Trends in Nursing Research in Korea: Research Trends for Studies Published from the Inaugural Issue to 2010 in the Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing and the Journals Published by Member Societies under Korean Academy of Nursing Science

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify trends for studies published in the Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing and journals published by member societies from inaugural issues to 2010. METHODS: A total of 6890 studies were analyzed using descriptive statistics. RESULTS: Quantitative studies accounted for 83.6% while qualitative studies accounted for 14.4%. Most frequently used research designs were quasi-experimental (91.1%) for experimental research and survey (85.2%) for non-experimental research. Most frequent study participants were healthy people (35.8%), most frequent nursing interventions, nursing skills (53.5%), and 39.8% used knowledge, attitude and behavior outcomes for dependent variables. Most frequently used keyword was elderly. Survey studies decreased from 1991 to 2010 by approximately 50%, while qualitative studies increased by about 20%. True experimental research (1.2%) showed no significant changes. Studies focusing on healthy populations increased from 2001-2005 (37.5%) to 2006-2010 (41.0%). From 1970 to 2010, studies using questionnaire accounted for over 50% whereas physiological measurement, approximately 5% only. Experimental studies using nursing skill interventions increased from 1970-1980 (30.4%) to 2006-2010 (64.0%). No significant changes were noted in studies using knowledge, attitude and behavior (39.9% ) as dependent variables. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that further expansion of true experimental, qualitative studies and physiological measurements are needed.

Factors Influencing Body Temperature in Elderly Surgical Patients / 기본간호학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the factors that affect body temperature in elderly operation patients using a warming method and to examine differences in post operative body temperature by characteristics of the patients. METHODS: Data were collected from 200 patients, aged 65 years or more undergoing surgery with a warming method. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Scheffe's test and multiple regression with the SPSS 18.0 Program. RESULTS: The mean score for body temperature of elderly operation patients using a warming method after surgery was 36.1+/-0.6degrees C including 74 patients with hypothermia and 126 patients with normal body temperature. The body temperature according to general characteristics differed by age and whether the surgery was emergency surgery or not. The body temperature according to surgery-related factors differed by anesthesia type, length of operation, anesthesia time, magnitude of surgical procedure, amount of fluid, transfusion requirements, and preoperative body temperature. Factors influencing body temperature were age, BMI, transfusion requirements and preoperative body temperature. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that age, BMI, transfusion requirements and preoperative body temperature significantly influenced on body temperature after surgery. Thus preoperative body temperature needs to be maintained through pre-warming as a nursing intervention.

A Study on the Factors Affecting Resilience in Patients with Colon Cancer

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the level of resilience, social support, depression, anxiety and self-efficacy in patients with colon cancer, and to examine factors affecting resilience. METHODS: Data were collected from 121 patients who had been diagnosed with colon cancer, at the 'B' hospital in Gyeonggi province and 'J' hospital in Jeju from October 30th to November 20th in the year of 2012. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, one-way ANOVA, Scheffe's test, Pearson correlation coefficients and stepwise multiple regression in SPSS WIN 18.0 program. RESULTS: The level of resilience significantly differed by occupation, average monthly household income, education level and existence of stoma. Resilience had significant positive correlation with family members support, friends supports, medical staff support and self-efficacy. Resilience had a significant negative correlation with anxiety and depression. Factors affecting resilience were education level, existence of stoma, friends supports, anxiety and depression with R2 value of 65.9%. CONCLUSION: Measures to improve the resilience of colon cancer patients are needed as well as nursing intervention that includes social support such as medical staff support. Education level, existence of stoma, anxiety and depression should also be taken into account.

Weight control behavior in women college students and factors influencing behavior / 기본간호학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to provide basic data for the development of weight control programs to maintain and promote healthy behavior in women college students by identifying their weight control behaviors and factors that influence these behaviors. METHOD: Data were collected from 300 women student participants and were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficients, and multiple regression with the SPSS 18.0 program. RESULT: Weight control behavior showed a significant difference according to participants' gender role identity type. Weight control behaviors were correlated with self-efficacy, body image, objective BMI, and ideal BMI. Factors influencing weight control behavior were self-efficacy (beta= .449, p<.001), secret method for weight loss (beta= .181, p<.001), monthly allowance below 200,000 won (beta= .156, p= .006), weight control support from others (beta= .124, p= .013), eating breakfast (beta= .119, p= .015), and age (beta= .113, p= .023) with R-sq. value of 45.3%. CONCLUSION: The results of the study indicate that development of interventions for weight control behavior and health education for college women should reflect identified factors influencing weight control behavior and gender role identity.

