Efficacy and safefy of Polymyxin B treatment for neutropenic patients suffering from refractory Gram-negative bacterial bloodstream infection / 中华血液学杂志

Objective: To assess the efficacy and safety of polymyxin B in neutropenic patients with hematologic disorders who had refractory gram-negative bacterial bloodstream infection. Methods: From August 2021 to July 2022, we retrospectively analyzed neutropenic patients with refractory gram-negative bacterial bloodstream infection who were treated with polymyxin B in the Department of Hematology of the First Affiliated Hospital of the Soochow University between August 2021 to July 2022. The cumulative response rate was then computed. Results: The study included 27 neutropenic patients with refractory gram-negative bacterial bloodstream infections. Polymyxin B therapy was effective in 22 of 27 patients. The median time between the onset of fever and the delivery of polymyxin B was 3 days [interquartile range (IQR) : 2-5]. The median duration of polymyxin B treatment was 7 days (IQR: 5-11). Polymyxin B therapy had a median antipyretic time of 37 h (IQR: 32-70). The incidence of acute renal dysfunction was 14.8% (four out of 27 cases), all classified as "injury" according to RIFLE criteria. The incidence of hyperpigmentation was 59.3%. Conclusion: Polymyxin B is a viable treatment option for granulocytopenia patients with refractory gram-negative bacterial bloodstream infections.

Clinical analysis of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome after haplo- hematopoietic stem cell transplantation / 中华血液学杂志

Objective: To investigate the incidence, risk factors and survival of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) in patients who had undergone haplo-hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (haplo-HSCT) . Methods: This study retrospectively analyzed clinical data of 444 consecutive patients who underwent haplo-HSCT and survived at least 100 days after transplantation in the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University between January 2013 and December 2015. Results: By the end of follow-up on January 1, 2018, 25 patients (5.63%) had BOS (BOS group) . The median onset time of BOS was 448 (165-845) d post transplantation, the 1-year, 2-year and 3-year cumulative incidence of BOS was 1.6% (95%CI 1.5%-1.6%) , 4.8% (95%CI 4.7%-4.8%) and 5.8% (95%CI 5.7%-5.8%) , respectively. Among patients with chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) , the cumulative incidence at the same intervals was 2.8% (95%CI 2.7%-2.8%) , 9.5% (95%CI 9.4%-9.5%) and 11.5% (95%CI 11.4%-11.6%) , respectively. In the multivariate analysis, the risk factors for BOS were high-risk primary disease, Ⅱ-Ⅳ aGVHD and preceding cGVHD with other organs. The 3-year overall survival (OS) was lower among patients with than those without BOS, but the difference was not significant [71.8% (95%CI 53.9%-89.6%) vs 72.4% (95%CI 68.1%-76.7%) , P=0.400]. Overall 1-year, 3-year survival of patients with BOS from the time of diagnosis was 78.4% (95%CI 61.5%-95.3%) and 37.0% (95%CI 2.5%-71.5%) , respectively, significantly less than those without (93.9% and 89.3%, from day 448 after transplantation, respectively, P<0.001) . Furthermore, we found a significantly higher incidence of transplantation-related mortality (TRM) in patients with compared with patients without BOS (28.2% vs 10.9%, P<0.001) . The main risk factor for OS of BOS patients was the severity of pulmonary impairment at the time of diagnosis. Patients who developed severe BOS had a worse OS than those with moderate and mild BOS (P=0.049) . Conclusion: BOS is a severe pulmonary complication of haplo-HSCT. High-risk primary disease, Ⅱ-Ⅳ aGVHD and preceding cGVHD were independent risk factors for BOS. Patients who developed BOS had a worse OS than those without BOS. The main risk factor for OS of BOS patients was the severity of pulmonary impairment.

