Lycium barbarian seed oil activates Nrf2/ARE pathway to reduce oxidative damage in testis of subacute aging rats / 中国药理学通报

Aim To explore the effects of Lycium berry seed oil on Nrf2/ARE pathway and oxidative damage in testis of subacute aging rats. Methods Fifty out of 60 male SD rats, aged 8 weeks, were subcutaneously injected with 125 mg • kg"D-galactosidase in the neck for 8 weeks to establish a subacute senescent rat model. The presence of senescent cells was observed using P-galactosidase ((3-gal), while testicular morphology was examined using HE staining. Serum levels of testosterone (testosterone, T), follicle-stimulating hormone ( follicle stimulating hormone, FSH ) , luteinizing hormone ( luteinizing hormone, LH ) , superoxide dis-mutase ( superoxide dismutase, SOD ) , glutathione ( glutathione, GSH) and malondialdehyde ( malondial-dehyde, MDA) were measured through ELISA, and the expressions of factors related to aging, oxidative damage, and the Nrf2/ARE pathway were assessed via immunohistochemical analysis and Western blotting. Results After successfully identifying the model, the morphology of the testis was improved and the intervention of Lycium seed oil led to a down-regulation in the expression of [3-gal and -yH2AX. The serum levels of SOD, GSH, T, and FSH increased while MDA and LH decreased (P 0. 05) . Additionally, there was an up-regulated expression of Nrf2, GCLC, NQOl, and SOD2 proteins in testicular tissue ( P 0. 05 ) and nuclear expression of Nrf2 in sertoli cells. Conclusion Lycium barbarum seed oil may reduce oxidative damage in testes of subacute senescent rats by activating the Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway.

Effect of multi-target transcranial direct current stimulation on performance of working memory-postural control dual-task in healthy adults / 中国康复理论与实践

ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of multi-target transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and single-target tDCS on the performance of working memory-postural control dual-task in healthy adults, and to compare the regulatory effect of the two stimulation protocols. MethodsFrom November, 2020 to February, 2021, 19 healthy adults in Shanghai University of Sport were recruited and randomly accepted multi-target tDCS, single-target tDCS and sham stimulation with at least one week interval between any two stimulation protocols. The target areas of multi-target tDCS included left dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex (L-DLPFC) and bilateral primary motor cortex (M1), and single-tDCS only applied to L-DLPFC. Before and after stimulation, participants completed walking and standing balance tests under single task and dual-task conditions with the second task being a N-back task. The dual-task postural control performance, dual-task cost (DTC) and working memory performance were observed before and after stimulation. ResultsSignificant differences were observed among three stimulation protocols in the changes of stride variability (F = 3.792, P = 0.029), DTC of stride variability (F = 3.412, P = 0.040) and velocity of center of pressure (Vcop) (F = 3.815, P = 0.029). The stride variability (P = 0.047) and Vcop (P = 0.015) were significantly lower and the decrease in DTC of stride variability tended to be significant (P = 0.073) following multi-target tDCS, as compared to sham stimulation. Single-target tDCS significantly decreased the changes of stride variability (P = 0.011), DTC of stride variability (P = 0.014) and Vcop (P = 0.025), as compared to sham stimulation. Compared with single target tDCS, multi-target tDCS reduced the changes of the dual-task cost of the area of center of pressure (P = 0.035). Moreover, no significant difference was observed among the three stimulation protocols in the changes of each measure in the working memory test (P > 0.05). ConclusionBoth multi-target tDCS and single-target tDCS can improve the performance of working memory-postural control dual-task in healthy adults, and compared with single-target tDCS, multi-target tDCS has some advantages in regulating postural control.

Erratum: Author correction to "Cascade two-stage tumor re-oxygenation and immune re-sensitization mediated by self-assembled albumin-sorafenib nanoparticles for enhanced photodynamic immunotherapy" Acta Pharm Sin B (2022) 4204-4223

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.07.023.].

