The overview of the property system and characterization techniques of Chinese medicine materials before the pharmaceutical / 药学学报

At present, the modernization of Chinese medicine preparations (CMPs) is still a challenging task. The 3 typical Chinese medicine materials (CMMs) used for preparing CMPs are the powders, extracts, and components of Chinese medicine and their properties of CMMs are important for designing CMPs. Basing on our long term research, we have established a property system for CMMs according to the state of CMMs under an exactly condition and according to the interaction characteristics between substances. The property system could be divided into 5 categories: material composition, spatial structure, body property, surface property, physicochemical properties, and they could also be divided into 18 subcategories. Furthermore, we also established the corresponding index and characterization system, where the 61 indexes and characterization techniques were systematically summarized. At last, we hope that the article will promote the modernization of CMPs.

Risk factors for acute kidney injury in patients with acute myocardial infarction / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

Background@#Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a serious and fatal complication of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). It has high shortand long-term mortality rates and a poor prognosis but is potentially preventable. However, the current incidence, risk factors, and outcomes of AKI in the Chinese population are not well understood and would serve the first step to identify high-risk patients who could receive preventative care.@*Methods@#The medical data of 1124 hospitalized patients diagnosed with AMI from October 2013 to September 2015 were reviewed. AKI was defined according to the 2012 Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes criteria. All the patients were divided into either the AKI group or the non-AKI group. A univariate comparison analysis was performed to identify possible risk factors associated with AKI. A multiple logistic regression analysis was used to identify the independent risk factors for AKI in patients with AMI.@*Results@#Overall, the incidence of AKI was 26.0%. The mortality rate of the AKI group was 20.5%, and the mortality rate of the non-AKI group was 0.6% (P < 0.001). Logistic regression analysis showed that the independent risk factors for AKI in patients with AMI included: age (>60 years old) (odds ratio [OR] 1.04, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02–1.05, P = 0.000), hypertension (OR 2.51, 95% CI 1.62–3.87, P = 0.000), chronic kidney disease (OR 3.52, 95% CI 2.01–6.16, P = 0.000), Killip class ≥3 (OR 5.22, 95% CI 3.07–8.87, P = 0.000), extensive anterior myocardial infarction (OR 3.02, 95% CI 1.85–4.93, P = 0.000), use of furosemide (OR 1.02, 95% CI 1.02–1.03, P = 0.000), non-use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blocker (OR 1.58, 95% CI 1.04–2.40, P = 0.032). These factors provided an accurate tool to identify patients at high risk of developing AKI.@*Conclusions@#Approximately 26.0% of patients undergoing AMI developed AKI, and the development of AKI was strongly correlated with in-hospital mortality. The risk factors for AKI in patients with AMI were determined to help identify high-risk patients and make appropriate clinical decisions.

Risk factors for acute kidney injury in patients with acute myocardial infarction / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

BACKGROUND@#Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a serious and fatal complication of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). It has high short- and long-term mortality rates and a poor prognosis but is potentially preventable. However, the current incidence, risk factors, and outcomes of AKI in the Chinese population are not well understood and would serve the first step to identify high-risk patients who could receive preventative care.@*METHODS@#The medical data of 1124 hospitalized patients diagnosed with AMI from October 2013 to September 2015 were reviewed. AKI was defined according to the 2012 Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes criteria. All the patients were divided into either the AKI group or the non-AKI group. A univariate comparison analysis was performed to identify possible risk factors associated with AKI. A multiple logistic regression analysis was used to identify the independent risk factors for AKI in patients with AMI.@*RESULTS@#Overall, the incidence of AKI was 26.0%. The mortality rate of the AKI group was 20.5%, and the mortality rate of the non-AKI group was 0.6% (P 60 years old) (odds ratio [OR] 1.04, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02-1.05, P = 0.000), hypertension (OR 2.51, 95% CI 1.62-3.87, P = 0.000), chronic kidney disease (OR 3.52, 95% CI 2.01-6.16, P = 0.000), Killip class ≥3 (OR 5.22, 95% CI 3.07-8.87, P = 0.000), extensive anterior myocardial infarction (OR 3.02, 95% CI 1.85-4.93, P = 0.000), use of furosemide (OR 1.02, 95% CI 1.02-1.03, P = 0.000), non-use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blocker (OR 1.58, 95% CI 1.04-2.40, P = 0.032). These factors provided an accurate tool to identify patients at high risk of developing AKI.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Approximately 26.0% of patients undergoing AMI developed AKI, and the development of AKI was strongly correlated with in-hospital mortality. The risk factors for AKI in patients with AMI were determined to help identify high-risk patients and make appropriate clinical decisions.