Application of multiplex PCR assay to study early multiple herpesviruses infection during HSCT / 中华血液学杂志

Objective: To investigate herpesvirus infection in early stage of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and to explore the association between multiple herpesviruses infection and clinical characteristics in HSCT patients and its impact on post-transplant complications and prognosis. Methods: A total of 734 peripheral blood samples were collected from 90 patients undergoing HSCT in the Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University between February 2017 and August 2017. The peripheral blood specimens were obtained before and within 90 days after transplantation at different time points. Lab-Aid824 Nucleic Acid Extraction Mini Reagent was used to extract DNA and multiplex PCR assay was used to simultaneously detect 8 kinds of human herpesviruses from genomic DNA. The incidence of various herpesvirus infections, its correlation with clinical features and effects on post-transplant complications and prognosis were analyzed. Results: The median follow-up time was 192 (range: 35-308) days. Among the 90 patients before transplantation, the incidence of herpes virus infection was 35.6% (32/90), including 12.2% (11/90) with one herpes virus infection and 23.3% (21/90) with multiple viruses infection. The incidence of herpes virus infection after transplantation was 77.8% (70/90), including 20.0% (18/90) with one herpes virus infection and 57.8% (52/90) with multiple herpes virus infection. Among the 52 patients with multiple herpes viruses infection, 30 (57.7%) patients were infected by 2 kinds of viruses, 18 (34.6%) patients by 3 kinds of viruses and 4 (7.7%) patients by 4 kinds of viruses. There was a correlation between HHV-6 and HHV-7 herpesvirus infection (OR=13.880, Q=0.026). EBV infection was related to HHV-7 infection (OR=0.093, Q=0.044). The age of patients was correlated with the incidence of HHV-1 infection before transplantation. There were 24 patients in our study experienced clinical symptoms associated with viral infection. The main manifestations were hemorrhagic cystitis (HC), interstitial pneumonia, enteritis, viral encephalitis and fever of unknown origin. EBV infection was related to HLA incompatibility and the inconsistent of the ABO blood group and grade Ⅱ-Ⅳ aGVHD after transplantation. HLA incompatibility and the unrelated donor and grade Ⅱ-Ⅳ aGVHD were related to multiple viruses infection. Conclusion: Multiple herpesviruses were common in patients undergoing HSCT, which were closely related to HLA mismatch, unrelated donor and grade Ⅱ-Ⅳ aGVHD.

Status of Polygonati Rhizome industry and suggestion for its sustainable development / 中国中药杂志

Field surveys and literatures show that Polygonati Rhizome (Huangjing) was firstly recorded in Shen Nong&s Herbal Classic, and widely used as a medicinal and edible plant. It has a long history of cultivation, and the researches on chemistry have made some progress. The future development is prospected on health market. But the Polygonati Rhizome industry has faced a lot of problems, including the resource depletion, unstable quality, low-tech in cultivation and germplasm confusion, unclear of functional composition, decentralized, small scaled and primary processing products. The suggestion for sustainable development are listed below. First, the relevant researches should focused on material basis and biological mechanism of core effects. To speed up the selection and breeding of improved varieties, ensure the supply of high-quality seedlings and eliminate the unauthentic species are the most important measures. Secondly, to strengthen the conservation and rational use of wild resources, break through the key technologies of high-quality artificial cultivation on light regulation, site control, density control and precision harvesting are also very important. Thirdly, to reveal the toxicity-reducing-and-efficacy-enhancing mechanism of processing, optimize the parameters and setup the standard operating procedure are indispensable. Fourthly, that full advantage of the root, leaf, flower and fruit resources should be strengthened for enlarged health products based on the development of exact functional factors. Above all, Polygonati Rhizome could be a growing market in the future driven by the technological innovation, cultural creativity, integration of three industries, brand strategy and internet+technique.

