RESUMO
Patients who undergo total laryngectomy often experience difficulties with their voice, olfaction, and taste due to the lack of airflow through nasal and oral cavities. While voice rehabilitation is more commonly performed, olfactory rehabilitation has gained importance in recent times with the use of various techniques. Previous studies have shown that incidence of hyposmia or anosmia (partial or total loss of smell) after total laryngectomy ranges from 25% to 100%. However, after olfactory rehabilitation, there has been notable improvement in olfaction, ranging from 46% to 88% of the patients. There are two main techniques for olfactory rehabilitation. The first involves creating airflow for smelling purposes by connecting the oral or nasal cavity to the tracheostoma using prosthetic laryngeal bypass devices. The second technique involves orofacial musculature training, which includes a nasal airflow-inducing maneuver known as the “polite yawning technique.” This maneuver creates negative pressure in the oropharynx, resulting in the induction of nasal airflow and potentially improving olfaction. Additionally, rehabilitation through biofeedback can facilitate airflow in the nasal cavity, further enhancing the sense of smell. In this review, we will introduce the principles, pathogenesis, and various techniques of olfactory rehabilitation, as well as summarize the outcomes of olfactory rehabilitation efforts.
RESUMO
High-dose radiation therapy is the treatment of choice for nasopharyngeal cancer, and clinical outcomes have improved in recent decades. A certain proportion of patients, however, suffer from post-radiation nasopharyngeal necrosis (PRNN). Patients with PRNN complain of headache, foul odor, or symptoms of cranial nerve palsies. Clinically, intracranial infection or bleeding from carotid artery damage may lead to sudden death or severe deterioration in quality of life. Although the prognosis of PRNN was poor, endoscopic debridement with local vascularized flap recently showed favorable outcomes, and many centers are using this technique with a nasoseptal flap. However, if the flap fails or does not fully cover necrotized tissues, necrosis inevitably reoccurs. In this situation, free flap transfer with a facial incision using a transmaxillary approach is used, but some drawbacks exist. In this report, we propose a new resurfacing technique for recurrent PRNN using a transoral-cervical free flap tunneling approach into the nasopharynx without a facial incision after endoscopic debridement.
RESUMO
High-dose radiation therapy is the treatment of choice for nasopharyngeal cancer, and clinical outcomes have improved in recent decades. A certain proportion of patients, however, suffer from post-radiation nasopharyngeal necrosis (PRNN). Patients with PRNN complain of headache, foul odor, or symptoms of cranial nerve palsies. Clinically, intracranial infection or bleeding from carotid artery damage may lead to sudden death or severe deterioration in quality of life. Although the prognosis of PRNN was poor, endoscopic debridement with local vascularized flap recently showed favorable outcomes, and many centers are using this technique with a nasoseptal flap. However, if the flap fails or does not fully cover necrotized tissues, necrosis inevitably reoccurs. In this situation, free flap transfer with a facial incision using a transmaxillary approach is used, but some drawbacks exist. In this report, we propose a new resurfacing technique for recurrent PRNN using a transoral-cervical free flap tunneling approach into the nasopharynx without a facial incision after endoscopic debridement.