Kinesin Family Member 11 Enhances the Self-Renewal Ability of Breast Cancer Cells by Participating in the Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway / 한국유방암학회지

A review of the relationship between gut microbiome and necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants / 中国当代儿科杂志

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a common severe gastrointestinal disease in preterm infants. The morbidity and mortality of NEC are negatively correlated with the gestational age and birth weight. In addition to causing a variety of gastrointestinal complications, NEC can also cause neurodevelopmental impairment. Recently, many studies have found that gut microbiome dysbiosis plays an important part in the pathogenesis of NEC. It is helpful to explore the relationship between gut microbiome and NEC for the early diagnosis and severity prediction of NEC. Researchers have paid much attention to the role of probiotics in reducing the morbidity and mortality of NEC in preterm infants. It's controversial as to whether probiotics is effective and safe in clinical application. This article will review the relationship between the development of gut microbiome and NEC in preterm infants, as well as the preventive effect of probiotics on NEC.

Quercetin improves Pseudomonas aeruginosa-induced lung infection in rats / 中成药

AIM To study the improvement of quercetin on Pseudomonas aeruginosa-induced lung infection in rats.METHODS Forty SPF SD rats were randomly divided into five groups,eight rats in each group:normal group,P.aeruginosa infection group,quercetin group,levofloxacin group,levofloxacin combined with quercetin group (combined group),the rats were anesthetized and then injected with P.aeruginosa in bronchus.The pathological changes of lung tissue in rats were observed,the contents of IL-4 and IFN-γcytokines,changes of transcription factors T-bet and Gata-3 in lung tissue were detected,and then semi-quantitative RT-PCR was used for the detection of IL-4,IFN-γ,T-bet and Gata-3 mRNA expressions.RESULTS The content of IL-4,levels of IL-4 and Gata-3 mRNA in lung tissue in the quercetin group,the levofloxacin group and the combined group were lower than those in the P.aeruginosa infection group,but the opposite was true in the levels of IFN-γ and T-bet mRNA.CONCLUSION Quercetin and levofloxacin can induce the differentiation from type Th2 to type Th1 for rat organism,but there is no synergistic effect between them.

Quercetin improves Pseudomonas aeruginosa-induced lung infection in rats / 中成药

AIM To study the improvement of quercetin on Pseudomonas aeruginosa-induced lung infection in rats.METHODS Forty SPF SD rats were randomly divided into five groups,eight rats in each group:normal group,P.aeruginosa infection group,quercetin group,levofloxacin group,levofloxacin combined with quercetin group (combined group),the rats were anesthetized and then injected with P.aeruginosa in bronchus.The pathological changes of lung tissue in rats were observed,the contents of IL-4 and IFN-γcytokines,changes of transcription factors T-bet and Gata-3 in lung tissue were detected,and then semi-quantitative RT-PCR was used for the detection of IL-4,IFN-γ,T-bet and Gata-3 mRNA expressions.RESULTS The content of IL-4,levels of IL-4 and Gata-3 mRNA in lung tissue in the quercetin group,the levofloxacin group and the combined group were lower than those in the P.aeruginosa infection group,but the opposite was true in the levels of IFN-γ and T-bet mRNA.CONCLUSION Quercetin and levofloxacin can induce the differentiation from type Th2 to type Th1 for rat organism,but there is no synergistic effect between them.

