Characteristics of lymph node metastasis of right recurrent laryngeal nerve in thoracic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma / 中华肿瘤杂志

Objective: To understand the characteristics and influencing factors of lymph node metastasis of the right recurrent laryngeal nerve in thoracic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), and to explore the reasonable range of lymph node dissection and the value of right recurrent laryngeal nerve lymph node dissection. Methods: The clinicopathological data with thoracic ESCC were retrospectively analyzed, and the characteristics of lymph node metastasis along the right recurrent laryngeal nerve and its influencing factors were explored. Results: Eighty out of 516 patients had lymph node metastasis along the right recurrent laryngeal nerve, the metastasis rate was 15.5%. Among 80 patients with lymph node metastasis along the right recurrent laryngeal nerve, 25 cases had isolated metastasis to the right recurrent laryngeal nerve lymph node but no other lymph nodes. The incidence of isolated metastasis to the recurrent laryngeal nerve lymph node was 4.8% (25/516). A total of 1 127 lymph nodes along the right recurrent laryngeal nerve were dissected, 115 lymph nodes had metastasis, and the degree of lymph node metastasis was 10.2%. T stage, degree of tumor differentiation and tumor location were associated with right paraglottic nerve lymph node metastasis (all P<0.05). The lymph node metastasis rate along the right recurrent laryngeal in patients with upper thoracic squamous cell carcinoma (23.4%, 26/111) was higher than that of patients with middle (13.5%, 40/296) and lower (12.8%, 14/109) thoracic squamous cell carcinoma (P=0.033). In patients with poorly differentiated ESCC (20.6%, 37/180) the metastasis rate was higher than that of patients with moderately (14.6%, 39/267) and well-differentiated (5.8%, 4/69; P<0.05). The lymph node metastasis rate of patients with stage T4 (27.3%, 3/11) was higher than that of patients with stage T1 (9.6%, 19/198), T2 (19.0%, 16/84) and T3 (18.8%, 42/1 223; P<0.05). Multivariate regression analysis showed that tumor location (OR=0.61, 95% CI: 0.41-0.90, P=0.013), invasion depth (OR=1.46, 95% CI: 1.11-1.92, P=0.007), and differentiation degree (OR=1.67, 95% CI: 1.13-2.49, P=0.011) were independent risk factors for lymph node metastasis along right recurrent laryngeal nerve of ESCC. Conclusions: The lymph node along the right recurrent laryngeal nerve has a higher rate of metastasis and should be routinely dissected in patients with ESCC. Tumor location, tumor invasion depth, and differentiation degree are risk factors for lymph node metastasis along right recurrent laryngeal nerve in patients with ESCC.

Progress in screening and follow-up studies of pulmonary ground glass nodules / 中华肿瘤杂志

With the wide application of high-resolution chest CT in health check-up, the ground glass nodule(GGN) has been increasingly detected. GGNs have a complex etiology and image features, which can develop fast or very slowly. Therefore, whether to follow up or to resect it is usually very difficult to be determined. Overdiagnosis or overtreatment frequently happens. According to the development of GGNs, the process can be clinically divided into four stages: biological onset stage (pre-detection stage), observational stage, clinical treatment stage and postoperative follow-up stage. This review summarizes the progress on the natural development process, imaging monitoring and differentiation, the optimal time of surgical treatment for GGNs based on the decision of multidisciplinary team. This revie wmay be helpful for clinicians to understand the rule of GGN development in the follow-up, and find an optimal time to give surgical intervention for improving the prognosis of and life quality of the GGN patients.

The value and related complications of lymph node dissection along bilateral recurrent laryngeal nerves in esophageal cancer patients / 中华肿瘤杂志

Esophageal cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors of digestive tract, lymph node metastasis is a frequently encountered metastasis in the esophageal cancer patients. The number of lymph node metastasis is reported as an important prognostic factor, and it also affects the choice of postoperative treatments in the esophageal cancer. It was reported that the recurrent laryngeal nerve lymph nodes are the most common sites of nodal metastasis and need to be completely dissected during the esophagectomy for thoracic esophageal cancers. Dissection of the lymph nodes along bilateral recurrent laryngeal nerves not only improves the accuracy of staging, but also improves postoperative survival of esophageal cancer patients due to reducing the local recurrence. However, it also brings problems such as injury of laryngeal recurrent nerves, and increases postoperative complications such as pulmonary complications and malnutrition due to aspiration and coughing. Therefore, it is necessary to preserve the structure and function of bilateral recurrent laryngeal nerves during esophagectomy through careful manipulations, and minimize the impact of complications in prognosis and quality of life from injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerve.