Analysis of Family Function, Self-Efficacy and Self-Leadership in Adolescents / 기본간호학회지

PURPOSE: This study was done to identify the relationship of family function, self-efficacy and self-leadership, and to identify factors affecting self-leadership in adolescents. METHOD: Sampling was done using a convenience sampling method and 779 adolescents were recruited between June 4 and 15, 2012. Data were collected using self-report questionnaires which included general characteristics, family function, self-efficacy and self-leadership. Data were analyzed using descriptive, t-test, one way ANOVA, Scheffe test, Pearson correlation coefficient, and stepwise regression analysis with SPSS/WIN 19.0. RESULTS: The major findings of this study were as follow; 1) There were significant relationships between self-leadership and family function (r=.36, p<.001), and self-efficacy (r=.51, p<.001). 2) Self-leadership was significantly associated with self-efficacy (beta=.42, p<.001), family function (beta=.20, p<.001), satisfactory relationships with teachers (beta=.12, p<.001), experience as a leader (beta=.10, p=.001), higher school records (beta=.17, p<.001), and medium school records (beta=.11, p=.001). These variables explained 40.4% of variance in adolescents' self-leadership. CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate that there is a relationship between family function, self-efficacy and self-leadership in adolescents and that in developing intervention programs to promote self-leadership, in adolescents, these variables should be considered.

Factors Influencing the Stages of Change in Medication Adherence in Patients with Hypertension

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to identify factors associated with the stages of change in medication adherence in patients with hypertension. METHODS: Participants were 323 patients with hypertension. Sociodemographic/medication-related characteristics, stages of change, processes of change, self efficacy and decisional balance were self-administered. RESULTS: Stages of change were significantly different according to gender, age, job and living arrangement. A multinominal logistic regression analysis has revealed that gender, age, living arrangement, self-liberation, and self-efficacy were significantly associated with the precontemplation stage. Age and self-liberation were significantly associated with the contemplation stage. Gender, age, living arrangement, and self-liberation were significantly associated with the preparation stage. Gender and helping relationship were significantly associated with the action stage. This model explained 52.0% of the stages of change in medication adherence. CONCLUSION: The tailored intervention strategies based on the stages of change may be needed for improving medication adherence in patients with hypertension.

Effects of Treadmill Walking Exercise on BMD and BMI in Middle-Aged Women / 기본간호학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of treadmill walking exercise on the BMD (Bone Mineral Density) and BMI (Body Mass Index) of middle-aged women in their forties. METHOD: A nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design was used for this study. The experiment was conducted for 10 weeks from May 17 to July 25, 2004 with 29 middle-aged women in their forties, who were assigned to a walking exercise group (16) or a control group (13). The experimental group had not exercised regularly before participating in this program. The control group received no exercise treatment during the research period. The BMD and BMI were measured with peripheral dual energy x-ray absorptiometry and bioelectrical impidence analysis, respectively. chi-square-test and Mann-Whitney U test with the SPSS version 11.0 program were used to analyze the data. RESULT: Treadmill walking exercise was effective for middle-aged women in increasing BMD and decreasing BMI. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study indicate a need to develop walking exercise protocols for middle-aged women to help them achieve a healthy life.

The Relation between Perceived Health Status and Health-Promoting Behaviors in Female College Students

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relation between perceived health status and health-promoting behaviors in female college students. METHOD: Data were collected from December 10 to 31, 2007. In 160 female college students, perceived health status was measured using the Medical Outcomes Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36), and health-promoting behaviors using the Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile (HPLP). RESULT: The major findings of this study were as follows: 1) The mean scores of the level of health promoting behaviors, physical health status, and mental health status were 2.44 (SD=0.39), 51.9 (SD=8.03), and 42.56 (SD=10.77), respectively. 2) Health-promoting behaviors were correlate with physical health status (r=-.361) and mental health status (r=.498). 3) Health-promoting behaviors were significantly associated with allowance and mental health in capability, which explained 28.9% of variance in health-promoting behaviors. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that it is necessary to strengthen female college students' practice of exercise and responsibility for health in order to improve their health promotion behaviors. Also, the results of this study give useful information for designing interventions and program development for female college students' appropriate health promoting life.

