consumption, raise the pain threshold, lower the body temperature and increase water intake of mice with kidney yin vacuity. Conclusion: Peikun Capsule has obvious effects of nourishing yin and supplementing kidney.

Promoting blood circulation by removing blood stasis of Lubai Capsule / 中成药

Objective: To observe the promoting blood circulation by removing blood stasis of Lubai Capsule(LBC)(Rhizoma Phragmitis, Radix Paeoniae Alba, Radix Saposhnikoviae, Flos Schizonepetae, etc.). Methods: Acute blood stasis rat models were established with swimming in iced water and sc adrenalin in order to observe the effect of LBC on blood rheology. Mesenteric microcirculatory disturbance rat models were also established with adrenalin in order to observe the effect of LBC. Clotting time was measured in vitro with prothrombin time(PT) and kaolin partial thromboplastin time(KPTT) kit in order to observe its effects. Results: LBC could decrease the whole blood and plasma viscosity, fibrinogen, erythrocyte sedimentation and aggregation ratio of blood platelets of rats, ease the sticky condition of blood stasis rat models and prevent from forming thrombus. It could also inhibit the constraction and slowing of blood flow of thin artery, the reducing of open capillaries and change of fluid condition caused by adrenalin and improve these phenomena. PT and KPTT could be increased obviously. Conclusion: LBC can significantly promote blood circulation by removing blood stasis, because of improving blood rheology and mesenteric microcirculatory disturbance and inhibit endogenous and exogenous coagulation system.

The establishment of the dysmenorrhea model in mice / 中国药理学通报

AIM To establish a dysmenorrhea model in mice. METHODS The mice were given with some kinds of oestrogens once a day for 3～25 days. On the last day, the mice were injected intraperitoneally with oxytocin and the number of twisting body was recorded to evaluate the intensity of dysmenorrhea. The optimum conditions to establish the model was analysed statisticly. RESULTS The optimum oestrogens was stilbestrol. Stibestrol should be given for 12～15 days. The regression equation of the dose effect curve of stibestrol was =0 03?0 04 X, r =0 9688. The optimum dosage of oxytocin was 20 U?kg -1 . The dysmenorrhea model in mice could be preserved for about 7 days. 90% of the twisting body reactions concentrated in 0～30 minutes after oxytocin was given. The effect of oxytocin (20 U?kg -1 ) had significent difference with that of prostaoglantin (1 3 mg?kg -1 ). The test of uterus in vivo showed that stilbestrol could increase the uterine contraction frequency and strengthen the contractility. The dysmenorrhea model in mice was testified by some anti dysmenorrhea drugs. CONCLUSION Compared with the hypodermic implantation in rats, the dysmenorrhea model in mice was simple, reliable, economical and testifiable,etc.

Effects of Cu~(2+), Zn~(2+) and Mn~(2+)on postsynaptic sites / 中国药理学通报

Effects of Cu2+,Zn2+and Mn2+ on responses to ACh were studied with toad rec-tus abdominis. Cu2+, Zn2+and Mn2+concentra-tion- dependently shifted the concentration-response curves for ACh to the right unparallelly and reduced the maximal response considerably. The pAh values of Cu2+ , Zn2+ and Mn2+ were 3.69, 2.95 and 2. 62, respectively. The inhibitory potent of Cu2+ and Zn2+ seemed to be 11.7 times and 2. 1 times respectively more thanthat of Mn2+. It was suggested that Cu2+, Zn2+ and Mn2+postsynaptically interfere with the action of ACh. However, Zn2+in lower concentration shifted the bottom section of the curve for ACh to the left and top, and shifted the top section of the curve to the right, suggesting that Mn2+in lower concentration be possessed of partial agonistic property.

Cardiac responses induced by nicotinic activation of canine right atrial ganglionated plexus / 中国药理学通报

It was found that there were 31?s 13 ganglia or 1983 ?s 331 neurons ( n = 6) in canine right atrial ganglionated plexus (RAGP). Nicotine (100 ?g) was administered to the plexus in 30 anesthetized open-chest dogs. Either positive or negative inotropic and chronotropic responses were elicited. Control injections of 0. 1 m1 NS into RAGP and injections of nicotine (100 ?g and 200?g) did not elicite any cardiac responses. Following acute decentralzation of hearts, nicotine (100 ?g ) was againadministered to RAGP. Some positive and negative responses were still elicited, but frequency of the responses was reduced. It is concluded that nicotine can directly activate efferent sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons of RAGP. and indirectly activate them by stimulation of afferent neurons, these nicotine sensitive cardiac neurons can modulate cardiac function in ifferent tendencies.

Contractile response of artery supplying colon cancer to vasoconstrictors / 中国药理学通报

Aim The present study was designed to investigate the contractile responses to vasoconstrictors in artery supplying colon carcinoma.Methods The artery supplying carcinoma was obtained from patients suffering from colonic carcinoma. The artery supplying carcinoma ambient normal tissue from patients with colon carcinoma and normal artery from patients with accident were used to control. Artery were cut into about 1 mm long cylindrical segments. The concentration-contractile curves induced by 4 vasoconstrictors were recorded. Results In the normal artery, the E_max and pEC_50 of contraction induced by noradrenaline (NA) were 97%?19% and 5.94?0.17(n=5), respectively; while in the artery supplying carcinoma, the E_max and pEC_50 of contraction induced by NA were 74%?5% and 5.54?0.21(n=5). In the artery supplying cancer ambient normal tissue, the E_max and pEC_50 of contraction induced by NA were 119%?11% and 5.84?0.09, respectively. The E_max in artery supplying carcinoma induced by NA was lower than that in normal arteries(P