Treatment of central nervous system leukemia with CD19-chimeric antigen receptor T-cell immunotherapy: two cases report and literature review / 中华血液学杂志

Objective: To explore the efficacy and safety of chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cells in the treatment of central nervous system leukemia (CNSL). Methods: Two leukemia patients with CNSL were treated with CD19-CAR-T cells. The process and results of the entire treatment is reported and related literature review is conducted. Results: The patients were diagnosed as acute myeloid leukemia (AML)-M(2) with B lymphoid antigen expression and B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia(B-ALL) by morphology and immunophenotype assay. The immunophenotype was consistent with the abnormal manifestations of AML-M(2) and B-ALL. Their clinical manifestations and laboratory tests met the diagnostic criteria of CNSL. The diagnosis was clear and the two patients were treated with CD19-CAR-T cell immunotherapy. Central nervous system symptoms were relieved. The imaging abnormalities of patient one has disappeared but cytokines release syndrome (CRS) occurred during the treatment. Cerebrospinal fluid of patient two was negative and no obvious CRS reaction was found. Conclusions: CAR-T cell immunotherapy is likely to induce the remission of CNSL and improve the prognosis.

Clinical observation of one transscleral sutured fixation intraocular lens implanted in the capsular treating traumatic lens dislocation / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

AIM: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of one transscleral sutured fixation intraocular lens implanted in the capsular treating traumatic lens dislocation. METHODS: Twelve eyes with lens subluxation from 12 patients during Mar. 2013 to Mar. 2015 were reviewed. The stopping and chopping method combined with manual nuclear extraction was performed in extent of lens subluxation less than 1/2 quadrant and transscleral sutured fixation intraocular lens implanted in the capsular. Visual acuity, best - corrected visual acuity, intraocular pressure, corneal endothelial cell count and the position of IOL were observed and recorded. RESULTS: All the surgeries were performed successfully. Patients were followed up for 6 - 12mo. During the follow-up period, the number of eyes for BCVA ≥0. 8, 0. 4 - 0. 6 and ≤0. 3 was 2, 7 and 3, respectively. It meant 66. 67% of the eyes showed BCVA in 0. 5-0. 6. Intraocular pressure and the position of all intraocular lens were normal. Effects of operation on corneal endothelial cells were slight. No complications took place in and after surgery. CONCLUSION: Without implanting capsular tension ring ( CTR ) , we successfully use the intraocular lens ( IOL) single loop suture fixation in the capsular bag for the treatment of the patient with traumatic lens dislocation. It indicates that the pressure and place shift from the use of IOL avoided by this method without implantation of CTR. This method is safe and effective for the treatment of eyes with traumatic lens dislocation.

Influence of HLA-E polymorphism on cytomegalovirus infection after HLA-matched hematopoietic stem cell transplantation / 中国实验血液学杂志

This study was aimed to explore the potential association of HLA-E polymorphism with the incidence of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection after HLA-matched hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, 119 HLA-genoidentical sibling pairs for HLA-E polymorphism were analyzed, HLA-E DNA was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and the amplified DNA products was also sequenced directly after purification to confirm the genotype. The results showed that the homozygous HLA-E*0101/0101 accounted for 20.17%, the homozygous HLA-E*0103/0103 accounted for 27.73%; heterozygous HLA-E*0101/0103 accounted for 52.10%; in homozygous HLA-E*0101/0101 group, 15 cases were infected with CMV and the CMV infection rate was 62.50%; in homozygous HLA-E*0103/0103 group, 16 cases were infected with CMV and the CMV infection rate was 48.48%; in heterozygous HLA-E*0101/0103 group 20 cases were infected with CMV and the CMV infection rate was 32.25%. As compared with the homozygous HLA-E*0101/0101 group, the CMV infection rate in HLA-E*0103 group displays statistical significance (P = 0.0295). The CMV infection rate occurred higher and its significance is statistical (P = 0.0074). It is concluded that the HLA-E gene polymorphism is associated with CMV infection after HLA-genoidentical bone marrow transplantation.