Re-employment Experience of Nurses Who Have Left the Profession

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to explore the re-employment process of inactivated nurses returning to the nursing field and to develop a grounded theory about their re-employment experiences. METHODS: Data was collected through a face-to-face interview and telephone interviews from 10 nurses. The ground theory methodology of Strauss and Corbin (1998) was used for theoretical sampling in accordance with their unemployment period and reason for leaving prior to reemployment; whereas works of data collection and analysis were performed concurrently. RESULTS: The core category was discovered to be 'identifying a career path by striking a balance between the practical and the ideal'. This series of processes was categorized into five stages: 'trying to get a job again', 'tolerating difficulties as a beginner', 'trying their best to remain a nurse', 'trying to get another job', and 'staying in the profession till the end'. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest an understanding and profound insight on the issue of a nursing shortage.

A Study on Physical Symptom, Activity of Daily Living, and Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) in the Community-Dwelling Older Adults / 간호학회지

PURPOSE: This study aimed to identify the relationships among physical symptoms, activities of daily living, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in community-dwelling older adults. METHODS: A stratified random sampling method was conducted to recruit participants from May 10 to August 17, 2007. Physical symptoms were measured using the Physical Health Questionnaire (PHQ), activities of daily living using the Late-Life Functional and Disability Instrument (LLFDI), and HRQoL using the Medical Outcomes Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) in 242 community-dwelling elderly Korean people. RESULTS: The HRQoL correlates with the physical symptoms (r=-.31) and the function component (r=.59). Of the two disability parts of the LLFDI, the limitation dimension correlates higher (r=.57) with HRQoL than the frequency dimension (r=.42). The HRQoL is significantly associated with the function component, and disability limitation in capability which explained 44.4% of variance in physical health. CONCLUSION: These results may contribute to a better understanding of physical symptoms, activities of daily living, and HRQoL in community-dwelling older adults. Therefore, health programs for prompting older adult's health should be planned based on results of the study.

Relation of the Depression and Attention Concentration by Smoking Status among Adolescents / 성인간호학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between depression and attention concentration by smoking status among adolescents. METHODS: Depression was measured by Radloff's Center for Epidemiological studies Depression(1977) and modified by Korean(Chon & Lee, 1992), attention concentration measured by Nideffer's Test of Attention and Interpersonal Style(1976) and modified by Korean adolescents(Seo, 2004; Shin, 1988). The collected data was analyzed by the Mean +/- SD, chi-square-test, ANOVA, Scheffe and Pearson correlation coefficient(SPSS 13.0). RESULTS: 1. The smoking level appeared to heavy smoking group 31(22%), light smoking group 15(11%), non smoking group 92(67%). 2. The smoking level was different between the time to begin smoking, period of smoking and smoking amount/day. 3. Smoking group's depression was higher than those of the non smoking group and attention concentration was lower than those of the non smoking group. 4. The smoking amount had a significant positive correlation with depression and a significant negative correlation with attention concentration. Depression had a significant negative correlation with attention concentration. CONCLUSION: The result of this study offered the basis data for smoking prevention and treatment of adolescents.

Development of Education & Training Programs for Senile Long-term Care Managers (the 2nd. grade) / 성인간호학회지

PURPOSE: This study aimed to develop the first standardized education & training program for education of senile long-term care managers to improve the quality of senile long-term care service. METHODS: The study developed programs through literature review, specialists' conference and interview with the linear approach from February, 2007 to May, 2007. RESULTS: Senile long-term care managers should have qualification of 51 items in knowledge, 35 items in technology and 17 items in attitude. Total 8 subjects were education & training subjects of senile long-term care managers and the study proposed targets of each subject and education & training level divided into top, middle and bottom. Total education & training hours were composed of 70 hours in theory, 50 hours in practical technique and 40 hours in social welfare practice in agencies. CONCLUSION: The study will contributed development of the first education & training programs for education of senile long-term care managers. Therefore, the study proposes that the study will be applied to a systematical education & training course through program verification after applying real programs to senile long-term care managers and that it is necessary to develop the standardized education & training program for higher senile long-term care managers.