Nationwide speaking tour of standardized diagnosis and treatment for esophageal cancer / 中华胃肠外科杂志

For a long time, the diagnosis and treatment protocol for esophageal cancer has been made either entirely based on the experience of Western countries or on our own experience alone. A suitable standardized guideline for diagnosis and treatment of esophageal cancer in our country has not been established until 2010. Due to lack of opportunities for mutual exchange and learning, the overall level of standardized diagnosis and treatment was relatively low in China. In addition, less advanced technologies were applied and varying treatment protocols were implemented in different districts, the treatment results has been unsatisfactory, and the overall 5-year survival rate after surgical treatment has been maintained from 30% to 40%. Therefore, it is imperative that China needs to conduct its own clinical studies and establish its own suitable standardized treatment and diagnosis guideline for esophageal cancer. This article reviews and also made comments on the process of academic speaking tour and development of standardized diagnosis and treatment guidelines as well as the problems resolved by these activities for esophageal cancer since the beginning of this century.

Role of conventional pulmonary function tests and cardiopulmonary exercise test in the prediction of postoperative cardiopulmonary complications in high risk thoracic cancer patients / 中华肿瘤杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate and compare the value of cardiopulmonary exercise test and conventional pulmonary function tests in the prediction of postoperative cardiopulmonary complications in high risk patients with chest malignant tumors.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>From January 2006 to January 2009, 216 consecutive patients with thoracic malignant tumors underwent conventional pulmonary function tests (PFT, spirometry + DLCOsb for diffusion capacity) and cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) preoperatively. The correlation of postoperative cardiopulmonary complications with the parameters of PFT and CPET were retrospectively analyzed using Chi-square test, independent sample t-test and logistic regression analysis. The P value < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Of the 216 patients, 57 did not receive operation due to advanced stage diseases or poor cardiopulmonary function in most of them. The remaining 159 underwent different modes of operations. Thirty-six patients (22.6%) in this operated group had postoperative cardiopulmonary complications and 10 patients (6.3%) developed operation-related complications. Three patients (1.9%) died of the complications within 30 days postoperatively. The patients were stratified into groups based on V(O(2)) max/pred (≥ 65.0%, < 65.0%); V(O(2)) max×kg(-1)×min(-1) (≥ 20 ml, 15 - 19.9 ml, < 15 ml) and FEV1 (≥ 2.0 L, 1.2 - 1.99 L, < 1.2 L) according to the criteria in reported papers. There was statistically significant difference among these groups in the parameters (P < 0.05), the rates of postoperative cardiopulmonary complications were much higher in the groups with poor cardiopulmonary function (V(O(2)) max/pred < 65.0%; V(O(2)) max×kg(-1)×min(-1) < 15 ml or FEV1 < 1.2 L). It was shown by logistic regression analysis that postoperative cardiopulmonary complications were significantly correlated with age, associated diseases, poor results of PFT or CPET, operation modes and operation-related complications.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>FEV1 in spirometry, V(O(2)) max×kg(-1)×min(-1) and V(O(2)) max/pred in cardiopulmonary exercise test can be used to stratify the patients' cardiopulmonary function status and is correlated well with FEV1. V(O(2)) max×kg(-1)×min(-1) is the best parameter among these three parameters to predict the risk of postoperative cardiopulmonary complications in patients with chest malignant tumors and borderline cardiopulmonary function.</p>