Clinical study of imatinib for treatment of Philadelphia chromosome positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia / 中华血液学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the efficacy and therapeutic outcome of imatinib combined with chemotherapy or allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) for Philadelphia chromosome positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Thirty patients from Jan 2006 to Mar 2009 were enrolled in this study. All patients received CDOLP induction chemotherapy regimen. Sixteen patients insensitive to chemotherapy were given imatinib simultaneously. Eleven of 30 patients underwent HSCT. The other 19 cases received consolidation therapy including HD-Ara-C, HD-MTX and HD-CTX. Maintenance therapy regimens were VP combined with imatinib.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The white blood cell (WBC) count in 17 patients was higher than 30 x 10(9)/L. Of 30 patients, 29 were B cell phenotype and 1 T cell phenotype, 24 had additional chromosomal abnormalities. The overall complete remission (CR) rate was 96.7%. The median CR duration was 9 (2 - 20) months. The 1-year and 3-year overall survival (OS) rates were (64.7 +/- 9.8)% and (30.0 +/- 12.4)%, and the event free survival (EFS) rates were (28.8 +/- 9.5)% and (19.2 +/- 10.1)%, respectively. The bcr-abl transcripts in 13 of 30 patients were continuous negative. The OS rate in patients with negative bcr-abl transcripts was higher than that with positive bcr-abl (70.7% vs 61.3%) (P = 0.189). The EFS rate of patients with continuous negative bcr-abl transcripts was significantly higher than that of patients with continuous positive bcr-abl transcripts (P = 0.01). The median overall survival duration of higher WBC count group and normal WBC count group were 10 (4 - 18) and 29(5 - 36) months, respectively. The patients of higher WBC count had lower OS and EFS rates than that of normal WBC count (46.9% and 15.5% vs 83.5% and 50.8%, respectively) (P = 0.003 and 0.009, respectively).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Imatinib can significantly improve molecular CR rate and CR duration for Ph(+) ALL patients. Imatinib combined with allo-HSCT is expectable to improve the curative ratio of these patients.</p>

Clinical study of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for relapsed/refractory acute lymphocytic leukemia / 中华血液学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the efficacy and toxicity of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) for relapsed/refractory acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Forty-seven patients with relapsed/refractory ALL received allo-HSCT, which containing 19/47 from HLA-identical sibling donors (sib-HSCT), 18/47 from HLA-identical unrelated donors (URD-HSCT) and 10/47 from haplo-identical donors (Hi-HSCT). Conditioning regimens included "TBI plus Cyclophosphamide (Cy) (42/ 47)" or "busulfan (Bu) plus Cy (5/47)". Cyclosporine (CsA) combined with a short-course Methotrexate (MTX) were used for graft versus host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis. In addition, patients receiving URD-HSCT or Hi-HSCT were given mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) and anti-thymocyte immunoglobulin (ATG). Patients with molecular or cytogenetic relapse tendency on minimal residual disease (MRD) monitoring received donor lymphocyte infusion (DLI).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>All patients tolerated the therapy well except for mucositis. Renal dysfunction occurred in 2 patients on CsA therapy. Epilepsy occurred in 1 patient, fatal infectious complications in 9 (including 3 interstitial pneumonia), grade III-IV acute GVHD (aGVHD) in 7, chronic GVHD (cGVHD) in 22 and hemorrhagic cystitis (HC) in 4 patients. Thirteen patients relapsed after transplantation. The median time of hematopoietic reconstitution was + 17 ds. Nineteen patients received DLI, and 6 of them had no disease progression. With a median follow-up duration of 43 (10-77) months, the estimated 5-year overall survival (OS) and disease free survival (DFS) rates were 49.65% and 46.55%, respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Allo-HSCT is an effective therapy for relapsed/refractory ALL. Relapse after transplantation, fatal infection, and severe acute GVHD are the main causes for failure. DLI might decrease the relapse rate after transplantation.</p>