Relation of the Depression and Attention Concentration by Smoking Status among Adolescents / 성인간호학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between depression and attention concentration by smoking status among adolescents. METHODS: Depression was measured by Radloff's Center for Epidemiological studies Depression(1977) and modified by Korean(Chon & Lee, 1992), attention concentration measured by Nideffer's Test of Attention and Interpersonal Style(1976) and modified by Korean adolescents(Seo, 2004; Shin, 1988). The collected data was analyzed by the Mean +/- SD, chi-square-test, ANOVA, Scheffe and Pearson correlation coefficient(SPSS 13.0). RESULTS: 1. The smoking level appeared to heavy smoking group 31(22%), light smoking group 15(11%), non smoking group 92(67%). 2. The smoking level was different between the time to begin smoking, period of smoking and smoking amount/day. 3. Smoking group's depression was higher than those of the non smoking group and attention concentration was lower than those of the non smoking group. 4. The smoking amount had a significant positive correlation with depression and a significant negative correlation with attention concentration. Depression had a significant negative correlation with attention concentration. CONCLUSION: The result of this study offered the basis data for smoking prevention and treatment of adolescents.

Development of Education & Training Programs for Senile Long-term Care Managers (the 2nd. grade) / 성인간호학회지

PURPOSE: This study aimed to develop the first standardized education & training program for education of senile long-term care managers to improve the quality of senile long-term care service. METHODS: The study developed programs through literature review, specialists' conference and interview with the linear approach from February, 2007 to May, 2007. RESULTS: Senile long-term care managers should have qualification of 51 items in knowledge, 35 items in technology and 17 items in attitude. Total 8 subjects were education & training subjects of senile long-term care managers and the study proposed targets of each subject and education & training level divided into top, middle and bottom. Total education & training hours were composed of 70 hours in theory, 50 hours in practical technique and 40 hours in social welfare practice in agencies. CONCLUSION: The study will contributed development of the first education & training programs for education of senile long-term care managers. Therefore, the study proposes that the study will be applied to a systematical education & training course through program verification after applying real programs to senile long-term care managers and that it is necessary to develop the standardized education & training program for higher senile long-term care managers.

Relation of the Blood Pressure, Lipids and Body Mass Index by Smoking Status Among Adolescents / 간호학회지

PURPOSE: This study was to investigate the relationship between blood pressure, lipids and body mass index by smoking status among adolescents. METHODS: This study was designed as a descriptive correlational study. General and smoking characteristics were collected using a questionnaire. The smoking group consisted of 42 (33%) students and the non smoking group 85 (67%) students. Blood pressure, lipids, height and weight were measured, and body mass index was calculated to kg/m2. The collected data was analyzed by the n(%), chi-square-test, t-test and Pearson correlation coefficient (SPSS 12.0). RESULTS: 1. The smoking level was different between grade, smoking status among the family, the contentment of their relationship with their parents, school life and teachers. 2. The smoking group's systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, triglyceride, low density lipoprotein cholesterol and body mass index were higher than those of the non smoking group. 3. The smoking amount had a significant positive correlation between total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol. CONCLUSION: The result of this study offered basic data to develop intervention programs to prevent hypertension and hyperlipidemia in smoking adolescents.

The Relation between Self Differentiation and School Adjustment Among School Adolescents

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relation between self differentiation and school adjustment among adolescents. METHODS: The subjects were 356 adolescents. The following research questions were established. The adolescents' self differentiation level was measured based on Bowen's family system theory modified for Korean adolescents(Je, 1989) and their school adjustment level was measured with developed for Korean adolescents(Park, 1998). Collected data were analyzed by Mean+/-SD, t-test, ANOVA and Scheffe and Pearson correlation coefficient (SPSS 12.0). RESULTS: 1. The mean score for the level of self differentiation was 99.99+/-11.58 and school adjustment was 63.52+/-8.80. 2. The self differentiation level was different according to father's education and monthly income. The school adjustment level was different according to grade, sex, father's education and father's occupation. 3. Self differentiation had a significant positive correlation with school adjustment. CONCLUSION: The self differentiation level was confirmed to have an influence on school adjustment. We need to develop a program that can enhance adolescents' self differentiation.

