Synergistic Renoprotective Effect of Melatonin and Zileuton by Inhibition of Ferroptosis via the AKT/mTOR/NRF2 Signaling in Kidney Injury and Fibrosis

According to recent evidence, ferroptosis is a major cell death mechanism in the pathogenesis of kidney injury and fibrosis.Despite the renoprotective effects of classical ferroptosis inhibitors, therapeutic approaches targeting kidney ferroptosis remain limited. In this study, we assessed the renoprotective effects of melatonin and zileuton as a novel therapeutic strategy against ferroptosis-mediated kidney injury and fibrosis. First, we identified RSL3-induced ferroptosis in renal tubular epithelial HK-2 and HKC-8 cells. Lipid peroxidation and cell death induced by RSL3 were synergistically mitigated by the combination of melatonin and zileuton. Combination treatment significantly downregulated the expression of ferroptosis-associated proteins, 4-HNE and HO-1, and upregulated the expression of GPX4. The expression levels of p-AKT and p-mTOR also increased, in addition to that of NRF2 in renal tubular epithelial cells. When melatonin (20 mg/kg) and zileuton (20 mg/kg) were administered to a unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) mouse model, the combination significantly reduced tubular injury and fibrosis by decreasing the expression of profibrotic markers, such as α-SMA and fibronectin. More importantly, the combination ameliorated the increase in 4-HNE levels and decreased GPX4 expression in UUO mice. Overall, the combination of melatonin and zileuton was found to effectively ameliorate ferroptosis-related kidney injury by upregulating the AKT/mTOR/ NRF2 signaling pathway, suggesting a promising therapeutic strategy for protection against ferroptosis-mediated kidney injury and fibrosis.

Differential Expression of NME4 in Trophoblast Stem-Like Cells and Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Normal Pregnancy and Preeclampsia

Background@#Preeclampsia (PE) is known to arise from insufficient trophoblast invasion as uterine spiral arteries lack remodeling. A significant reduction in placental perfusion induces an ischemic placental microenvironment due to reduced oxygen delivery to the placenta and fetus, leading to oxidative stress. Mitochondria are involved in the regulation of cellular metabolism and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). NME/NM23 nuceloside diphosphate kinase 4 (NME4) gene is known to have the ability to supply nucleotide triphosphate and deoxynucleotide triphosphate for replication and transcription of mitochondria. Our study aimed to investigate changes in NME4 expression in PE using trophoblast stem-like cells (TSLCs) from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) as a model of early pregnancy and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNCs) as a model of late preterm pregnancy. @*Methods@#Transcriptome analysis using TSLCs was performed to identify the candidate gene associated with the possible pathophysiology of PE. Then, the expression of NME4 associated with mitochondrial function, p53 associated with cell death, and thioredoxin (TRX) linked to ROS were investigated through qRT-PCR, western blotting and deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate (dUTP) nick end labelling (TUNEL) assay. @*Results@#In patients with PE, NME4 was significantly downregulated in TSLCs but upregulated in PBMNCs. p53 was shown to be upregulated in TSLCs and PBMNCs of PE. In addition, western blot analysis confirmed that TRX expression had the tendency to increase in TSLCs of PE. Similarly, TUNEL analysis confirmed that the dead cells were higher in PE than in normal pregnancy. @*Conclusion@#Our study showed that the expression of the NME4 differed between models of early and late preterm pregnancy of PE, and suggests that this expression pattern may be a potential biomarker for early diagnosis of PE.

Reconstruction of the Korean Asbestos Job Exposure Matrix

Background@#A job-exposure matrix (JEM) is an important surrogate indicator to evaluate past exposure levels. Although a Korean asbestos JEM has been constructed previously, this JEM includes only a few industrial and occupational groups. This study aimed to reconstruct the JEM by integrating the latest organized data to improve its utility. @*Methods@#We used recent Korean standard industry and occupation codes and extracted 36 articles from a systematic literature review to initiate the reconstruction of the previous Korean asbestos JEM. The resulting data consisted of 141 combinations of industrial and occupational groups. Data from the Netherlands's JEM were also reviewed and categorized into 70 industrial and 117 occupational groups by matching with the Korean data. We also utilized Germany's data, which consisted of 10 industrial and 14 occupational groups. @*Results@#The reconstructed Korean asbestos JEM had 141 combinations of industries and occupations. The time periods are from the 1980s to the 2000s in 10-year intervals. Most of the data were distributed between the 1990s and the 2000s. Occupations with high exposure to asbestos included knitting and weaving machine operators, automobile mechanics or assemblers, ship mechanics or assemblers, mineral ore and stone products processing mechanics, and metal casting machine operators or mold makers. @*Conclusions@#The reconstructed Korean asbestos JEM has expanded the type and duration of the occupational groups of the previous JEM and can serve as an important reference tool for evaluating asbestos exposure and designing compensation and prevention policies in Korea.

