RESUMO
PURPOSE: To identify the feasibility and provide the direction for future studies regarding hand massage, studies on hand massage published in Korea were analyzed. METHODS: Using the key word of hand massage, 23 studies which identified the effects on sleep, pain, anxiety and depression were found. They were analyzed on research tendency and effects. Research tendency was analyzed in terms of published year, methods, study design, sample characteristics, and outcome variables. Effects were analyzed with hypothesis testing and effect size. RESULTS: Among 23 studies, 60%(14 studies) were about hand massage and others (9 studies) were about aroma hand massage. The most prominent outcome variables were physiological and cognitive/emotional ones. To improve sleep, hand massage over 60 minutes was necessary while pain and anxiety were improved in the studies which less than 10 minutes hand massage was applied. Aroma hand massage was more effective than hand massage. Effect size for anxiety and depression was larger than those of sleep and pain. CONCLUSION: Hand massage and aroma hand massage are recommended to improve anxiety and depression as an independent nursing intervention. More randomized clinical trials are necessary to increase the validity and identify the effects of hand massage on sleep, pain, anxiety and depression.
Assuntos
Ansiedade , Depressão , Mãos , Coreia (Geográfico) , MassagemRESUMO
PURPOSE: The aims of this pilot study were to introduce implant loading devices designed for animal study and to evaluate the validity of the load transmission ability of the loading devices. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Implant loading devices were specially designed and fabricated with two implant abutments and cast metal bars, and orthodontic expansion screw. In six Beagles, all premolars were extracted and two implants were placed in each side of the mandibles. The loading device was inserted two weeks after the implant placement. According to the loading protocol, the load was applied to the implants with different time and method,simulating early, progressive, and delayed loading. The implants were clinically evaluated and the loading devices were removed and replaced to the master cast, followed by stress-strain analysis. Descriptive statistics of remained strain (microepsilon) was evaluated after repeating three cycles of the loading device activation. Statistic analysis was performed using nonparametric, independent t-test with 5% significance level and Friedman's test was also used for verification. RESULTS: The loading devices were in good action. However, four implants in three Beagles showed loss of osseointegration. In stress-strain analysis, loading devices showed similar amount of increase in the remained strain after applying 1-unit load for three times. CONCLUSION: Specialized design of the implant loading device was introduced. The loading device applied similar amount of loads near the implant after each 1-unit loading. However, the direction of the loads was not parallel to the long axis of the implants as predicted before the study.