Comparison of the results of lymph node dissection via left versus right thoracotomy / 中华肿瘤杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>Up to now surgical treatment has been still the most effective treatment for esophageal cancer. However, postoperative lymph node recurrence is still a frequent event and affects long term survival considerably. The aim of this study is to compare the results of lymph node dissection via left vs. right thoracotomies and to verify whether there is any essential difference in lymphadenectomy between these two approaches.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Five hundred and fifty-nine cases with thoracic esophageal cancer were randomly selected from the database of esophageal cancer patients who underwent surgical treatment in our hospital between May 2005 and January 2011, including 282 cases through left thoracotomy and 277 cases through right thoracotomy. This series consisted of 449 males and 110 females with a mean age of 58.8 years (age range: 36 - 78 years). The pathological types were mainly squamous cell carcinoma (548 cases) and other rare types (11 cases). The data were analyzed and compared using Chi-square test. The P-value < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. The actual 5-year survival rate was calculated based on the recent follow-up data of the patients who underwent surgery at least 5 years ago.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The average number of dissected lymph nodes was 23.4 via left versus 24.6 via right thoracotomies. The overall lymph node metastasis rate was 48.9% via left thoracotomy and 53.8% via right thoracotomy, and 34.8% vs. 50.5% in the chest (P < 0.001), 29.1% vs. 17.7% in the abdomen (P = 0.001). The pathologically confirmed lymph node metastasis rate was 45.9%, 44.0% and 34.9% in the upper, middle and lower segments of thoracic esophagus, respectively. The lymph node metastasis rates detected via left and right thoracotomy in the stage T1 cases were 14.7% (5/34) vs. 42.9% (12/28) (P < 0.001), and in the stage T2 cases were 35.4% (17/48) vs. 52.8% (28/53) (P = 0.007); in the station of para-thoracic esophagus were 9.6% vs. 13.4%, in the left upper mediastinum were 2.1% vs. 7.6%, and in the right upper mediastinum were 1.4% vs. 26.0%, respectively. The preliminary actual 5-year survival rate was 38.2% in the cases via left thoracotomy vs. 42.1% in those via right thoracotomy.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The results of this study demonstrate that lymph node dissection is more complete via right thoracotomy than via left thoracotomy, especially for the tracheoesophageal groove and para-recurrent laryngeal nerve nodes, which may eventually improve the survival of patients with esophageal cancer. Therefore, surgical treatment via right thoracotomy by Ivor-Lewis (two incisions) mode or Levis-Tanner (three incisions) mode with two-field or three-field complete lymph node dissection may become prevalent in the future.</p>

Comparison of the short-term outcomes of surgical treatment for non-small cell lung cancer via video assisted thoracoscopic surgery and open thoracotomy / 中华肿瘤杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To compare the short-term outcomes of surgical treatment for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) by video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) and open thoracotomy (OT).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Data of 737 consecutive NSCLC patients who underwent surgical treatment for non-small cell lung cancer by video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery and 630 patients who underwent pulmonary resection via open thoracotomy (as controls) in Cancer Institute & Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences between January 2009 and August 2011 were retrospectively reviewed. The risk factors after lobectomy were also analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>In the 506 NSCLC patients who received VATS lobectomy, postoperative complications occurred in 13 patients (2.6%) and one patient died of acute respiratory distress syndrome (0.2%). In the 521 patients who received open thoracotomy (OT) lobectomy, postoperative complications occurred in 21 patients (4.0%) and one patient died of pulmonary infection (0.2%). There was no significant difference in the morbidity rate (P > 0.05) and mortality rate (P > 0.05) between the VATS group and OT group. In the 190 patients who received VATS wedge resections, postoperative complications occurred in 3 patients (1.6%). One hundred and nine patients received OT wedge resections. Postoperative complications occurred in 4 patients (3.7%). There were no significant differences for morbidity rate (P = 0.262) between these two groups, and there was no perioperative death in these two groups. Univariate and multivariate analyses demonstrated that age (OR = 1.047, 95%CI: 1.004 - 1.091), history of smoking (OR = 6.374, 95%CI: 2.588 - 15.695) and operation time (OR = 1.418, 95%CI: 1.075 - 1.871) were independent risk factors of postoperative complications.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>To compare with the NSCLC patients who should undergo lobectomy or wedge resection via open thoracotomy, a similar short-term outcome can be achieved via VATS approach.</p>