European Regulatory Science and Regulatory Science Expert Training Project

Background@#Need for regulatory science is emerging with the development of pharmaceutical industry. It is essential to train regulatory science experts to meet the needs of technology and regulations to evaluate advanced products. Major regulatory science countries are conducting the regulatory science activities and fostering the experts. @*Methods@#Published literature and the relevant website of European Union (EU) were reviewed and criteria were developed. In particular, we focused on in depth descriptions of the Innovative Medicines Initiative program, which was conducted twice. @*Results@#EU is striving to provide funding and training experts for the development of the regulatory science by horizon 2020 and regulatory science to 2025. Innovative medicines initiative (IMI) is a public-private partnership aimed at the development of the pharmaceutical industry, including the regulatory science. IMI education and training projects have provided various education and training course including short-term curriculum and master and doctoral course. The difference between South Korea’s regulatory science expert training project in 2021 and the EU’s IMI education and training projects is participation of pharmaceutical companies. While the pharmaceutical companies participate in the IMI project to select project topics and form a community, South Korea’s project is focused on the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety and universities. @*Conclusion@#Through successful active networks with regulatory party, pharmaceutical companies, and universities, a great innovative advance of regulatory science in South Korea is expected.

A Rare Case of Synchronous Pleomorphic Adenoma and Lobular Capillary Hemangioma of Nasal Septum / 대한이비인후과학회지

Pleomorphic adenoma is the most common benign tumor of major salivary gland, but it rarely originates from the nasal cavities. Meanwhile, the lobular capillary hemangioma, known as pyogenic granuloma, is also a benign tumor of unclear etiology unusually found in the sinonasal area. Little is known about cases where pleomorphic adenoma and lobular capillary hemangioma originate simultaneously in the nasal cavity. Here, we report a case of 63-year-old female with pleomorphic adenoma and lobular capillary hemangioma simultaneously arising from the nasal septum. After endoscopic tumor resection, there was no recurrence or complication during the follow-up.

Clinical Characteristics of Neck Stab Wounds: A Single-Institute Retrospective Study of 89 Patients / 대한이비인후과학회지

Background and Objectives@#Neck stab wounds should be managed properly as they can result in life-threatening complications and death. However, guns are prohibited in South Korea and many previous studies conducted in other countries are thus inapplicable. Also, most of the existing case reports deal mostly with profound neck injury and might lead to misunderstanding regarding the severity of injuries when considering neck stab wounds. This study analyzed the clinical characteristics of neck stab wounds according to the cause of trauma.Subjects and Method A total of 89 patients with neck stab wounds who visited the emergency room between January 2005 and June 2017 were enrolled. Medical records and radiological findings were reviewed retrospectively. The patients were divided into two groups according to the cause of trauma (suicide attempt or assault by another person). A comparative analysis of the two groups was conducted. @*Results@#The patients consisted of 41 cases of (46.1%) attempted suicides and 26 cases of (29.2%) psychiatric disorders. Of these, more than half had superficial wounds above the platysma, and multiple anatomical lacerations were found in 40 cases (45%). Psychiatric diagnoses were identified only in the attempted-suicide group (p<0.001), and injuries to the posterior neck triangle were observed only in the assault-by-another-person group (p=0.029). There were 11 cases (12.4%) of profound injury, but there was no significant difference between the two groups. One patient with injury by another person died due to the cutting of the common carotid artery. @*Conclusion@#Superficial injuries were more common while profound injuries were relatively uncommon in this study. However, physicians should pay attention to proper evaluation and management comprehensively in cases of neck stab wounds.

Human Papilloma Virus-Related Metachronous Tracheal Cancer in a Patient with Tonsillar Cancer / 대한이비인후과학회지

Second primary malignancy (SPM) is a well-known cause of death in head and neck cancers. Recently, with reports of many incidences of human papilloma virus (HPV) associated SPM, the disease has been widely investigated. We report a HPV-positive tracheal cancer in a 49-yearold male who had been diagnosed with HPV-positive squamous cell carcinoma of the right tonsil within intervals of two years. In this case, the metachronous tracheal cancer lesion as well as the primary tonsillar cancer showed the same subtype HPV-16.

