NF-kappaB tumorigenesis and drug developement / 生物工程学报

NF-kappaB, a collective name of dimeric transcription factors, is composed of members of the Rel family proteins that recognize and bind a specific DNA sequence. It is normally sequestered in the cytoplasm of non-stimulated cells by associating with a family of inhibitor proteins called IkappaBs. Exposure of cells to a variety of extra-and intra-cellular stimuli leads to the rapid proteolytic degradation of IkappaBs, which frees NF-kappaBs allowing them to translocate to the nucleus where it regulates gene transcription. NF-kappaB is involved in a lot of physiological processes such as immunity, inflammation, cell proliferation, apoptosis and even tumorigenesis by regulating the transcription of a larger number of genes. This review introduces the various mechanisms of NF-kappaB activation including a recently reported alternative activation pathway mediated by lymphotoxin alpha/beta, B cell activating factor and CD40 ligand. The signal transduction pathway leading to NF-kappaB activation via IKK in response to proinflammatory factors like TNF-alpha and IL-1 is addressed in more detail concerning the regulation of IKK activity, mechanism of IkappaB degradation and regulation of transactivation activity of NF-kappaB on different levels. Considering the important role of NF-kappaB in cell proliferation and regulation of various genes participating in apoptosis, the involvement of NF-kappaB in tumorigenesis and drug screening is also discussed.

The PKS/NRPS hetero-gene cluster of epothilones / 生物工程学报

Novel macrolides epothilones, produced by cellulolytic myxobacterium Sorangium cellulosum, have the activity to promote microtubule assembly, and are considered to be a potential successor to the famous antitumor drug taxol. The biosynthetic genes leading to the epothilones are clustered into a large operon. The multi-enzyme complex is a hetero-gene cluster of polyketide synthase (PKS) and non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPS) and contains several functional modules, i.e. a loading module, one NRPS module, eight PKS modules, and a P450 epoxidase. The former ten modules biosynthesize desoxyepothilone (epothilones C and D), which is then epoxidized at C12 and C13 and converted into epothilones (epothilones A and B) by the P450 epoxidase. The NRPS module is responsible for the formation of the thiazole side chain from cysteine. The biosynthesis procedure of epothilones can be divided into 5 stages, i.e. formation of holo-ACP/PCP, chain initiation and thiazole ring formation, chain elongation, termination and epoxidation, and post-modification. The analysis of the gene cluster and the biosynthetic pathway reveals that novel epothilone analogs could not only be produced by chemical synthesis/modification, tranditional microbial technologies, but also can be genetically manipulated through combinatiorial biosynthesis approaches.