Preliminary experience of clinical applications of the 7th UICC-AJCC TNM staging system of esophageal carcinoma / 中华肿瘤杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To compare the instructive value of the 6th and 7th editions of the UICC-AJCC staging system in prognosis of esophageal cancer (EC) patients.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The staging and prognosis of 1397 esophageal carcinoma patients undergoing curative resection from Jan. 2003 to Dec. 2006 in our hospital were retrospectively reviewed and analyzed according to the 6th AJCC staging system and the 7th UICC-AJCC staging system.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The 5-year overall survival (OS) of EC patients with curative resection was 38.5% (481/1250 cases), with a follow-up rate of 89.5% (1250/1397 case). In overall terms, both the editions were statistically significant discriminators of OS (P < 0.05). The 5-year OS of stages I, II and III patients were 64.9%, 43.5%, 25.2% according to the 6th edition, and 63.5%, 44.5%, 23.5% according to the 7th edition, respectively. Distinct differences in survival were present among patients categorized as stage Ia and Ib according to the 7th edition (P < 0.05), with a 5-year OS of 80.0% and 58.3%, respectively. Similarly, according to the 7th edition, the 5-year overall survivals (OS) of the stages IIIa, IIIb and IIIc patients were 28.2%, 18.4% and 16.7%, respectively, showing that the prognoses were significantly different (P < 0.05). In addition, according to the 7th edition, the prognoses of patients in stages N0, N1, N2 and N3 were also significantly different (P < 0.01), and the 5-year OS were 50.0%, 31.5%, 18.7% and 16.7%, respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Both the 6th and 7th editions of UICC-AJCC staging system are significant discriminators for survival of esophageal cancer patients. The 7th edition is proved to be more accurate in prognosis. The number of lymph node metastases is an important predictor of prognosis.</p>

Cardiopulmonary exercise testing in the evaluation of high risk patients with lung cancer / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>It is still unclear whether pulmonary function tests (PFTs) are sufficient for predicting perioperative risk, and whether all patients or only a subset of them need a cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) for further assessment. Thus, this study was designed to evaluate the CPET and compare the results of CPET and conventional PFTs to identify which parameters are more reliable and valuable in predicting perioperative risks for high risk patients with lung cancer.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>From January 2005 to August 2008, 297 consecutive lung cancer patients underwent conventional PFTs (spirometry + single-breath carbon monoxide diffusing capacity of the lungs (DLCOsb) for diffusion capacity) and CPET preoperatively. The correlation of postoperative cardiopulmonary complications with the parameters of PFT and CPET was retrospectively analyzed using the chi-square test, independent sample t test and binary Logistic regression analysis.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Of the 297 patients, 78 did not receive operation due to advanced disease stage or poor cardiopulmonary function. The remaining 219 underwent different modes of operations. Twenty-one cases were excluded from this study due to exploration alone (15 cases) and operation-related complications (6 cases). Thus, 198 cases were eligible for evaluation. Fifty of the 198 patients (25.2%) had postoperative cardiopulmonary complications. Three patients (1.5%) died of complications within 30 postoperative days. The patients were stratified into groups based on VO(2)max/pred (≥ 70.0%, < 70.0%); VO(2)max×kg(-1)×min(-1) (≥ 20.0 ml, 15.0 - 19.9 ml, < 15.0 ml) and FEV1 (≥ 2.0 L, 1.2 - 1.99 L, < 1.2 L), respectively. The rate of postoperative cardiopulmonary complications was significantly higher in the group with VO(2)max/pred< 70.0% or VO(2)max×kg(-1)×min(-1) < 15.0 ml or FEV1 < 1.2 L than that in the group with VO(2)max/pred ≥ 70.0% or VO(2)max×kg(-1)×min(-1) ≥ 15.0 ml or FEV1 ≥ 1.2 L, respectively. Logistic regression analysis revealed that postoperative cardiopulmonary complications were significantly correlated with age, comorbidities, and poor PFT and CPET results.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>FEV1 in spirometry, VO(2)max×kg(-1)×min(-1) and VO(2)max/pred in cardiopulmonary exercise tests can all be used to stratify the patients' cardiopulmonary function status and to predict the risk of postoperative cardiopulmonary complications for the high risk patients with lung cancer. FEV1 and VO(2)max×kg(-1)×min(-1) are better than VO(2)max/pred in predicting perioperative risk. If available, cardiopulmonary exercise testing is strongly suggested for high-risk lung cancer patients in addition to conventional pulmonary function tests, and both should be combined to assess cardiopulmonary function status.</p>