Analysis of Trends in Regulatory Science and Regulatory Science Experts Training Projects: US, Japan, Singapore, and Korea

Background@#The need for regulatory science development to evaluate advanced regulatory products is gradually increasing without hindering the technological development. Creating a research environment and fostering experts through the establishment of regulatory agency-led policies are essential for the development of regulatory science. Method: This is a comparative study of the United States, Japan, Singapore, and Korea. The literature and websites of each regulatory agency were reviewed, and the focus was on advantages and comparing advantages based on definition, development trends, and expert training projects. @*Results@#The United States is striving to develop regulatory science in response to changes in the new pharmaceutical industry through the regulatory science report, and to foster expert both inside and outside the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Japan is promoting regulatory science centered on regulatory science centers, and is focusing on researching work-related regulatory science within the Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency (PMDA) and improving employees’ ability to make regulatory decisions. Singapore was aiming to improve Southeast Asia’s regulatory capabilities under the leadership of Centre of Regulatory Excellence (CoRE) within Duke-NUS University. In 2021, Korea is in its early stages, starting to run a university's degree program related to regulatory science this year. @*Conclusion@#Regulatory science should be developed with the aim of improving the regulatory ability of the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety with Korea’s independent concept of regulatory science.

Reconstruction of the Korean Asbestos Job Exposure Matrix

Background@#A job-exposure matrix (JEM) is an important surrogate indicator to evaluate past exposure levels. Although a Korean asbestos JEM has been constructed previously, this JEM includes only a few industrial and occupational groups. This study aimed to reconstruct the JEM by integrating the latest organized data to improve its utility. @*Methods@#We used recent Korean standard industry and occupation codes and extracted 36 articles from a systematic literature review to initiate the reconstruction of the previous Korean asbestos JEM. The resulting data consisted of 141 combinations of industrial and occupational groups. Data from the Netherlands's JEM were also reviewed and categorized into 70 industrial and 117 occupational groups by matching with the Korean data. We also utilized Germany's data, which consisted of 10 industrial and 14 occupational groups. @*Results@#The reconstructed Korean asbestos JEM had 141 combinations of industries and occupations. The time periods are from the 1980s to the 2000s in 10-year intervals. Most of the data were distributed between the 1990s and the 2000s. Occupations with high exposure to asbestos included knitting and weaving machine operators, automobile mechanics or assemblers, ship mechanics or assemblers, mineral ore and stone products processing mechanics, and metal casting machine operators or mold makers. @*Conclusions@#The reconstructed Korean asbestos JEM has expanded the type and duration of the occupational groups of the previous JEM and can serve as an important reference tool for evaluating asbestos exposure and designing compensation and prevention policies in Korea.

European Regulatory Science and Regulatory Science Expert Training Project

Background@#Need for regulatory science is emerging with the development of pharmaceutical industry. It is essential to train regulatory science experts to meet the needs of technology and regulations to evaluate advanced products. Major regulatory science countries are conducting the regulatory science activities and fostering the experts. @*Methods@#Published literature and the relevant website of European Union (EU) were reviewed and criteria were developed. In particular, we focused on in depth descriptions of the Innovative Medicines Initiative program, which was conducted twice. @*Results@#EU is striving to provide funding and training experts for the development of the regulatory science by horizon 2020 and regulatory science to 2025. Innovative medicines initiative (IMI) is a public-private partnership aimed at the development of the pharmaceutical industry, including the regulatory science. IMI education and training projects have provided various education and training course including short-term curriculum and master and doctoral course. The difference between South Korea’s regulatory science expert training project in 2021 and the EU’s IMI education and training projects is participation of pharmaceutical companies. While the pharmaceutical companies participate in the IMI project to select project topics and form a community, South Korea’s project is focused on the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety and universities. @*Conclusion@#Through successful active networks with regulatory party, pharmaceutical companies, and universities, a great innovative advance of regulatory science in South Korea is expected.