Clinical and laboratory features of patients with CD34(+) acute promyelocytic leukemia / 中华肿瘤杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the expression of CD34 in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) and investigate the clinical and laboratory features of CD34(+) APL patients.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>262 APL patients diagnosed by chromosome analysis and/or fusion gene examination in the last five years were retrospectively analyzed in this study. To survey the expression of CD34 in those patients, all the cases were divided into two groups (CD34(+) APL vs. CD34(-) APL). The clinical features including age, gender, abnormal values of the peripheral hemogram before treatment, the complete remission (CR) rate and the incidence of DIC and laboratory data such as the results of morphology, immunology, cytogenetics and molecular biology (MICM) between those two groups were compared.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Of the 262 APL patients, 38 (14.5%) cases were positive for CD34 expression. There were no statistically significant differences between CD34(+) APL and CD34(-) APL groups in gender and age (P > 0.05). Before treatment, the median level of WBC in CD34(+) APL was 25.92 x 10(9)/L, which was significantly higher than that of CD34(-) APL (5.3 x 10(9)/L, P < 0.05). CD34(+) APL by morphology classification were mostly of the subtypes M3b and M3v (65.8%), while these subtypes in CD34(-) APL (40.3%) were significantly less (P < 0.01). There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups compared in respect of complete remission (CR) rate and the incidence of DIC (P > 0.05). The expression level of CD34 in APL had correlation to the expression level of CD2, CD7 and CD117; the latter three phenotypes in CD34(+) APL were significantly higher than those in CD34(-) APL (P < 0.01). No significant difference was found between those two groups by chromosome analysis, but there was more PML-RAR-alpha transcript short form in CD34(+) APL than that in CD34(-) APL (P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>CD34(+) acute promyelocytic leukemia is a unique subtype of APL with different biological characteristics.</p>

Surgical treatment and pathological findings of hematological malignancies patients complicated with lung diseases / 中华血液学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To determine the pulmonary pathological changes in hematological malignancy patients with pulmonary complications.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>17 hematological malignancy patients underwent surgical treatment were evaluated retrospectively. The pathological changes of all the surgical specimens were examined postoperatively by standard hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Pathological examination confirmed: aspergillus infection in 9 patients, sub-acute inflammation (fibrosis and hematoma formation) in 3, and each in 1 of pulmonary infarction with granulomatous tissue in the periphery; granulomatous inflammation with calcified tubercle; alveolar dilation and hemorrhage, interstitial fibrosis and focal vasculitis; intercostal neurilemmoma; and moderate-differentiated adenocarcinoma accompanied by intrapulmonary metastasis. And several operative complications (1 case of fungal implantation, 3 pleural effusion and adhesions and 2 pulmonary hematoma) were occurred. The coincidence rate of pre- and post-operative diagnosis was 9/14 (64.3%). After surgery, 8 patients were received hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT, allo-gene or autologous), with 7 succeeded. On effective secondary antifungal prophylaxis, 4 of 5 patients of aspergillosis succeeded in transplantation with free from mycotic relapse, one patient died from fungal relapse.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Hematological malignancies with persistent and/or resistant pulmonary infection, hemoptysis, or unexplained lung diseases, should be treated in time by surgery operation to effectively eliminate residual disease and obtain a definitive diagnosis, so as to create a prerequisite condition for the following treatments. Moreover, the secondary antifungal prophylaxis can provide active roles for patients scheduled for chemotherapy and/or HSCT.</p>