The role of (18)F-FDG DHC SPECT-CT in the diagnosis and staging for lung cancer / 中华肿瘤杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate and compare the clinical significance of (18)F-FDG single-photon emission computed tomography and computed tomography (SPECT-CT) in the diagnosis and staging of lung cancer.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>From July 2005 to July 2007, 71 patients with suspected lung cancer received conventional CT and SPECT-CT examination. Fifty-seven of the 71 patients had definite pathological or cytological diagnosis, consisting of 52 malignant lung tumors and 5 benign pulmonary nodules. Forty-three patients underwent surgical resection with different modes. Thirty-seven of the 43 surgically treated patients had available complete data of CT, SPECT-CT and pathological results.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Taking the pathological diagnosis as gold standard, the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of diagnosing pulmonary lesions suspected as lung cancer were 84.6% (44/52), 80.0% (4/5), 84.2% (48/57) for conventional CT and 92.3% (48/52), 80.0% (4/5), 91.2% (52/57) for SPECT-CT, respectively. If taking the pathological TNM staging results as gold standard, the concordance rates of TNM staging with pathological TNM staging results was 59.5% (22/37) for CT and 67.6% (25/37) for SPECT-CT. The sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of staging hilar and mediastinal lymph nodes were 76.9%, 79.2%, 78.4%, 66.6%, 86.4% for conventional CT versus 61.5%, 75.0%, 70.3%, 57.1%, 78.3% for SPECT-CT (P > 0.05), respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between conventional CT and SPECT-CT in the accuracy of diagnosing and staging for the suspected pulmonary lesions (P > 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>SPECT-CT is likely superior to conventional CT in the diagnosing and staging for lung cancer. It can be used as a non-invasive supplementary tool for differential diagnosis between malignant and benign pulmonary lesions and in diagnosis of lymph node > 1 cm in diameter.</p>

Diagnosis and surgical treatment of metachronous second primary lung cancer / 中华外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To review the experience of the diagnosis, surgical treatment and prognosis of metachronous second primary lung cancers.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Between January 1983 and April 2004, 32 patients with metachronous second primary lung cancers were operated in our department. Clinical data of all these patients were reviewed retrospectively.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The initial procedures for their first primary lung cancers were lobectomy or pneumonectomy. Lobectomy or completion pneumonectomy for the second primary lung cancers were performed in 17 cases, limited pulmonary resection was done in 14 cases and exploration was in 1 case. The postoperative morbidity and mortality were 12% (4/32) and 3% (1/32), respectively. The 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival rate after second operation were 66% (19/29), 32% (9/28) and 19% (4/21), respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The incidence of metachronous second primary lung cancers has been increasing gradually during recent years. The closely follow-up for patients undergoing resection for their first primary lung cancers is most important factor for improvement of the diagnosis of metachronous second primary lung cancers. Limited resection and incomplete lymph node dissection might be the factors contributing to the poor prognosis.</p>