Quantitative and qualitative evaluation on tablets of Ginkgo biloba leaves using fingerprint and LC-MS analysis / 中国中药杂志

A reasonable method for the quality control of tablets of Ginkgo biloba leaves was established in this paper. The total flavonol glycosides and terpene lactones of G. biloba tablets were quantified by HPLC. Totally, 16 batches of the commercially available tablets of G. biloba leaves were determined. Among of them, 2 batches were unqualified in the content of total flavonol glycosides, and 3 batches were unqualified in the content of terpene lactones. A validated HPLC fingerprint method was established to evaluate the commercially available tablets of G. biloba leaves with the assistance of LC-MS. Sixteen batches showed the similarity of 0.763-0.989. There were 31 fingerprint chromatogram peaks were identified as flavonoids compositions by LC-MS. This provides a research idea for the quality control of tablets of G. biloba leaves.

Similarity between leaves of Nauclea officinalis and stems of Nauclea officinalis / 中国中药杂志

The study is to develop a method to determine 3 batches leaves of Nauclea officinalis and stems of N. officinalis by HPLC. The differences between strictosamide contents and fingerprints was compared, then chromatographic peak of fingerprints was validated with the assistance of LC-MS. The strictosamide contents in stems of N. officinalis were higher than leaves of N. officinalis. The main chemical composition in leaves of N. officinalis and stems of N. officinalis were alkaloid which revealed by LC-MS. There are 7 chemical compositions were same between them, but the chemical composition in leaves of N. officinalis is more than stems of N. officinalis. This provides a scientific basis for the development of the potential medicinal value of leaves of N. officinalis and the sustainable utilization of N. officinalis.

Analysis of the Combination Use of CYP3A4 Inhibitors with Simvastatin or Atorvastatin in the Cardiology De-partment of A Third-grade Class A Hospital / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To provide reference for strengthening the safety of the combination use of CYP3A4 inhibitors with statins in clinical treatment. METHODS:30 cases per month(totally 300 cases)(the hospitalization time was more than 10 days) discharged from the cardiology department of a third-level class A hospital during Jan. to Oct. 2013 were selected randomly,and statistical analysis was made into general information of patients,whether to use statins and CYP3A4 inhibitor,and whether to monitor safety indicators of liver and kidney function and creatine kinase. RESULTS:Totally 291 patients were treated with statins with a total use rate of 97%,including 265 cases of atorvastatin and 11 cases of simvastatin. The CYP3A4 inhibitors were com-bined with amlodipine,diltiazem,verapammy,amiodarone,Ginkgo biloba leaf,fenofibrate and clarithromycin,etc.,and 162 (59%) patients were given the combination use of simvastatin or atorvastatin with CYP3A4 inhibitors. But the liver and kidney function,creatine kinase and other safety indicators were not monitored by laboratory examination during medication. CONCLU-SIONS:Atorvastatin and simvastatin are used commonly in patients with cardiovascular disease,and the combination use rate with CYP3A4 inhibitor is relatively higher and needs long-term medication,drug dosage should be limited according to the direction of instructions and the adverse reactions induced by drug interactions should be noticed to strengthen medication monitor and education for patients.

Dynamic edge contact behavior of metal-on-metal hip joint replacements / 医用生物力学

Objective To investigate the edge contact behavior of conformal spherical hip joint replacements under the given dynamic contact displacement condition. Methods Based on the developed spherical-grid-data model, the contact behavior and corresponding edge contact behavior of a typical metal-on-metal hip joint replacement was simulated under the increasing displacement between the acetabular cup and femoral head. Results It was found from the obtained results that the vertical and horizontal component of the support force due to contact pressure increased with the dynamic contact displacement increasing. The vertical component of support force for the edge contact showed a slower variation tendency than that for the non edge contact, while the corresponding horizontal component of support force increased more significantly with the dynamic displacement. In addition, the corresponding contact pressure distributions and the contact areas of hip joint replacements for edge contact and non-edge contact were different. Conclusions The significant edge contact behavior of hip joint replacements with bigger cup inclination angle occurrs with the increasing displacement of femoral head to the acetabular cup, which will cause the sliding between contact surfaces and additional wear since the horizontal support force increases. This provides a reference for the wear assessment and manufacturing of hip joint replacements.