Genetic analysis of a Chinese pedigree affected with Congenital dysfibrinogenemia due to variant of FGG gene / 中华医学遗传学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the coagulation deficit and genetic basis for a Chinese pedigree affected with Congenital dysfibrinogenemia (CD).@*METHODS@#Peripheral venous blood samples of the proband and her family members (including 4 individuals from three generations) were subjected to routine blood test and assays of liver and kidney functions and viral hepatitis to exclude related diseases. Clauss method and DFg-PT method were used to determine the fibrinogen activity (Fg:C), and an immunoturbidimetric assay was used to determine the level of fibrinogen antigen (Fg:Ag). All of the exons (22 in total) and their flanking sequences of the FGA, FGB and FGG genes were amplified by PCR and directly sequenced. Variants in the coding regions of the three genes and transcriptional splicing sites were screened by using Mutation SurveyorTM software.@*RESULTS@#The Clauss method showed that Fg:C was significantly reduced in the proband and her father, whilst her mother and son were normal. With the DFg-PT method, the proband, her parents and son were all within the normal range. The Fg:C/Fg:Ag ratio of the proband and her father was lower than 0.7, whilst her mother and son were above 0.7. No significant change in the prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin clotting time and thrombin time was noted. Two genetic variants were detected, which included a homozygous missense variant in the FGA gene [c.991A>G (p.Thr331Ala)], which was predicted to be benign, and a heterozygous missense variant of the γ chain of the FGG gene [c.1211C>G (p.Ser404Phe)], which is located in a conserved region and unreported in the CLINVAR/HGMD/EXAC/1000G databases and literature.@*CONCLUSION@#This pedigree has conformed to the autosomal dominant inheritance of CD. The c.1211C>T (p.Ser404Phe) missense variant of the γ chain of the FGG gene probably underlay the pathogenesis of CD in this pedigree. The variant was unreported previously and named as "Fibrinogen Harbin II Ser404Phe".

Preparation of functional polyhydroxyalkanoate microspheres and their antibacterial activity and osteogenic effect evaluation / 中国修复重建外科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To construct polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) microspheres loaded with bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) and human β-defensin 3 (HBD3), and evaluate the antibacterial activity of microspheres and the effect of promoting osteogenic differentiation, aiming to provide a new option of material for bone tissue engineering.@*METHODS@#The soybean lecithin (SL)-BMP-2 and SL-HBD3 were prepared by SL-mediated introduction of growth factors into polyesters technology, and the functional microsphere (f-PMS) containing BMP-2 and HBD3 were prepared by microfluidic technology, while pure microsphere (p-PMS) was prepared by the same method as the control. The morphology of microspheres was observed by scanning electron microscopy and the water absorption was detected; the release curves of BMP-2 and HBD3 in f-PMS were detected by ELISA kit. The antibacterial effect of microspheres in Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli was tested with the LIVE/DEADTM BacLightTM bacterial staining kit; the biocompatibility of microspheres was tested using Transwell and cell counting kit 8 (CCK-8). The effect of microspheres on osteogenic differentiation was determined by collagen type Ⅰ (COL-1) immunofluorescence staining and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) concentration.@*RESULTS@#In this experiment, the f-PMS and p-PMS were successfully constructed. Morphological characteristics showed that p-PMS surface was rough and distributed with micropores of 1-3 μm, while f-PMS surface was smooth and existed white granular material. There was no significant difference in water absorption between the two groups (P>0.05). The release curves of BMP-2 and HBD3 in the f-PMS and p-PMS were basically the same, showing both early sudden release and late slow release. The antibacterial activity of f-PMS was significantly higher than that of p-PMS in the test that against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference in biocompatibility between the two groups (P>0.05). The results of osteogenic differentiation of human BMSCs showed that the fluorescence intensity of osteogenic specific protein COL-1 of f-PMS was significantly higher than that in p-PMS, and the activity of ALP in f-PMS was also significantly higher than that in p-PMS (P<0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#The p-PHA have good antibacterial activity and biocompatibility, and can effectively promote the osteogenic differentiation of human BMSCs, which is expected to be applied to bone tissue engineering in the future.

Baicalin improves inflammatory response of human microglia by regulating cAMP-PKA-NF-κB/CREB pathway / 中国中药杂志

This study aims to investigate the effects of baicalein(BAI) on lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced human microglial clone 3(HMC3) cells, with a focus on suppressing inflammatory responses and elucidating the potential mechanism underlying the therapeutic effects of BAI on ischemic stroke via modulating the cAMP-PKA-NF-κB/CREB pathway. The findings have significant implications for the application of traditional Chinese medicine in treating cerebral ischemic diseases. First, the safe dosage of BAI was screened, and then an inflammation model was established with HMC3 cells by induction with LPS for 24 h. The cells were assigned into a control group, a model group, and high-, medium-, and low-dose(5, 2.5, and 1.25 μmol·L~(-1), respectively) BAI groups. The levels of superoxide dismutase(SOD) and malondialdehyde(MDA) in cell extracts, as well as the levels of interleukin-1β(IL-1β), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), and cyclic adenosine monophosphate(cAMP) in the cell supernatant, were measured. Western blot was performed to determine the expression of protein kinase A(PKA), phosphorylated cAMP-response element binding protein(p-CREB), and nuclear factor-kappa B p65(NF-κB p65). Hoechst 33342/PI staining was employed to assess cell apoptosis. High and low doses of BAI were used for treatment in the research on the mechanism. The results revealed that BAI at the concentrations of 10 μmol·L~(-1) and below had no impact on normally cultured HMC3 cells. LPS induction at 200 ng·mL~(-1) for 24 h reduced the SOD activity and increased the MDA content in HMC3 cells. However, 5, 2.5, and 1.25 μmol·L~(-1) BAI significantly increased the SOD activity and 5 μmol·L~(-1) BAI significantly decreased the MDA content. In addition, BAI ameliorated the M1 polarization of HMC3 cells induced by LPS, as indicated by cellular morphology. The results of ELISA demonstrated that BAI significantly lowered the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and cAMP in the cell supernatant. Western blot revealed that BAI up-regulated the protein levels of PKA and p-CREB while down-regulating the expression of NF-κB p65. Hoechst 33342/PI staining results indicated that BAI mitigated the apoptosis of HMC3 cells. Overall, the results indicated that BAI had protective effects on the HMC3 cells induced by LPS, and could inhi-bit inflammatory response and improve cell apoptosis, which might be related to the regulation of the cAMP-PKA-NF-κB/CREB pathway.