Mediastinal lymph nodes micro-metastases in patients with clinical stage I-II lung cancer / 中华肿瘤杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate micro-metastasis in mediastinal lymph nodes (mLN) of patients with clinical stage I approximately II lung cancer and its clinical significance.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 181 mLN from 32 lung cancer patients in clinical stage I approximately II were collected during operation and their frozen sections at two different levels were examined immunohistochemically (IHC) with an anti-epithelial cell monoclonal antibody Ber-Ep4. Routine HE staining was done for comparison. The results were processed by Chi-square tests in SPSS 10.0 soft ware.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Fifteen of the 32 patients (46.9%) were found to have micro-metastasis in 21 of 181 mLN (11.6%) examined by immunohistochemical staining though routine histopathological examinations were negative. Of those 15 cases, micro-metastasis was detected in 9 only by IHC and in 6 both by IHC and HE stainings. The positive rate of micro-metastasis in N0, N1, and N2 stratified by routine pathology was 36.8% (7/19), 33.3% (2/6) and 85.7% (6/7), respectively (N0 vs N2, P < 0.05). When stratified according to clinical staging (cTNM), pathological staging (pTNM) and pathological staging on the basis of IHC (iTNM), the frequencies of N2 cases were 0, 18.8% and 46.9%, respectively (differences among the three groups: P < 0.01). Nine cases reported as N0(7) and N1(2) by routine histopathological examination were found to have micro-metastasis in mLN by IHC staining, therefore they were actually N2 cases.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>IHC staining with a monoclonal antibody specific for epithelial cells (Ber-Ep4) is more sensitive in the detection of mediastinal micro-metastais than routine HE staining. Underestimation of the extent of mLN metastasis by cTNM and/or pTNM stagings frequently exists in patients with clinically early lung cancer.</p>

Postoperative respiratory failure in patients with cancer of esophagus and gastric cardia / 中华肿瘤杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>We retrospectively analyzed the cause and death risk of 114 postoperative respiratory failure patients found in 3519 patients with esophageal cancer and 1495 patients with carcinoma of gastric cardia surgically treated between January 1992 and May 2003.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>To analyze the reasons causing postoperative respiratory failure in surgically treated esophageal or gastric cardia cancer patients, and the correlation between the death risk of postoperative respiratory failure and preoperative pulmonary function tests, postoperative complications, operation modes, history of preoperative accompanying diseases and so on using Binary Logistic Regression analysis and Chi-square tests (chi(2)) in SSPS statistics software.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>In this series, postoperative respiratory failure developed in 97 of 3519 (2.76%) esophageal cancer patients and 17 of 1495 (1.14%) gastric cardia cancer patients, which were mainly caused by severe respiratory tract infection (37.7%, 43/114) and operative complications (35.1%, 40/114) such as: anastomotic leakage or perforation of thoracic stomach, extensive bleeding during operation, chylothorax, etc, totally accounting for 72.8% (83/114). In contrast with lung cancer patients, most of the postoperative respiratory failure (69.3%) occurred in the patients who had perioperative complications but almost always normal preoperative pulmonary function tests. Other reasons to cause postoperative respiratory failure were: extubation in unconscious patients at the end of general anesthesia; over-infusion during operation; pulmonary artery embolism; severe arrhythmia and so on. All patients except 2 were treated in ICU by mechanic ventilation through intubation and/or tracheotomy. Eighty patients (70.2%) were intubated and/or had tracheotomy within 3 days postoperatively. Seventy patients (61.4%) were rescued successfully, whereas 44 cases (38.6%) died of postoperative respiratory failure and/or other postoperative complications. Univariate analysis and multivariate analysis by binary logistic regression indicated that: severe perioperative complications, more postoperative complications, poor preoperative pulmonary function, radical preoperative radiotherapy, intubation and/or tracheotomy after the second postoperative day and long period of mechanic ventilation were the major risk factors leading to death once the postoperative respiratory failure developed. The former 3 factors were independent risk factors leading to death with OR of 2.50, 2.37, 1.68, respectively. Age, sex, operation modes, history of preoperative accompanying disease, prophylactic antibiotics were not demonstrated as statistically significant risk factors correlated with death.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Severe perioperative complications and respiratory tract infection are the two major causes of postoperative respiratory failure in patients with cancer of esophagus and gastric cardia. Patients with severe perioperative complications or poor preoperative pulmonary function or association with more than two kinds of postoperative complications have much higher death risk than other patients when they develop postoperative respiratory failure. Careful manipulation during operation and effective perioperative management are the most important measures to avoid postoperative respiratory failure and high mortality.</p>