Bioinformatic Analysis of Related Genes and Therapeutic Drugs of Asthma / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective::Bioinformatic analysis was used to compare the gene expression profile between asthma patients and healthy people, and the gene characteristics of asthma were preliminarily identified and the potential mechanism and drugs were revealed. Method::The GSE74986 gene expression profile was downloaded from the gene expression omnibus (GEO) and the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were analyzed by GEO2R. Then the gene heat map of DEGs was made by Morpheus, and their gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) analysis were performed by DAVID 6.8. Moreover, the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and hub genes were constructed by String 10.5. Finally, the significant modules were analyzed by MCODE in Cytoscape 3.6.1, small molecule drugs related to asthma were screened through Coremine Medical. Result::A total of 510 DEGs were screened, including 29 up-regulated genes and 481 down-regulated genes. DEGs were mainly involved in these biological processes and pathways, including chromatin silencing, transcriptional regulation of RNA polymerase Ⅱ promoter, protein transport, messenger RNA (mRNA) processing, RNA splicing, ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis, protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum, RNA transport, and myeloid differentiation factor (MyD)-dependent Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, platelet activation, nucleotide binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor signaling pathway and so on. A total of 9 hub genes were obtained, including T-complex protein 1 subunit theta (CCT8), T-complex protein 1 subunit alpha (TCP1), 26S protease regulatory subunit S10B (PSMC6), heat shock protein 90 alpha (HSP90A)A1, cell cycle protein C (CCNC), HSP90AB1, 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 6 (PSMD6), ubiquitin-specific protease 14 (USP14) and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (EIF4E). Two important modules were obtained. The genes in two modules mainly involved these biological process, such as splice, ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis, protein modification, RNA modification and so on. Some potential molecular drugs for the treatment of asthma, such as anisomycin and genistein, have been developed. Conclusion::DEGs and hub genes can contribute to understanding the molecular mechanism of asthma and providing potential therapeutic targets and drugs for the diagnosis and treatment of asthma.

A Case of Thyroarytenoid Myectomy with Selective Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Section in Intractable Spasmodic Dysphonia: A Long-Term Follow-Up

Spasmodic dysphonia is a disease presumed to be a form of focal laryngeal dystonia. The widely used first-line treatment is botulinum toxin injection to the thyroarytenoid muscles. In spite of the effectiveness and safety of this method, it has a temporary effect that lasts only several months, resulting the patients’ symptom fluctuating, called ‘Botox rollercoaster.’ Some surgical techniques had tried, but they had shown several limitations including high rate of recurrence. We tried thyroarytenoid myectomy with selective recurrent laryngeal nerve section in a patient with intractable spasmodic dysphonia. This procedure is an alternative treatment of spasmodic dysphonia to prevent recurrence and improve symptoms. During five years of follow-up, she has shown steady quality voice without any complication. To the best of our knowledgement, this is the longest follow-up case of this operation in South Korea.

Standardization of measurement of cervical elastography, its reproducibility, and analysis of baseline clinical factors affecting elastographic parameters

Age-related Changes of Macular Ganglion Cell-inner Plexiform Layer Thickness in Korean Elderly Subjects

Purpose@#We sought to establish normative ranges of the ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) thickness using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography in Korean elderly individuals and to identify factors that influence GCIPL thickness. @*Methods@# We conducted a retrospective, observational study of 114 healthy subjects (75 years old or older) who underwent comprehensive ophthalmic examinations at a single institution. GCIPL thickness was measured with the Cirrus spectral-domain optical coherence tomography system and automatic segmentation. Subjects were divided into two age groups: those younger than 80 years and those 80 years or older, respectively. A cross-sectional analysis was adopted to evaluate associations of GCIPL thickness with sex, age, intraocular pressure, optic disc rim area, axial length, spherical equivalent (SE) refractive errors, astigmatism, and body mass index. @*Results@#The average and minimum GCIPL thicknesses were 80.3 ± 5.6 µm and 76.3 ± 5.9 µm, respectively. The GCIPL thickness was significantly lower in the older group than in the younger group in the inferior, inferonasal, and inferotemporal segments (all p < 0.01). A thinner average GCIPL thickness was strongly associated with increasing age (β = -2.87, p = 0.021) and thinner circumpapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (β = 2.87, p < 0.001) in all segments. @*Conclusions@#GCIPL thickness decreased with age globally and in all segments, even after 75 years of age. Thinner GCIPL was associated with older age and thinner circumpapillary retinal nerve fiber layer. Age-related changes should be considered when using GCIPL thickness to assess glaucoma and other optic neuropathies characterized by retinal ganglion cell loss.