Advantage analysis of flow-through cell method in quality evaluation of Chinese patent medicine: a case study of Danshen Tablets / 中国中药杂志

To explore the quality consistency evaluation method for multi-component traditional Chinese medicine and establish a dissolution evaluation method suitable for the characteristics of multi-component Chinese patent medicine, this study discussed the characteristics and advantages of the flow-through cell method in the dissolution evaluation of Chinese patent medicine by comparing the impact of the small cup method and the flow-through cell method on the dissolution behavior of water-soluble and lipid-soluble major active components of Danshen Tablets. Dissolution tests were performed using the small cup method as described in the 2020 edition of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia and the newly introduced flow-through cell method(closed-loop method) with water solution containing 0.5% SDS as dissolution medium. Cumulative dissolution curves of the water-soluble component salvianolic acid B and the lipid-soluble component tanshinone Ⅱ_A in Danshen Tablets were plotted, and fitting and similarity analysis of the dissolution models was conducted to identify the characteristics and advantages of the flow-through cell method. For the small cup method, 150 mL of water containing 0.5% SDS was used as the dissolution medium, with a rotation speed of 75 r·min~(-1) and a temperature of(37±0.5) ℃, and 3 mL of samples were taken at 15, 30 min, 1, 2, and 4 h, with fresh dissolution medium added at the same temperature and volume. For the flow-through cell method, a closed-loop system was used. Danshen Tablets were placed in the flow-through cell with approximately 6.7 g of glass beads, and 150 mL of water containing 0.5% SDS was used as the dissolution medium. The flow rate was set at 20 mL·min~(-1), and the temperature and sampling were the same as the small cup method. The results showed that compared with the small cup method, the flow-through cell method had stronger discriminative power and higher sensitivity in distinguishing the dissolution behavior of the two components, and could better reflect the differences in formulation quality, especially for water-insoluble lipid-soluble components. Given that there were no essential differences in the in vitro release kinetics between the two methods, the flow-through cell method could not only replace the traditional small cup method but also better guide the formulation development and identify quality issues of formulations.

Effect of uridine on mitochondrial function / 生物工程学报

Uridine is one of the essential nutrients in organisms. To maintain normal cell growth and intracellular metabolism, the uridine must be maintained at certain concentration. Recent studies have shown that uridine can reduce inflammatory response in organisms, participate in glycolysis, and regulate intracellular protein modification, such as glycosylation and acetylation. Furthermore, it can protect cells from hypoxic injury by reducing intracellular oxidative stress, promoting high-energy compounds synthesis. Previous studies have shown that the protective effects of uridine are closely related to its effect on mitochondria. This review summarizes the effect of uridine on mitochondrial function.

Characterization of platelet-derived extracellular vesicles induced by differential platelet activation pathways / 中国输血杂志