Comparison of clinical and surgico-pathological TNM stage of 2007 lung cancer patients / 中华肿瘤杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>An accurate clinical TNM staging of lung cancer is essential for the precise determination of the extent of the disease in order that an optimal therapeutic strategy can be planned. This is especially true in patients with marginally resectable tumors. Clinical over-staging of the disease may deny a patient the benefit of surgery, whereas under-staging may oblige a patient to accept a fruitless or even harmful surgery. We aimed to analyze preoperative clinical (c-TNM) and postoperative surgico-pathologic staging (p-TNM) of lung cancer patients in order to evaluate the accuracy of our clinical staging and its implications on the surgical strategy for lung cancer.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>We did a retrospective comparison of c-TNM and p-TNM staging of 2007 patients with lung cancer surgically treated from January 1999 to May 2003. Preoperative evaluation and c-TNM staging of all patients were based on physical examination, laboratory studies, routine chest X-ray and CT scan of the chest and upper abdomen. Other examinations included sputum cytology, bronchoscopy, abdominal ultrasonography, bone scintiscan, brain CT/MRI, and mediastinoscopy whenever indicated.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>In the present study the comparison of c-TNM and p-TNM staging of 2007 patients with lung cancer revealed an overall concurrence rate of only 39.0%. In the entire series the extent of disease was clinically underestimated in 45.2% and overestimated in 15.8% of the patients. Among all c-TNM stages the c-IA/B stage of 1105 patients gave the highest rate (55.2%) of underestimating the extent of disease. Clinical staging of T subsets was relatively easy with an overall accuracy rate of 72.9%, while that of N subsets was relatively more difficult with an overall accuracy rate of 53.5%. Analysis also showed that c-IV stage may not be an absolute contraindication to surgery, because in half of the patients, c-M1 turned out to be p-M0, providing the possibility of resectional surgery depending on the status of T and N.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>For reasons to be further determined, the present preoperative clinical TNM staging of lung cancer remains a crude evaluation. Further efforts to improve its accuracy are needed.</p>

Significance of CEA, SCC and Cyfra21-1 serum test in esophageal cancer / 中华肿瘤杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the clinical significance of serum CEA, SCC and Cyfra21-1 test in the diagnosis, prediction of prognosis and postoperative monitor of recurrence in esophageal cancer.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The concentration of serum CEA and Cyfra21-1 was measured by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA) using Elecsys 2010, CEA kit and Cyfra21-1 kit. Serum SCC was measured by microparticle enzyme immunoassay (MEIA) using IMx System and SCC kit. Serum of 206 patients with esophageal cancer (203 squamous cell carcinoma, 2 small cell carcinoma and 1 adenosquamous carcinoma) was measured preoperatively, 71 of whom also measued 8 to 12 days after resection.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The cut-off value of CEA and Cyfra21-1 was < or = 3.25 ng/ml and < or = 2.61 ng/ml, which were determined by the data of 45 healthy Chinese measured during the same period. The positive ratios of serum CEA and Cyfra21-1 in 206 cases were 29.1% and 45.1%. The combined positive ratio of CEA and Cyfra21-1 was 57.3%. The CEA positive ratios, according to the pathological stage of 165 resectable patients, were 16.6% (stage I), 26.8% (II) and 30.8% (III). For Cyfra21-1, they were 27.8%, 37.5% and 50.5%. For CEA combined with Cyfra21-1, they were 38.9%, 50.0% and 63.7%. The mean value of CEA, SCC and Cyfra21-1 (especially SCC and Cyfra21-1) was found to be well correlated with the tumor volume, TNM stage and depth of tumor invasion. Patient with bulky tumor or advanced tumor (T4) usually had much higher mean value than those with early stage tumors. One week after radical resection, the level of the three tumor markers fell to normal level in 92.9% of 71 patients. The level of serum CEA and Cyfra21-1 varied greatly in a small part of the patients. Extremely elevated serum CEA and Cyfra21-1 usually indicated advanced lesion or tumor metastasis.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Preoperative and postoperative measurement of serum CEA, SCC and Cyfra21-1 (especially Cyfra21-1) is helpful in the diagnosis, prediction of prognosis and monitor of postoperative recurrence in patients with esophageal cancer.</p>