Relative Abundance of a Vector of Scrub Typhus, Leptotrombidium sialkotense, in Southern Yunnan Province, China

The chigger mite Leptotrombidium sialkotense is one of the 6 main vectors of scrub typhus in China. Before present study, L. sialkotense was found in some parts of Hunan province, China with a narrow geographical distribution. During field investigation 2016-2017, we found L. sialkotense in Jingha, southern Yunnan, China. Of 15 small mammal host species, L. sialkotense were collected from 6 species of the hosts. Rattus brunneusculus was a dominant host of L. sialkotense, from which 98.3% of the mites were collected. The chigger mite showed a relatively high infestation prevalence (PM=11.7%) and mean abundance (MA=0.5) in comparison with the rest 5 host species. These results reveal a certain host specificity of L. sialkotense to a rat R. brunneusculus. The mite L. sialkotense showed an aggregated distribution on the host (P<0.05). A positive correlation observed between L. sialkotense and the body length of hosts. There was a positive interspecific association between L. sialkotense and 2 other dominant vectors, L. deliense and L. scutellare.

The study of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency from persons affected by Hansen's disease in Korea / 나학회지

Background@#Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency is the most common enzyme deficiency disease. Drugs that cause deficiency-related hemolytic responses include dapsone, which is taken as a therapeutic drug for Hansen's disease. Due to the hemolytic adverse effects, the deficiency test should be performed before the dapsone administration, but it is not conducted on the basis of low incidence in Korea. Thus, the monitoring of deficiency in patients with Hansen's disease was needed and the study was undertaken. @*Objective@#The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of deficiency and gene mutations from persons affected by Hansen's disease in Korea. @*Methods@#Hemanalysis and activity test by venipuncture were performed against the 339 persons affected by Hansen's disease. All subjects were tested for detection of mutations by the polymerase chain reaction. @*Results@#The prevalence of anemia was 45.5% and the prevalence of deficiency was 1.2% from persons affected by Hansen's disease. 2 gene mutations, Mahidol and Mediterranean, were detected in foreign participants (Myanmar and Nepal). @*Conclusion@#In this study, we detected that the prevalence of deficiency and gene mutation was low, thus inferred that anemia was relatively less relevant to deficiency in persons affected by Hansen's disease. However, the number of participant in our study is small, and many studies reported that deficiency test should be performed before the dapsone administration, therefore, we suggest that continuous monitoring of patients with Hansen's disease is necessary.

The Study of Association between Leprosy's Type and Apolipoprotein E Gene in Korean Persons Affected by Leprosy / 나학회지

Background@#Apolipoprotein E protein is a family of apolipoproteins that play an important role in lipid metabolism. Apolipoprotein E genotype and single-nucleotide polymorphisms of genes are known to induce neurodegenerative diseases and cardiovascular diseases. Recently, it has been reported that apolipoprotein E is related to Hansen's disease by regulating genes related to lipid metabolism. @*Objective@#In this study, we investigated that relationship of apolipoprotein E genotype with leprosy type and single-nucleotide polymorphism in korean persons affected by leprosy. @*Methods@#The Apolipoprotein E genotype was confirmed using the polymerase chain reaction from korean persons affected by leprosy. Real-time polymerase chain reaction using probes confirmed the rs405509 and rs439401 of Apolipoprotein E. The identified genotype was cross-analyzed with each single-nucleotide polymorphism results and leprosy type by chi-squared test. @*Results@#The distribution of apolipoprotein E genotypes was E3/E3 76.7%, E3/E4 17.4%, E2/E2 2.3%, E2/E3 2.3%, E2/E4 1.2% were in order. The frequencies of the apolipoprotein E allele were identified in the order of ε2 4.1%, ε3 86.6%, and ε4 9.3%. By type of leprosy, ε2 allele increased 2.2 times in multibacillary than pauacibacillary(4.8% vs 2.2%), and ε4 allele decreased 2.8 times in multibacillary than pauacibacillary(6.3% vs 17.4%). ApoE genotype was cross-analyzed with rs405509·rs439401, and there was a statistically significant association. @*Conclusion@#Apolipoprotein E genotype is associated with leprosy types in korean persons affected by leprosy. The research for apolipoprotein E gene is thought to be helpful in basic research on the pathogenesis of leprosy.who underwent surgery.