【Objective】 To investigate the effects of platelet activation pathways on the characterization of platelet-derived extracellular vesicles(PEVs). 【Methods】 Whole blood from healthy donors was prepared into platelet suspension by centrifugation. Platelets were randomly divided into six groups, the ctrl group added no extra stimulus, and the other five groups were treated with collagen, adenosine diphosphate(ADP), thrombin, Ca2+ ionophore and freeze-thaw cycles (F-T) to activate platelets. Platelet-derived exosomes(PEXOs) and microvesicles(PMVs) were isolated by differential centrifugations, and then were determined by nano-flow cytometry and electron microscopy. The protein markers of PEXOs also were identified by western-blot. The protein concentration and content of PEXOs were also detected. 【Results】 CD9, CD81, TSG101 proteins were detected in all of the PEXOs, which had no calnexin. Both PEXOs and PMVs had CD41; PEXOs were cup-holder-like bilayer membrane vesicles under a transmission electron microscope, while PMVs were irregular membranous structure; 85%-95% of PEXOs were<100nm, 87%-94% of PMVs were 100-300nm. The concentration of exosomes and microvesicles in the F-T group was the highest(205.67±65.27 and 102.73±15.48), followed by the Ca2+ ionophore group(44.42±17.07 and 11.4±4.81). Although in the same size range, the numbers of PEVs induced by different activation conditions varied. The protein concentration of PEXOs in the F-T group(1.11±0.51) was higher than that in the control group(0.32±0.39), ADP group(0.41±0.31) and thrombin group(0.38±0.37), while the total protein(125.40±58.32) was higher than that in other three groups(the ctrl group 25.53±25.96 vs ADP group 37.21±15.73 vs thrombin group 36.28±24.18 vs Ca2+ ionophore group 47.09±23.29). 【Conclusion】 The biological characteristics of PEVs are affected by platelets activation pathways, whose ability to induce protein-packing into exosomes may also be relevant to the particle size. The freeze-thaw cycles can induce high concentrations of extracellular vesicles, which may be an ideal method for the preparation of PEVs.

Cyberbullying and its effect on health risk behaviors among secondary vocational school students / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To investigate the current situation of cyberbullying and health risk behaviors among secondary vocational school students, to explore the effects of cyberbullying on health risk behaviors, so as to provide a reference for formulating intervention strategies to promote adolescent health related behaviors.@*Methods@#From March to April 2023, a field survey was conducted on 1 184 students from one secondary vocational school each in Jilin City and Yanji City by random cluster sampling method. The data was analyzed using Chi square tests and generalized linear models.@*Results@#Among secondary vocational school students, 839 individuals (70.9%) experienced the cyberbullying, and 1 036 individuals (87.5%) had one and more health risk behavior group. There was a positive correlation between cyberbullying and health risk behaviors ( r=0.60, P <0.01). The generalized linear model analysis showed that female and no Internet addiction were negatively correlated with the health risk behaviors of secondary vocational students ( β =-2.75, -8.90), and the single parent families and peer pressure was positively correlated with the health behaviors of secondary vocational students ( β =2.56, 4.82)( P ＜0.05). Secondary vocational students experienced cyberbullying who from single parent families, peer pressure and social oriented internet usage were more likely to engage in health risk behaviors ( β= 3.41, 4.88, 2.20, P <0.05).@*Conclusions@#The incidence of cyberbullying and health risk behaviors among secondary vocational school students is relatively high, and cyberbullying can influence the occurrence of health risk behaviors. It is important to focus on and implement guidance for internet use and health behavior education for secondary vocational students from multiple perspectives, including the family, school, and society. Corresponding intervention strategies should be taken to promote the healthy development of adolescents.

Research progress on cardiovascular toxicity associated with anti-tumor drugs and its prevention and treatment / 药学学报

Cancer and cardiovascular diseases are the two major causes of death worldwide. The application of anti-tumor drugs has significantly improved the prognosis of patients, the cardiovascular toxicity caused by the application of them has become an important factor affecting the survival and prognosis of cancer patients. Therefore, the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular toxicity related to cancer treatment is increasingly important. The cardiovascular toxicity associated with anti-tumor drugs exhibits different clinical manifestations and involves multiple pathological mechanisms. This article reviews the current research progress from the perspective of the characteristics, molecular mechanisms and prevention and treatment strategies of cardiovascular toxicity caused by cancer drugs.

Analysis of genetic variant in a child with Aspartylglucosaminuria / 中华医学遗传学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the genetic basis for a child with Aspartylglucosaminuria (AGU).@*METHODS@#Clinical data of the patient was analyzed. The child was subjected to trio-whole exome sequencing (WES) and copy number variation sequencing (CNV-seq), and candidate variant was verified by Sanger sequencing.@*RESULTS@#The child was found to harbor homozygous c.319C>T (p.Arg107*) nonsense variant of the AGA gene, for which both of his parents were heterozygous carriers. No abnormality was found by CNV-seq analysis. The c.319C>T (p.Arg107*) variant was not found in population database, HGMD and other databases. Based on guidelines of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics, the variant was predicted to be pathogenic (PVS1+PM2+PP3).@*CONCLUSION@#The c.319C>T variant of the AGA gene probably underlay the autosomal recessive AGU in this child. Above finding has enabled genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis for his parents.

