Detection of periodontal pathogens from saliva of type 2 diabetic patients in urban area of Beijing / 中华口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the prevalence of periodontal pathogens from saliva of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and to characterize the association between the glucose status and periodontal pathogens in oral cavity.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>All the subjects were hypertension patients under regular care at Beijing hypertension prevention and management institute. Whole unstimulated saliva samples were collected from 45 non-diabetic subjects (non-DM group), 80 well-controlled diabetic patients (DM-well group) and 100 poor-controlled diabetic patients (DM-poor group). DNA was extracted from the salivary deposition, Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), Tannerella forsythia (Tf) and Treponema denticola (Td) were detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method based on 16SrRNA. Prevalence and quantity of the pathogens under different glucose states were compared and logistic regression model was set to analyze the factors related to each bacterium.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The prevalence of Tf in DM-well group and DM-poor group was significantly lower than that of non-DM group [81% (65/80), 80% (80/100) vs 91% (41/45), P = 0.048], meanwhile the quantity of Tf was also lower than that of non-DM group [1.9(2.6), 2.1(5.3) vs 3.4(6.4)] (P > 0.05). With the worsening of glucose control, the quantity of Tf was declining (P = 0.032). However, the prevalence and the quantity of Pg, Td in 3 groups had no statistical differences (P > 0.05). After adjusting age, gender, number of missing teeth and other periodontal parameters, OR of having Tf in saliva from DM-well group and DM-poor group was 0.58 and 0.53, respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Abnormal blood glucose state may affect the colonization of Tf in oral cavity.</p>

Association between preterm low birth weight and maternal cytokine levels of saliva and gingival crevicular fluid / 中华口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To examine the hypothesis that periodontitis was one of the sources of inflammation in preterm low birth weight (PLBW) mothers and investigate the relationship between PLBW and inflammatory factors.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The samples of saliva and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) were collected from 83 PLBW mothers (PLBW group) and 44 normal birth weight (NBW) mothers (NBW group). The levels of IL-1beta and IL-6 were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The concentrations of cytokines in saliva and GCF were compared between the two groups.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>IL-1beta level in saliva of PLBW group was higher than which of NBW group significantly [(78.32+/-11.81) ng/L vs. (39.66+/-11.89) ng/L, P<0.05]. There was no statistically significant difference on IL-6 level in saliva [(17.45+/-3.13) ng/L vs. (16.28+/-0.66) ng/L], IL-1beta level in GCF [(93.58+/-13.22) ng/L vs. (81.38+/-9.28) ng/L] and IL-6 level in GCF [(15.35+/-0.28) ng/L vs. (14.87+/-0.37) ng/L) between two groups, but those of PLBW group were higher than NBW group. Significant negative correlations existed between gestational age at delivery and probing depth. It was also found significant negative correlations between gestational age at delivery and IL-6 (r=-0.274, P<0.01), between the weight of the new born infants and IL-6 levels in saliva (r=-0.424, P<0.01), IL-1beta level in GCF (r=-0.231, P<0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>There was a tendency presenting the higher inflammatory cytokine in GCF and saliva, the shorter gestation period and the lower birth weight. The levels of cytokine in saliva and GCF were higher in PLBW mothers. The correlation may be exist between maternal periodontitis and PLBW.</p>

Levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1beta in saliva of metabolic syndrome patients / 中华口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the association between periodontitis and the low-grade inflammation in metabolic syndrome (MS) patients.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Fifty-seven MS patients, 26 healthy controls were enrolled. Non-stimulated whole saliva was collected. The levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interleukin (IL)-1beta was analyzed by radioimmunoassay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. Concentration of cytokines was compared between MS patients and the healthy controls. Correlations between the cytokines and various periodontal indices, and between the cytokines level and different quantity of metabolic syndrome components were also investigated.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Levels of TNF-alpha in saliva of MS patients [(69.30+/-21.01) ng/L] were significantly higher than that in the healthy subjects [(57.85+/-15.69) ng/L, P<0.05], and of IL-1beta in MS patients [(616.42+/-360.05) ng/L] higher than that in healthy subjects [(506.06+/-245.76) ng/L], but the difference was not statistically significant. TNF-alpha was positively correlated with bleeding index (BI). In MS patients, TNF-alpha level and IL-1beta level increased with increasing severity of periodontal disease and increasing component numbers of MS.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Periodontal inflammation may be one of the sources of low-grade inflammation in MS patients. Both systemic and periodontal conditions may influence the level of salivary TNF-alpha and IL-1beta.</p>

Association between mother's periodontal status and preterm low birth weight in Beijing / 中华口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the possible association between mother's periodontal status and preterm low birth weight (PLBW) in Beijing.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The periodontal status of 83 women who bore a preterm low birth weight infant (PLBW group) and 44 women who bore a normal birth weight infant (NBW group) within two years in four hospitals in Beijing were evaluated. These women were all generally healthy. The clinical periodontal parameters including plaque index (PLI), probing depth (PD), attachment loss (AL) and bleeding index (BI) recorded.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The percentages of PD > or = 4 mm sites, AL > or = 2 mm sites and BOP(+) sites in two groups were 8.1% vs 6.9%, 12.8% vs 6.1% and 70.4% vs 66.9%, respectively, which showed significantly higher in PLBW group than in NBW group(P < 0.01, P < 0.001, P < 0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>There was possible association between mother's periodontal status and preterm low birth weight in the investigated area. Poor periodontal status may be one of the risk factors of PLBW.</p>