Prevalence and clinical significance of FLT3 mutations in acute promyelocytic leukemia / 中华血液学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the prevalence of Fms-Like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) mutations including internal tandem duplication (ITD) of juxtamembrane region and point mutation in the second tyrosine kinase domain (TKD) in acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) and its clinical significance.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Bone marrow mononuclear cells from 160 newly diagnosed APL patients were analyzed. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect FLT3-ITD mutations, FLT3-ITD positive samples were further analyzed for the ITD allelic ratio (ITD-AR, mutant-wild type ratio). The FLT3-TKD mutation was analyzed by PCR amplification of exon 20 followed by EcoR V digestion and sequencing.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Out of 160 patients, 30 (18.75%) patients were FLT3-ITD positive, 17 (10.62%) were FLT3-TKD positive, 2 had both of mutations. The initial WBC count and the ratio of short type PML-RAR alpha isoforms in FLT3-ITD positive and FLT3-TKD positive patients were all higher than that in patients with wild-type FLT3 (FLT3-wt) (P < 0.05). For FLT3-ITD positive patients, the incidences of retinoic acid syndrome (RAS) and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) were 41.7% and 65.4%, respectively, being higher than that of FLT3-wt patients, while their complete remission (CR) rate was lower (69.2% vs 90.3%, P < 0.05). For FLT3-TKD positive patients, the incidence of RAS, DIC and CR rate were not significantly different from that of FLT3-wt patients (P > 0.05). FLT3-ITD positive patients had a shorter overall survival (OS) (P < 0.05), but not disease-free survival (DFS) (P > 0.05) as compared with FLT3-wt patients. There was no significant difference in either OS or DFS between FLT3-TKD positive and FLT3-wt patients. The ITD-AR of 30 FLT3-ITD positive patients varied from 0.11 to 6.55 with a median of 1.0. The initial WBC count, incidence of RAS and DIC, CR rate were not significantly different between the patients with ITD-AR greater than 1.0 and lower than 1.0 (P > 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>FLT3 mutations (FLT3-ITD or FLT3-TKD) are frequently identified in patients with newly diagnosed APL, both mutations are associated with higher initial WBC and short type PML-RAR alpha isoforms. FLT3-ITD mutation is more frequent than FLT3-TKD mutation, and predicts a poorer prognosis, whereas FLT3-TKD mutation does not show the same unfavorable prognostic effect on APL patients.</p>

Pulmonary disease caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation--a case report and literature review / 中华血液学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To report a case with pulmonary disease caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT), with a literature review.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Case report and literature review.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A patient with acute non-lymphocytic leukemia was treated by allo-HSCT. Her NTM lung disease developed after HSCT was successfully treated with a 3 antimicrobials combination of clarithromycin, levofloxacin and capreomycin for 10 months.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>NTM infections are infrequent in allo-HSCT recipients and have a good clinical prognosis if correctly treated.</p>

Seventeen cases of nonmyeloablative stem cell transplantation using a conditioning regimen containing fludarabine / 中华血液学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the efficiency and toxicity of non-myeloablative stem cell transplantation (NAST) for hematological disease.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Seventeen patients, including 3 acute myeloid leukemia, 6 chronic myelogenous leukemia, 4 severe aplastic anemia, 2 non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, 1 multiple myeloma and 1 myelodysplastic syndromes received NAST from HLA-identical sibling donors. Peripheral blood stem cells were mobilized by G-CSF 300 microg/12 hours x 5 d. (2.15 -10.01) x 10(6) CD(34)(+) cells/kg were transplanted. A non-myeloablative conditioning regimen included fludarabine 30 mg.m(-2).d(-1) x 6 d;busulfan 4 mg.kg(-1).d(-1) x 2 d or cyclophosphamide 50 mg.kg(-1).d(-1) x 2 d and antilymphocytic globulin 12 approximately 15 mg.kg(-1).d(-1) x 4 d. Cyclosporin A was used to prevent graft versus host disease (GVHD) alone and no G-CSF was administered after NAST.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>Hematopoiesis reconstitution resumed on day 8 to day 19 (average of day 13). Severe mucositis was absent. Hepatic venoocclusive disease did not occur. Infectious complications were rare. Acute and chronic GVHD each occurred in 5 patients. Idiopathic pneumonia was developed in 5 patients. In the follow-up duration of 120 to 425 days, 16 of the 17 cases had a stable mixed or complete chimerical states. Fourteen of 17 patients are alive.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>NAST is an effective therapy in the treatment of hematological diseases with less complications, less blood transfusion and lower cost.</p>