Approach Using Multiple Biomarkers for Diagnosis of Hansen's Disease / 나학회지

Background@#The prevalence of leprosy has almost reached the goal of World Health Organization. Accordingly, attention to leprosy and the number of skilled doctors who can diagnosis the leprosy upon clinical manifestations were decreased which caused the delayed diagnosis of leprosy. @*Objective@#Serum C-reactive protein, interferon gamma-induced protein 10, anti-phenolic-glycolipid-1 IgM are biomarkers associated with multi-bacillary leprosy. Therefore, we investigated whether the use of multiple biomarkers has diagnostic value. @*Methods@#The samples were collected from August 2012 to December 2019 at our institute. Through various statistic methods, multiple biomarkers and equation were compared in multi-bacillary patients, pauci-bacillary patients, contacts and different skin disease. @*Results@#Samples were collected from 21patients (17 multi-bacillary, 4 pauci-bacillary) and 17 from non-patients (7 from contacts, 10 from other skin disease). Serum level of C-reactive protein, interferon gamma-induced protein 10, anti-phenolic-glycolipid-1 IgM and equation showed statistical significance compared from patients to non-patients. Comparing multi-bacillary patients to pauci-bacillary patients, only anti-phenolic-glycolipid-1 IgM showed statistical significance. Each area under receiver operating characteristic curve of those biomarkers and equation was ≥0.70 and p≤0.05. The results of Equation using 3 indicators showed higher area under receiver operating characteristic curve and lower P value compared when each indicator was used. Also sensitivity and specificity of them presented meaningful data. @*Conclusion@#We confirmed that using integrated analysis of three biomarkers is more significant than the single indicator in the diagnosis of leprosy. In addition, the use of multiple biomarkers is thought to contribute to the management of leprosy in the community.

The study of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency from persons affected by Hansen's disease in Korea / 나학회지

Background@#Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency is the most common enzyme deficiency disease. Drugs that cause deficiency-related hemolytic responses include dapsone, which is taken as a therapeutic drug for Hansen's disease. Due to the hemolytic adverse effects, the deficiency test should be performed before the dapsone administration, but it is not conducted on the basis of low incidence in Korea. Thus, the monitoring of deficiency in patients with Hansen's disease was needed and the study was undertaken. @*Objective@#The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of deficiency and gene mutations from persons affected by Hansen's disease in Korea. @*Methods@#Hemanalysis and activity test by venipuncture were performed against the 339 persons affected by Hansen's disease. All subjects were tested for detection of mutations by the polymerase chain reaction. @*Results@#The prevalence of anemia was 45.5% and the prevalence of deficiency was 1.2% from persons affected by Hansen's disease. 2 gene mutations, Mahidol and Mediterranean, were detected in foreign participants (Myanmar and Nepal). @*Conclusion@#In this study, we detected that the prevalence of deficiency and gene mutation was low, thus inferred that anemia was relatively less relevant to deficiency in persons affected by Hansen's disease. However, the number of participant in our study is small, and many studies reported that deficiency test should be performed before the dapsone administration, therefore, we suggest that continuous monitoring of patients with Hansen's disease is necessary.

The Study of Association between Leprosy's Type and Apolipoprotein E Gene in Korean Persons Affected by Leprosy / 나학회지

Background@#Apolipoprotein E protein is a family of apolipoproteins that play an important role in lipid metabolism. Apolipoprotein E genotype and single-nucleotide polymorphisms of genes are known to induce neurodegenerative diseases and cardiovascular diseases. Recently, it has been reported that apolipoprotein E is related to Hansen's disease by regulating genes related to lipid metabolism. @*Objective@#In this study, we investigated that relationship of apolipoprotein E genotype with leprosy type and single-nucleotide polymorphism in korean persons affected by leprosy. @*Methods@#The Apolipoprotein E genotype was confirmed using the polymerase chain reaction from korean persons affected by leprosy. Real-time polymerase chain reaction using probes confirmed the rs405509 and rs439401 of Apolipoprotein E. The identified genotype was cross-analyzed with each single-nucleotide polymorphism results and leprosy type by chi-squared test. @*Results@#The distribution of apolipoprotein E genotypes was E3/E3 76.7%, E3/E4 17.4%, E2/E2 2.3%, E2/E3 2.3%, E2/E4 1.2% were in order. The frequencies of the apolipoprotein E allele were identified in the order of ε2 4.1%, ε3 86.6%, and ε4 9.3%. By type of leprosy, ε2 allele increased 2.2 times in multibacillary than pauacibacillary(4.8% vs 2.2%), and ε4 allele decreased 2.8 times in multibacillary than pauacibacillary(6.3% vs 17.4%). ApoE genotype was cross-analyzed with rs405509·rs439401, and there was a statistically significant association. @*Conclusion@#Apolipoprotein E genotype is associated with leprosy types in korean persons affected by leprosy. The research for apolipoprotein E gene is thought to be helpful in basic research on the pathogenesis of leprosy.who underwent surgery.