Exploration and example interpretation of real-world herbal prescription classification based on similarity matching algorithm / 中国中药杂志

In observational studies, herbal prescriptions are usually studied in the form of "similar prescriptions". At present, the classification of prescriptions is mainly based on clinical experience judgment, but there are some problems in manual judgment, such as lack of unified criteria, labor consumption, and difficulty in verification. In the construction of a database of integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine for the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19), our research group tried to classify real-world herbal prescriptions using a similarity matching algorithm. The main steps include 78 target prescriptions are determined in advance; four levels of importance labeling shall be carried out for the drugs of each target prescription; the combination, format conversion, and standardization of drug names of the prescriptions to be identified in the herbal medicine database; calculate the similarity between the prescriptions to be identified and each target prescription one by one; prescription discrimination is performed based on the preset criteria; remove the name of the prescriptions with "large prescriptions cover the small". Through the similarity matching algorithm, 87.49% of the real prescriptions in the herbal medicine database of this study can be identified, which preliminarily proves that this method can complete the classification of herbal prescriptions. However, this method does not consider the influence of herbal dosage on the results, and there is no recognized standard for the weight of drug importance and criteria, so there are some limitations, which need to be further explored and improved in future research.

Evaluation of uniportal video-assisted thoracoscopic decortication in treatment of drug-resistant tuberculous empyema / 中华外科杂志

Objective: To examine the safety and efficacy of the uniportal video-assisted thoracoscopic decortication in treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis empyema. Methods: From January 2018 to December 2020, 122 cases of tuberculous empyema treated by decortication in Department of Surgery, Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital were retrospectively analyzed, including 100 males and 22 females, aged(M(IQR)) 29.5(28.0) years (range: 13 to 70 years). According to the surgical approach and drug resistance, patients with drug-resistant tuberculosis who underwent uniportal video-assisted thoracoscopic decortication were included in group A (n=22), and those who underwent thoracotomy decortication were included in group B (n=28). Drug-sensitive patients who underwent uniportal video-assisted thoracoscopic decortication were included in group C (n=72). There was no statistical difference in the baseline data of the three groups (P>0.05). The operation, early postoperative recovery, and prognosis-related indicators were compared among three groups by Kruskal-Wallis test and χ2 test by Mann-Whitney U test and Bonferroni method between groups A and B, groups A and C. Results: The intraoperative blood loss of group A, group B, and group C was 200(475) ml, 300(200) ml, and 225(300) ml, respectively. There was no significant difference in intraoperative hemorrhage (H=2.74, P=0.254) and treatment outcome (χ2=4.76, P=0.575) among the three groups. Compared with group B, the operation time of group A (302.5(187.5) minutes vs. 200.0(60.0) minutes, U=171.0, P=0.007) and postoperative pulmonary reexpansion duration (4.5(3.0) months vs. 3.0 (2.2) months, U=146.5, P=0.032) were longer, and the postoperative drainage duration (9.5(7.8) days vs. 13.0(10.0) days, U=410.0, P=0.044), and the postoperative hospitalization time (12.0(7.8) days vs. 14.5(4.8) days, U=462.2, P=0.020) were shorter. There was no significant difference in complications between group A and group B (63.6%(14/22) vs. 71.4%(20/28), χ2=0.34, P=0.558). Compared with group C, the postoperative drainage duration of group A (9.5(7.8) days vs. 7.0(4.0) days, U=543.5, P=0.031), the postoperative hospitalization time (12.0(7.8) days vs. 9.0(4.0) days, U=533.0, P=0.031) and postoperative pulmonary reexpansion duration (4.5(3.0) months vs. 3.0(2.0) months, U=961.5, P=0.001) were longer. The operation time (302.5(187.5) minutes vs. 242.5(188.8) minutes, U=670.5, P=0.278), and complications (63.6%(14/22) vs. 40.3%(29/72), χ2=3.70, P=0.054) were not different between group A and group C. Conclusions: For drug-resistant tuberculous empyema, the uniportal video-assisted thoracoscopic decortication can achieve the same good therapeutic effect as drug-sensitive tuberculous empyema, and it is as safe as thoracotomy. At the same time, it has the advantage of minimally invasive and can accelerate the early postoperative recovery of patients.

Surgical treatment for obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a five-year single-center experience of 421 cases / 中华外科杂志

