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Objective:To explore the effect of signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) on ferroptosis in skeletal muscle cells in sepsis model and its potential mechanism.Methods:Twenty-four 8-week-old male specific pathogen free Kunming mice were divided into normal control group, sham group, sepsis model group and STAT6 inhibitor pretreatment group according to random number table method with 6 mice in each group. A mouse sepsis model was reproduced by cecal ligation and perforation (CLP). In the sham group, the skin of mice was sutured after exposing the cecum tissue. In the STAT6 inhibitor pretreatment group, 10 mg/kg AS1517499 was injected intraperitoneally 1 hour before model reproduction. The sham group and the model group were intraperitoneally injected with the same volume of normal saline. Mice in the normal control group did not receive any operation or drug intervention. The mice were sacrificed 24 hours after model reproduction, and the muscle tissue of hind limb was obtained under sterile condition. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining was used to observe the histopathology with optical microscope, and mitochondrial morphological changes were observed by transmission electron microscopy after double staining with uranium acetate lead citrate. The ferroptosis marker proteins expressions of chitinase-3-like protein 1 (CHI3L1), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4 (ACSL4), ferritin heavy chain 1 (FTH1), and glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPx4) were detected by Western blotting.Results:Under the optical microscope, the morphology and structure of skeletal muscle tissues in the normal control and sham groups were normal. In the model group, the structure of skeletal muscle tissues was loose, the muscle fiber became smaller and atrophic, inflammatory cell infiltration and even muscle fiber loss were found. Compared with the model group, the structure of skeletal muscle tissues was tight and skeletal muscle atrophy was improved in the STAT6 inhibitor pretreatment group. The ultrastructure of skeletal muscle cell in the normal control and sham groups was normal under transmission electron microscope. The ultrastructure characteristics of skeletal muscle in the model group showed that cell membrane was broken and blister, mitochondria became smaller and membrane density increased, the mitochondrial crista decreased or disappeared, the mitochondrial outer membrane was broken, and the nucleus was normal in size but lacked chromatin condensation. Compared with the model group, the STAT6 inhibitor pretreatment group had a significant improvement in the ultrastructure of muscle cells. Compared with the normal control and sham groups, the protein expressions of CHI3L1, COX-2, ACSL4 and FTH1 in the muscle of the model group were significantly increased, while the protein expression of GPx4 was decreased significantly, indicating that the skeletal muscle cells in the mouse sepsis model showed characteristic mitochondrial injury and abnormal expression of ferroptosis markers. Compared with the model group, the protein expressions of CHI3LI, COX-2, ACSL4 and FTH1 in the STAT6 inhibitor pretreatment group were significantly decreased [CHI3L1 protein (CHI3L1/GAPDH): 0.70±0.08 vs. 0.97±0.09, COX-2 protein (COX-2/GAPDH): 0.61±0.03 vs. 0.83±0.03, ACSL4 protein (ACSL4/GAPDH): 0.75±0.04 vs. 1.02±0.16, FTH1 protein (FTH1/GAPDH): 0.49±0.06 vs. 0.76±0.13, all P < 0.05], while the protein expression of GPx4 was significantly increased (GPx4/GAPDH: 1.14±0.29 vs. 0.53±0.03, P < 0.05). Conclusions:Sepsis can induce ferroptosis in skeletal muscle cells of mice. STAT6 may mediate ferroptosis in mouse skeletal muscle cells by regulating the expressions of COX-2, ACSL4, FTH1 and GPx4, thereby inducing skeletal muscle cell injury in sepsis.
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AlM: To explore the effects of irisin on house dust mite (HDM)-induced inflammation and apoptosis in human airway epithelial cells. METHODS: The human bronchial epithelial cell (16HBE) were cultured with in RPMI1640 culture medium with 10% of fetal bovine serum. After cells reached 85% confluence, the medium was replaced with serum-free culture medium for 12 h. Then the 16HBE cells were treated with various concentrations of HDM (0, 400, 800, 12 00 U/mL) for 24 h. Reactive oxygen species assay kit was used to detected the intracellular ROS generation. And qPCR was used to measure the interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) mRNA expression of the HDM-induced 16HBE cell. The cells were pre-treated with or without irisin for 2 h before exposure to various concentration of HDM for 24 h. Then reactive oxygen species assay kit was used to detected the intracellular ROS generation. The IL-6, TNF-α mRNA expression of 16HBE cell were measured by qPCR. Meanwhile, the phosphorylated and total P65 NF-κB and JNK proteins were detected by western blot. The pro-apoptosis protein cleaved-caspase3BAX and the anti-apoptosis protein were also detected by western blot. RESULTS: The quantitative assay showed that intracellular ROS in different concentrations of HDM stimulus group were obviously higher than NC group (P < 0.05). And RT-PCR analysis showed a higher expression level of pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α and IL-6 mRNA in different concentrations of HDM than in NC group (P < 0.05). Compared with the HDM group, Irisin significantly decreased the level of intracellular ROS of the 16HBE cells (P < 0.05). The released of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α and IL-6 mRNA was also decreased in irisin treated 16HBE cells (P < 0.05). And compared with control group, BCL-XL anti-apoptosis protein level was decreased and BAX and c-caspase3 pro-apoptosis protein levels were increased in HDM group (P < 0.05), irisin intervention significantly increased the level of BCL-XL and decreased the levels of BAX and cleaved-caspase 3 (P < 0.05). Compared the control group, phosphorylated P65 NF-κB and JNK protein levels were significantly increased after HDM stimulated (P < 0.05), and irisin intervention decreased the protein levels of phosphorylated P65 NF-κB and JNK (P < 0.05). CONCLUSlON: Irisin can effectively improve the inflammation and apoptosis of HDM-induced 16HBE cells, and this protective effect may be related to its inhibition of NF-κB and JNK MAPK signaling pathways. Irisin may be a potential drug for treating lung inflammation.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the role of miR-181c in glycolysis of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and explore the mechanism.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Human lung CAFs and normal fibroblasts (NFs), isolated from fresh human lung adenocarcinoma tissue specimens by primary culture of tissue explants, were transfected with a miR -181c mimics, a miR-181c inhibitor, a siRNA siRNA-HK2 or the vector HK2-vector via Lipofectamine(TM) 2000. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to analyze the changes in miR-125b expression in the transfected cells; hexokinase-2 (HK2) protein expression in the cells was detected using Western blotting, and the cellular glucose uptake was assessed with 2-NBDG. Lactate production in the cells was examined and expression of HK2 mRNA was detected with dual luciferase reporter gene assay.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>No obvious difference was found in the cell morphology between CAFs and NFs. Compared with the NFs, the CAFs showed obviously increased glucose uptake, lactate production and HK2 protein expression with decreased expressions of the miR-181 family (P<0.05). Transfection with the miR-181 inhibito- rsignificantly increased glucose uptake, lactate production and HK2 protein expression in the NFs. In CAFs, transfection with the miR-181 mimics caused significantly lowered glucose uptake, lactate production and HK2 protein expression of. Knockdown of endogenous HK2 by siRNA abolished miR-181 mimics-mediated decrease of glucose uptake and lactate production in CAFs, while transfection with miR-181 mimics suppressed HK2 overexpression-induced enhancement of glucose uptake and lactate production in NFs.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Transfection with miR-181 mimics can suppress glycolysis in CAFs by inhibiting HK2 expression.</p>