Wear prediction for metal-on-metal hip joint replacements / 医用生物力学

Objective To develop a wear prediction model for hard-on-hard hip joint replacement under the condition of complex dynamic loading and time-dependent motion, and to apply it to the study on wear prediction of the typical metal-on-metal hip joint replacement in the complicated three-dimensional (3D) physiological motion condition. Methods The finite element model for contact mechanics was established and the fixed-tracked method was adopted to make the dynamic wear reappear on the bearing surface of artificial hip joint with 3D Euler transformation, and the data communication about the corresponding contact and wear for simulation was also made. Results The wear prediction test showed that the spherical bearing geometry of the artificial hip joint gradually became the non-spherical form due to the wear with time; meanwhile, the corresponding contact area was increased, the distribution of the contact pressure tended to be flattened, and the maximum contact pressure was decreased. Conclusions The wear prediction model developed here for metal-on-metal hip joint replacements with bilateral bearing surfaces under the condition of complex dynamic loading and motion could be used to carry out simulation test for the wear prediction of metal-on-metal artificial joint, which provides a new method to understand the wear mechanism of hip joint replacement.

Effect of edge contact on metal-on-metal hip joint replacements / 医用生物力学

Objective To study the contact mechanics of metal-on-metal hip joint replacements under different walking conditions, particularly for the edge contact behavior between the cup and the head of the bearing due to large range movement. Methods The finite element model of a typical hip joint replacement with conformal spherical bearing was established to simulate the edge contact of hip joint replacement under the given cup inclination angles and vertical loads. Results The maximum contact pressure decreased slightly and the contact area increased when the cup inclination angles increased within the range of 0°~60°. When the cup inclination angles were more than 80°, the corresponding contact area moved to the cup edge, the maximum contact pressure and distribution range increased, but the position of the maximum contact pressure moved from the initial contact point to the new point with 6°~9° in the direction of the increasing cup inclination angle to balance the corresponding contact pressure distribution and the loaded human weight. Conclusions Different edge contact behavior of hip joint replacements tends to occur due to the bigger cup inclination angle. Therefore, much attention should be paid to the problem of edge contact for both the clinical surgery and the manufacturing of hip joint replacements.

Spatial characteristic of distribution of Oncomelania hupensis in mountainous regions / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To analyze the spatial characteristic on the distribution of Oncomelania hupensis in mountainous regions.Methods Based on the geographic database of snail distribution in Puge county,Sichuan province,spatial autocorrelation analysis and spatial scan statistics were applied to analyze the spatial characteristic of snail distribution.Results With regard to the rate of frame with snails,the global Moran's I indicator was 0.095(P<0.05),which indicated the spatial autocorrelation of snail distribution in Puge county.Data from the local spalial autocorrelation analysis showed that there were 28 snail habitats with statistically significant differences on local indicators of spatial autocorrelation(LISA)value(P<0.05),among which existed high-high,low-low,low-high and high-low four types of correlation model.The Spatial Scan Statistics had in total identified 24 snail habitat clusters(P<0.05),including 14 high rate clusters and 10 low rate clusters,and the result was similar to that of LISA analysis.Conclusion There were spatial autocorrelation and spatial aggregation of snail distribution in mountainous regions,meanwhile spatial heterogeneity of snail distribution also existed.This law could be explored for beaer control of snails.

Snail habitats detection in the marshland of Eastern Dongting Lake Area, based on China-Brazil Earth Resources Satellite-02B CCD data / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To detect the snail habitats from the marshland of Eastern Dongting Lake Area, using the Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) technology based on the China-Brazil Earth Resources Satellite-02B (CBERS-02B) CCD images. Methods According to the two typical traits of snail habitats in marshland including "water in summer and land in winter" and "no grass, no snails" , the "water in summer and land in winter" region and the vegetation coverage region were calculated by RS image processing respectively. The two regions mentioned above were then overlapped to confirm the snail habitats through comparing with the data from field survey under spatial overlapping of Arcgis as the last step. Results In Eastern Dongting Lake area, the "water in summer and land in winter" region and vegetation coverage region were predicted based on the formula normalized difference water index (NDWI) >0.01 and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) >0.36, respectively. The snail habitat was determined by theme overlay of the two regions said above.The agreement rate between the prediction and the geospatial data of field survey was 93.55% , which demonstrated the final results were credible and reliable. Conclusion CBERS-02B image could be used to detect the snail habitats and to monitor the changes of them, so as to find out the characteristics of distribution and the trends of diffusion. The snail index (discriminant 1 and 2) seemed to be suitable for the detection of snail habitats in the marshland of Lake area and used for the programs of snail control.