Objectives: To examine the short-term and mid-term effects of surgical treatment of obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) in one center. Methods: The perioperative data and short-term follow-up outcomes of 421 patients with obstructive HCM who received surgical treatment at Department of Cardiac Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University from January 2017 to December 2021 were analyzed retrospectively. There were 207 males and 214 females, aged (56.5±11.7) years (range: 19 to 78 years). Preoperative New York Heart Association (NYHA) classification included 45 cases of class Ⅱ, 328 cases in class Ⅲ, and 48 cases in class Ⅳ. Fifty-eight patients were diagnosed with latent obstructive HCM and 257 patients had moderate or more mitral regurgitation with 56 patients suffering from intrinsic mitral valve diseases. All procedures were completed by a multidisciplinary team, including professional echocardiologists involving in preoperative planning for proper mitral valve management strategies and intraoperative monitoring. A total of 338 patients underwent septal myectomy alone, and 59 patients underwent mitral valve surgery along with myectomy. A single transaortic approach was used in 355 patients, and a right atrial-atrial septal/atrial sulcus approach was used in 51 other patients. Long-handled minimally invasive surgical instruments were used for the procedures. Student t test, Wilcoxon rank sum test, χ2 test or Fisher exact test were used to compare the data before and after surgery. Results: The aortic cross-clamping time of septal myectomy alone was (34.3±8.5) minutes (range: 21 to 94 minutes). Eighteen patients had intraoperative adverse events and underwent immediate reoperation, including residual obstruction (10 patients), left ventricular free wall rupture (4 patients), ventricular septal perforation (3 patients), and aortic valve perforation (1 patient). Four patients died during hospitalization, and 11 patients developed complete atrioventricular block requiring permanent pacemaker implantation. After discharge, 384 (92.1%) patients received a follow-up visit with a median duration of 9 months. All follow-up patients survived with significantly improved NYHA classifications: 216 patients in class Ⅰ and 168 patients in class Ⅱ (χ2=662.73, P<0.01 as compared to baseline). At 6 months after surgery, follow-up echocardiography showed that the thickness of the ventricular septum ((13.6±2.5) mm vs. (18.2±3.0) mm, t=23.51, P<0.01) and the peak left ventricular outflow tract gradient ((12.0±6.3) mmHg vs. (93.4±19.8) mmHg, 1 mmHg=0.133 kPa, t=78.29, P<0.01) were both significantly lower than baseline values. Conclusion: The construction of the surgical team (including echocardiography experts), proper mitral valve management strategies, identification and management of sub-mitral-valve abnormalities, and application of long-handled minimally invasive surgical instruments are important for the successful implementation of septal myectomy with satisfactory short-and medium-term outcomes.

Update on the role and mechanism of erythropoietin receptor in acute kidney injury and repair or fibrosis / 生理学报

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common critical disease clinically with high morbility and mortality and some survival patients also progress to chronic kidney disease. Renal ischemia-reperfusion (IR) is one of the main causes of AKI, in which, its repair and potential fibrosis, apoptosis, inflammation and phagocytosis play important roles. During the progression of IR-induced AKI, the expression of erythropoietin homodimer receptor (EPOR)2 and EPOR and β common receptor formed heterodimer receptor (EPOR/βcR) is changed dynamically. Moreover, (EPOR)2 and EPOR/βcR may synergistically participate in renoprotection at the stage of AKI and early repair, whereas at the late stage of AKI, the (EPOR)2 induces renal fibrosis and the EPOR/βcR facilitates repair and remodelling. The underlying mechanism, signaling pathways and the different effect turning point of (EPOR)2 and EPOR/βcR have not been well defined. It has been reported that EPO, according to its 3D structure, derived helix B surface peptide (HBSP) and cyclic HBSP (CHBP) only bind to EPOR/βcR. Synthesized HBSP, therefore, provides an effective tool to distinguish the different roles and mechanisms of both receptors, with the (EPOR)2 promoting fibrosis or the EPOR/βcR leading to repair/remodelling at the late stage of AKI. This review discusses the similarities and differences of (EPOR)2 and EPOR/βcR in their impacts on apoptosis, inflammation and phagocytosis in AKI, repair and fibrosis post IR, associated mechanisms, signaling pathways and outcomes.

Effects of electroacupuncture on NLRP3 inflammasome and pyroptosis protein GSDMD in uterine tissue in rats with primary dysmenorrhea / 中国针灸