Prevalence and related factors of periodontitis in community-dwelling Chinese with diabetes / 中华口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the periodontal conditions in community-dwelling Chinese with diabetes and analyze some related factors.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 90 (45- to 84- year-old) patients with diabetes, participating in community-based non-communicable diseases management system, were recruited in this study. The examination items on these patients included periodontal measurements performed by pocket probing depth (PPD), attachment loss (AL), sulcus bleeding index (SBI), plaque index (PLI), and blood sugar metabolic level surveillance, as well as structured questionnaire interview.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The prevalence of periodontitis was 100%, while 37.1% was diagnosed as having mild periodontitis, 24.4% with moderate, and 38.5% with advanced periodontitis. The AL level in male was significantly higher than that in female. The periodontal destruction was highly correlated with HbA1C value and affected by some socio-behavior factors based on multinomial logistic model.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>There is a positive correlation between AL and HbA1C level, and AL and HbA1C should be measured regularly. The patients' periodontal inflammation needs effective control. Priority should be given to the low income population and those with little periodontal knowledge for behavior interventions.</p>

Affecting factors for height of adjacent gingival papilla of maxillary central incisor single implant / 中华口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyze and find factors affecting the height of adjacent gingival papilla of maxillary central incisor single implant in human in order to promote the esthetic result of dental implants.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Sixteen maxillary central incisor single implants of 16 patients and 30 sites of adjacent tissues and prosthesis were evaluated. Data on the height of adjacent gingival papilla of dental implant and relative factors were obtained from clinical parameters, photographs, research models, and X radiographs.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The mean and standard deviation of adjacent gingival papilla height of maxillary central incisor single implant were (4.01 +/- 1.85) mm. Statistical analysis revealed that factors affecting the height of adjacent gingival papilla of implant were as following from strong to weak: vertical distance between contact point and gingival margin, vertical distance between proximal bone level of natural tooth and implant abutment, vertical distance between proximal bone level of natural tooth and contact point, proximal protruding degree of crown, horizontal distance between abutment and root, length ratio of the crown and fixture, vertical distance between proximal bone level of implant and abutment, lip-side protruding degree of crown, probing depth.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Multiple factors affected the height of adjacent gingival papilla of maxillary central incisor single implant in human.</p>

Correlation between sulfide levels in periodontal pocket of periodontitis patients and periodontal clinical parameters / 中华口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To assess the correlation between sulfide levels in periodontal and volatile sulfide compounds (VSC) in oral cavity and to assess the correlation between sulfide levels in periodontal pocket (pS) and periodontal clinical parameters.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>VSC in oral cavity was measured by halimeter one week after grossly supragingival cleaning. Then pS in periodontal pockets was measured by Diamond probe/Perio 2000 system, followed by probing using Williams periodontal probe to get the records of probing depth (PD). Based on the above examination results, 4 - 8 sites with PD > or = 5 mm and/or pS > 0 were selected for the following longitude observation in each patient. The plaque index (PLI), bleeding index (BI), clinical attachment level (CAL) of the target site were recorded. The same examination was repeated during the recalling time of 6 weeks, 3 and 6 months after the initial periodontal therapy.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>VSC levels are significantly correlated with the numbers of sites with pS > 0 (r = 0.592, P < 0.001) and pS value. pS values were positively correlated with BI at low level during the maintenance time of 6 weeks, 3 and 6 months (r = 0.183, 0.411, 0.350, P < 0.05) respectively. After the initial therapy pS, PD, CAL, BI, PLI and VSC in oral cavity significantly improved at 6 weeks (P < 0.001) and further improved and kept stable at 3 and 6 months.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>pS reflects the sulfide levels in pockets with site specificity and may be considered as objective parameter to evaluate the treatment effect, and to indicate the early inflammation in periodontal tissue during the maintenance period.</p>

Effect of spirochetes and porphyromonus gingivalis on oral malodor / 中华口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To assess the effect of Spirochetes and Porphyromonus gingivalis (Pg) on the production of volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) and oral malodor, respectively.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>117 systemically healthy periodontitis patients were divided into two groups according to organoleptic rating (OR) by organoleptic method: 85 subjects with oral malodor (halitosis group, HG) and 32 cases without oral malodor (no-halitosis group, NHG). VSCs measurements were made with halimeter. Subgingival plaques and tongue coating were taken to calculate the proportion of Spirochetes (with 2% Congo Red Smears, S%) and the amounts of Pg (with indirect immunofluorescence method). The examination will be repeated in 46 HG cases after periodontal therapy.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>S% in PD < 4 mm sites of HG was significantly higher than that in NHG (P < 0.01). S% in PD >or= 4 mm sites and tongue coating, Pg in all three sites were not different between two groups. In HG, OR and VSCs levels were correlated with S% in tongue coating (P < 0.01, P < 0.05) and PD < 4 mm sites (P < 0.05), and not correlated with S% in PD >or= 4 mm sites. OR was related to Pg in PD >or= 4 mm sites (P < 0.05) and there was no relationship between OR and Pg in tongue coating and PD < 4 mm sites. VSCs levels was not correlated with Pg in all three sites. S% in tongue coating and subgingival plaque, Pg in subgingival plaque, OR and VSCs levels were significantly reduced after periodontal therapy (P < 0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The direct relationship of Spirochetes and Pg respectively to bad breath was not found obviously. But Spirochetes is one of the microorganism on oral malodor. Periodontal therapy can improve oral malodor.</p>