Metagenesis of intermediate host to Schistosoma japonicum Oncomelania snail in mountainous areas / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To anderstand the metagenesis of Oncomelania snails in the mountainous regions so as to control the spread of snails and the epidemics of schistosomiasis.Methods Observation spot was established at a typical snail habitat close to Puge county,Sichuan province from February 2008 to July 2009.Random sampling was applied to determine the place of each frame during the observation.All the snails in each frame were collected and numbers counted in the laboratory,with the number of mating pairs in each frame also observed.Snails being collected were measured for the body indices and the dissection was carried out to identify gender composition.survival status and the number of live snails in each frame counted.Line graphs of the body indices.mating pairs in each observed months,bar graphs of the snail density,proportions of gender together with the maturity of the snails in each month were drawn.Results The number of live snail existed the whole year and its density fluctuated.All the three kinds of body indices showed the same time trend and a dynamic circulation.The young snail existed all year around and arose constantly in proportion from May,becoming the dominant snailin October to replace the adult snails.The young and adult snails also showed a dynamic alternative.The gender composition showed no significant difference during each month.The number of the mating pairs was more on April.May and June annually,when were the snail's main multiplying stage.Conclusion In mountain area.the young snails existed through all the year while adult snails appeared to be dominantin each month except for October.Oncomelania snail showed a circular process of metagenesis which started in May and finished in October.The snail population presented a dynamic equilibrium.It was concluded that ecological studies on Oncomelania snail were extremely relevant,either to optimally apply the existing control measures or to develop alternative measures for snail control,ecologically or biologically.

Integrated detection and analysis on the dusters of schistosomiasis based on geographic information system / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To detect and analyze the clusters of schistosomiasis on marshland and lake areas based on geographic information system (GIS) in 2008 and to provide suggestions for the development of integrated methodology on the detection of clusters on related diseases. Methods Moran' s I of global spatial autocorrelation, Getis-Ord Gi of local spatial autocorrelation and SaTScan were used to detect the schistosomiasis clusters based on GIS and comparison of the results for different methods were performed. Results Results from the global Moran' s I tests for all the marshland and lake areas related to the schistosomiasis were statistically significant (P＜0.05)and indicated spatial heterogeneity; the z-score outcomes as calculated by Getis-Ord Gi indicated high cluster that 50 clusters were categorized at the 0.05 significance level and the z-score of these 45 clusters were more than 0. Results of SaTScan statistics appeared the same as local spatial autocorrelation and almost showing the existence of 5 cluster areas. Conclusion The geographical distribution of clusters where schistosomiasis was prevalent showed that it was closely corresponded to the middle and lower Yangtse river and in particular, many clusters were located near the boundary of Hubei and Hunan province.