OBJECTIVE@#To observe the effects of electroacupuncture (EA) on NLRP3 inflammasome and its downstream protein gastermin D (GSDMD) in rats with primary dysmenorrhea (PDM), and to explore the potential mechanism of EA on the treatment of PDM.@*METHODS@#Forty healthy female SD rats without pregnancy were randomly divided into a control group, a model group, an EA group and an ibuprofen group, 10 rats in each group. PDM model was prepared by injection of estradiol benzoate and oxytocin. Except the control group, the rats in each group were subcutaneously injected with estradiol benzoate for 10 days, and oxytocin was injected on the 11th day. The rats in the EA group were intervened with EA (dense wave, frequency of 50 Hz) at "Guanyuan" (CV 4) and "Sanyinjiao" (SP 6) at the same time of modeling, once a day, 20 min each time, for 10 consecutive days. The rats in the ibuprofen group were treated with 0.8 mL of ibuprofen by gavage (concentration of ibuprofen solution was 1.25 mg/mL) for 10 consecutive days. After modeling, the writhing reaction was observed. After intervention, the HE staining method was used to observe the histological morphology of uterus and evaluate the pathological damage score of uterus; ELISA method was used to detect the serum levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α); Western blot method was used to detect the protein expression of NLRP3, apoptosis related spot like protein (ASC), caspase-1, GSDMD, GSDMD-N and inflammatory factors (interleukin [IL]-1β, IL-18) in uterine tissue.@*RESULTS@#In the model group, a large number of vacuolar degeneration and death of endometrial epithelial cells, spiral arterioles congestion in lamina propria and neutrophil infiltration were observed. In the EA group, there was a small amount of vacuolar degeneration and death of endometrial epithelial cells, a small amount of spiral arterioles congestion in the lamina propria, and a small amount of neutrophils infiltration. In the ibuprofen group, there was very small number of degeneration and death of endometrial epithelial cells, and no obvious arterial congestion was found in lamina propria, and neutrophil infiltration was occasionally seen. Compared with the control group, in the model group the number of writhing was increased (P<0.01), the writhing reaction score and serum level of PGF2α and PGF2α/PGE2 value were increased (P<0.01), the level of PGE2 was decreased (P<0.01). Compared with the model group, in the EA group and the ibuprofen group the number of writhing were decreased (P<0.05), the latency of writhing was prolonged (P<0.01), the writhing reaction scores and serum levels of PGF2α and PGF2α/PGE2 values were decreased (P<0.05, P<0.01), the levels of PGE2 were increased (P<0.01). Compared with the control group, the protein expression of NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1, GSDMD, GSDMD-N, IL-1β and IL-18 in the uterine tissues of rats was increased in the model group (P<0.01). Compared with the model group, the protein expression of NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1, GSDMD, GSDMD-N, IL-1β and IL-18 in the uterine tissues of rats was decreased in the EA group and the ibuprofen group (P<0.01, P<0.05). There was no significant difference between the EA group and the ibuprofen group in the above indexes (P>0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#EA could alleviate pain and uterine tissue injury in rats with PDM. The mechanism may be related to the inhibition of the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in rat uterine tissues, thereby inhibiting pyroptosis and its inflammatory factors release.

Trend of the detection rate of myopia among Chinese Han children and adolescents aged 7-18 years from 2010 to 2019 / 中华预防医学杂志

Objective: To analyze the trend of the detection rate of myopia among Chinese Han children and adolescents aged 7-18 years from 2010 to 2019. Methods: Data from the Chinese National Survey on Students' Constitution and Health in 2010, 2014 and 2019 were used, and about 213 833, 212 742 and 209 942 Han students aged 7-18 years were included in this study. The χ² test was used to compare the differences in the prevalence of myopia among the subgroups in the survey year, and logistic regression was used to compare the differences in the prevalence of myopia between different years. A curve-fitting method was used to obtain the growth rate of myopia among Han Chinese students from 2010 to 2019, and the differences in the change of myopia between different age groups were analyzed. Results: In 2019, the overall detection rate of myopia among Chinese Han children and adolescents aged 7-18 was 60.1%. The detection rate of urban students (62.7%) was higher than that of rural students (57.4%) and the detection rate of girls (63.5%) was higher than that of boys (56.7%). In 2019, the regional disparities were large in the detection rate of myopia in various provinces, with the lowest in Guizhou (49.6%) and the highest in Zhejiang (71.3%). The detection rate of myopia showed an upward trend from 2010 to 2019, from 55.5% in 2010 to 57.1% in 2014, and finally to 60.1% in 2019. The gap in the detection rate of myopia between urban and rural children and adolescents gradually shrank. The average annual growth rate of myopia detection rate from 2014 to 2019 was 0.6 percentage points per year, higher than that from 2010 to 2014 about 0.4 percentage points per year. The peak age of the growth rate of myopia detection rate decreased from 12 years in 2010 to 10 years in 2014, and finally to 7 years in 2019. Conclusions: The detection rate of myopia among Chinese Han children and adolescents is still at a high level, and the peak age of the growth rate of myopia detection rate continues to advance.

Prevalence trend of malnutrition among Chinese Han children and adolescents aged 7-18 years from 2010 to 2019 / 中华预防医学杂志