The Effects of Internet Addiction on Mental Health Among Adolescents

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relation between adolescents' internet addiction and mental health. METHODS: The Internet addiction level was measured with K-Scale developed for Korean adolescents by Korea Agency Digital Opportunity & Promotion (2006) and the mental health level was measured with SCL-90-R developed by Derogatis (1977) and adapted for Korean adolescents by Kim, Kim. & Won (1984). Collected data was analyzed by the mean+/-SD, t-test, ANOVA, Scheffe and Pearson correlation coefficient (SPSS 12.0). RESULTS: 1. The Internet addiction level appeared to be 'Addiction' in 19%, 'Latency addiction' in 27% and 'Normal' in 54%. 2. The Internet addiction level was different according to sex, use, frequency and using time per day. The mental health level was different according to grade, sex, the father's education, the mother's education, frequency and using time per day. 3. The correlation between Internet addiction and mental health was found significant. CONCLUSION: The Internet addiction level was confirmed to have an influence on mental health. We offered basis data for preventing and treating Internet addiction in adolescents.

A Study on Health Behavior in People at Risk for a Cerebrovascular Accident / 간호학회지

PURPOSE: This study was done to survey health behaviors in people at risk for a Cerebrovascular Accident(CVA). METHOD: From November 21 to December 29, 2005, a questionnaire survey was conducted with 171 people at risk for a Cerebrovascular Accident(LDL of above 130 mg/dl & homocysteine of above 15.0 micromol/L). Their physical composition was measured and blood was collected. RESULTS: 1. Of the subjects, 34.5% were smokers, 61.4% were drinkers, 56.7% did not exercise regularly, 57.3% did not control their weight, 26.9% preferred eating meat, and 32.2% preferred salty food. 2. The gender was different between smoking status(Chi2=10.734, p= .001), and drinking status(Chi2=7.185, p= .007), and the age was different between smoking status(Chi2=6.656, p= .010), and drinking status(Chi2=10.722, p= .001). The HbA1C level was different for regular exercise(Chi2= 4.824, p=.028) and the HDL-cholesterol was different for meat-eating preference(Chi2=7.928, p= .005). The observance of troubling signs was different for a salty food preference(Chi2=4.313, p= .038). CONCLUSION: It is necessary to develop programs for taking care of people at risk for a Cerebrovascular Accident and test the effects of the programs in order to reduce the risk factors of CVA and enhance health behavior promotion.

Analysis of Research Trends in Physiological Variables in Complementary and Alterative Therapy(CAT) in Korean Nursing / 기본간호학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to analyze the trends in physiological variables in CAT research in nursing in Korea. METHOD: Of studies published in Korea between January, 2000 and December, 2005, 227 studies were analyzed according to the criteria of type, theme, and patterns in physiological variables related to CAT. RESULTS: There were 72 articles on CAT research in which physiological variables were examined. The most frequently researched type of CAT was massage and in particular, foot massage. The most frequently used physiological variables in CAT research were blood pressure, pulse, and body temperature. Patients with high blood pressure were the most frequent subjects for CAT research. As to the effect of physiological variable by CAT type, foot massage showed a decline in blood pressure in all six research studies involving patients with high blood pressure. CONCLUSION: There is a need to describe accurately the mechanism by which CAT affects physiological variables. There is also a need for repetitive analysis to verify the effect, and meta-analysis for the effect on physiological variables according to type of CAT.

Difference of Bone Density and Risk Factors Related to Osteopenia of Young Women in Their Twenties / 성인간호학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate bone density and risk factors related to osteopenia to unmarried young adult women. METHODS: The subjects consisted of 125 female college students. SPSS 12.0 program was used for the data analysis with t-test, chi-square-test. The BMD of the calcaneus and body mass index (BMI) were measured with peripheral dual energy X-ray absorptionmetry. Other physical characteristics were measured with a scale and questionnaires. RESULTS: The general characteristics of these people showed that the average age was 22.1 years old and that the average BMI was 20.8. The mean of BMD was normal, but 24.8% were osteopenia, 75.2% were normal. In the normal and osteopenia groups, there were significant differences in the status of the BMD according to age, height, weight, BMI, regular exercise, house chores, and the experiences of being on a diet. CONCLUSION: Women in their twenties had some osteoporosis risk, but they can change their BMD by doing regular exercise and by eating food to peak bone mass. For building peak bone mass, they need take exercise programs and education programs to prevent osteoporosis and follow-up care.