Influence regarding micro-ecological environment of Snail habitats in Lake area on the distribution of Snails / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To explore the relationships between micro-ecological environmental factors and the density of Snails so as to provide information for the elimination of Snails and control of Schistosomiasis disease,under ecological methods.Methods A bottomland close to Junshan Park in Yueyang city,Hunan province was selected as the field for survey during 10,2007-10,2008,and a systematic sampling method was applied to determine the specific sites of Snail investigation.All the Snails in each frames were collected and the soil surface temperature and vegetation coverage in several frames were measured.30 g soil sample in each selected frames were also collected simultaneously.The number of live Snails in each frame was counted by dissection,and soil measured pH value and soil moisture were tested in the laboratory.The distribution of Snails and microecological environmental factors,fitted general additive model for the relationship of these factors and the Snail density were described.Results 104 frames were surveyed,with pH value as between 4.70-7.92,vegetation coverage as in 1% to 96%,soil surface temperature as in 14.5-32.7℃,the soil moisture as in 0.07-2.00.Under General additive model,data showed that there was no significant difference for vegetation coverage.However,other factors were all significantly different(P＜0.001).It was found that a nonlinear relationship was existing between these factors and the Snail density.Conclusion Smoothing function relationship was noticed between the Snail density and micro-ecological environmental factors.It's suggested to fit general additive model to study the relationship between the distribution of Snails and its influencing factors,so as to adopt appropriate measures to change the related ecology to control the diffusion and reproduction of Snails.

Virtual Evaluation on the Activities of Phthalides and Terpenoids from Angelica sinensis / 中草药·英文版

Objective To elucidate potential activities of phthalides and terpenoids from Angelica sinensis by theoreticaldocking calculation.Methods Eleven components of phthalides and terpenoids were selected as ligand.Thecrystalline structures of targets related to common diseases were used as the receptors for calculation.Thecalculations were conducted with Schr(o)dinger software package.The grading standard of selectivity was developedaccording to G-score between ligands and receptors.Results Selective targets of phthalides and terpenoids wererelated to nevous system diseases,cancer,pain,diabetes,cardiovascular disease,liver cirrhosis,nephrotic syndrome,inflammatory diseases,rheumatoid arthritis,dermatosis,leukemia,microbial inflections,immune diseases,andhypercholesterolemia.In addition to the medical treatments reported in the literature,our research also indicated thatthese two classes of compounds may be used for tumor,diabetes,rheumatoid arthritis,dermatosis,leukemia,livercirrhosis,and nephrotic syndrome.According to our research,the effects of phthalides and terpenoids may be not sostrong.Conclusion The effects of phthalides and terpenoids on diseases founded through virtual evaluation accord greatly with those reported in experiment and clinic.The combination of computer-aided drug evaluation technique and experiment is definitely an important and fast way to investigate the effects and mechanisms of traditional Chinese medicine.

Impact of the changing water level on the variance of Oncomelania hupensis populations in Lake Area with general additive model / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To explore the impact and regularity of snail population after changing of water level and to develop effective control and prediction programs. Methods A typical snail habitat closed to Changjiang county in Yueyang city, Hunan province was selected as the survey field.Data on water level and the changing trend of snail population during 2001-2009 including the average water level, maximum and minimum water levels, snail and infected snail densities,proportion of sampling frames with living and infected snails etc. were collected. The distribution of water level and snail indexes were described and a general additive model(GAM)for the relationships between these indexes were also fitted. Results Impacts of the average water level and the watered-out days in current year in the surveyed field on the snail density were statistically significant(P＜0.01), showing a quadratic curve association. The snail density remained at the lowest level when the average water level was at 25.0 m and the surveyed field watered-out days was 120. The average water level in current year and the field watered-out days in the past year showed statistically significant impacts on the infected snail density(P＜0.001), the proportion of sampling frames with infected snails(P＜0.05)and living snails(P value neared 0.05), presented a quadratic curve, a cubic curve or even a more complicated piecewise curve association. Both the infected snail density and the proportion of sampling frames with infected snails remained at the lowest level when the average water level was at 25.0 m and the watered-out days in the past year was 110, while the proportion of sampling frames with living snails kept the lowest level when the average water level was at 25.0 m and the watered-out days in the past year was 160. Conclusion The water level and the field watered-out days affected the development of snail population directly. The changing water level had an impact on snail population change, which mainly presented as nonlinear smooth function relation. Impact of the field watered out days on the infected snail density and the proportion of sampling frames with living snails and infected snails showed a hysteresis effect. The snail density was predicted to be retaining a high level when the water level was 24.0 m and the field watered-out days was 3 months. It had obvious advantages to fit the relationship of the changing water level and the snail indexes with a GAM which could get closer to the reality as well as easier to find and explain the potential associations and regulations.