Objective: To analyze the prevalence trend of malnutrition among Chinese Han children and adolescents aged 7-18 years from 2010 to 2019. Methods: Based on the data from the Chinese National Surveys on Students' Constitution and Health in 2010, 2014 and 2019, about 215 102, 214 268 and 212 713 Han students aged 7-18 years were included in this study. According to the National Screening Standard for Malnutrition of School-age Children and Adolescents, the detection rate of malnutrition among Chinese Han children and adolescents aged 7-18 was calculated, and the prevalence trend of malnutrition from 2010 to 2019 was analyzed. Results: In 2019, the detection rate of malnutrition among Chinese Han students aged 7-18 years was 8.64% (18 381/212 713), of which the rate of growth retardation, moderate-to-severe wasting and mild wasting was 0.50% (1 062/212 713), 3.25% (6 914/212 713) and 4.89% (10 405/212 713), respectively. In 2019, the detection rate of malnutrition in these boys was higher than that of girls (9.97% vs. 7.31%), and the detection rate in rural areas was higher than that in cities (9.30% vs. 7.98%). The detection rates were 9.74% (5 252/53 916), 8.17% (4 408/53 937), 7.29% (3 885/53 310), and 9.38% (4 836/51 550) in 7-9, 10-12, 13-15, and 16-18 years groups, and 8.14% (6 563/80 618), 7.61% (4 237/55 694) and 9.92% (7 581/76 401) in the eastern, central, and western regions. Malnutrition among students in China was mainly caused by mild wasting, and the detection rate of growth retardation accounted for only 5.78% (1 062/18 381). Malnutrition was mostly concentrated in the southwest region, and the rate was relatively low in eastern provinces. In three surveys from 2010 to 2019, the detection rate of malnutrition among Han students aged 7-18 in China decreased gradually, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). Among them, the detection rates in western rural areas decreased significantly, as well as the gap between urban and rural areas. Compared with that in 2014, the detection rate of malnutrition in Shandong, Hunan, Qinghai and Hainan provinces in 2019 decreased significantly (P<0.05). Conclusion: In 2019, the malnutrition of Chinese children and adolescents aged 7-18 years is dominated by wasting malnutrition. The detection rate shows a downward trend from 2010 to 2019, with regional differences.

Epidemiology and prediction of overweight and obesity among children and adolescents aged 7-18 years in China from 1985 to 2019 / 中华预防医学杂志

Objective: To analyze and predict the epidemic trend of overweight and obesity among children and adolescents aged 7-18 years in China from 1985 to 2019. Methods: Data were collected from the Chinese National Survey on Students Constitution and Health in 1985, 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, 2014, and 2019 with the sample size of 409 945, 204 931, 209 209, 234 420, 215 317, 214 353, and 212 711, respectively. Overweight and obesity were evaluated according to the "classification standard of the weight index value of overweight and obesity screening for Chinese school-age children and adolescents" of the Working Group on Obesity in China (WGOC). The detection rate and average annual growth rate of overweight and obesity, and single obesity among children and adolescents aged 7-18 years were calculated, and ArcGis10.6 software was used to analyze the difference in the prevalence of overweight and obesity among children and adolescents in different regions in 2019. Polynomial regression function was used to fit the prevalence and average annual growth rate of overweight and obesity, and single obesity among children and adolescents from 1985 to 2019, and to predict the prevalence of overweight and obesity and single obesity among children and adolescents in China. Results: In 2019, the total prevalence of overweight and obesity among children and adolescents aged 7-18 years in China was 23.4%, and the prevalence of single obesity was 9.6%. The prevalence of overweight and obesity among urban children and adolescents was higher than that in rural areas (25.4% vs. 21.5%), and the prevalence in boys was higher than that in girls (28.4% vs. 18.4%) (both P values<0.001). In 2019, there was a large regional disparity in the prevalence of overweight and obesity in different provinces, with the lowest in Guangdong (12.2%) and the highest in Shandong (38.9%), and the high epidemic areas were mainly concentrated in North China and Northeast China. From 1985 to 2019, the prevalence of overweight and obesity among children and adolescents aged 7-18 years in China increased from 1.2% to 23.4%, with an increase of 18.1 times, while the prevalence of obesity alone increased from 0.1% to 9.6%, with an increase of 75.6 times. The prevalence of overweight and obesity in urban boys, urban girls, rural boys and rural girls increased from 1.3%, 1.5%, 0.5%, and 1.6% in 1985 to 31.2%, 19.4%, 25.6%, and 17.4% in 2019, with an increase of 22.3, 11.7, 54.2, and 10.1 times, respectively. According to the prediction model, the prevalence of overweight and obesity among children and adolescents aged 7-18 years in China will increase from 23.4% in 2019 to 32.7% in 2030, and the prevalence of obesity alone will increase from 9.6% in 2019 to 15.1% in 2030. The growth of rural children and adolescents is obvious. By 2025, the prevalence of overweight and obesity among rural children and adolescents in China will comprehensively exceed that of urban, and there will be an "urban-rural reversal" phenomenon. At the same time, the prevalence of children's obesity in China's low, medium and high epidemic areas will also continue to increase. By 2035, the prevalence of overweight and obesity among children and adolescents in medium epidemic areas will exceed that in high epidemic areas, and there will be a "provincial reversal" phenomenon. Conclusion: From 1985 to 2019, the overweight and obesity of children and adolescents in China will continue to grow rapidly with large regional differences.