Morphometric study of cerebrum in fetuses of diabetic mothers

In pregnant mothers maternal diabetes happens when the pancreas cannot produce enough insulin, so blood glucose increases in the mother and then in the fetus, resulting in several injuries in neonates. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of maternal diabetes on fetal cerebrum. Sixteen adult female rats were divided in two equal groups. Diabetes was induced in one group by alloxan. Both groups became pregnant by natural mating. At days 17, 18, 19 and 20 of pregnancy, the cerebrum was collected from the fetuses of all rats, also the body weight and number of fetuses was measured. Various histological parameters were determined using routine histological techniques. Results revealed a significant decrease in the ratio of gray matter to white matter and also the number of cells in gray matter and white matter in all days. There was also a significant decrease in thickness of gray matter at day 20 of pregnancy in the cerebrum of fetuses of diabetic mothers [FDM] as compared with the control group. The body weight of FDM was significantly [P<0.05] more than that of the control group and the number of fetuses in FDM was significantly [P<0.05] less than the control group. Maternal hyperglycemia exhibited deleterious effects on cerebrum during fetal life, which affected: cell number, gray matter to white matter ratio and thickness of gray and white matter

Morphological changes in the brachial enlargement of the spinal cord in offspring of diabetic rat

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of maternal diabetes on fetal spinal structure, especially in brachial enlargement. Sixteen adult female rats were divided into two groups. Diabetes was induced in one group by alloxan agent. Both groups became pregnant by natural matting. On days 7, 14, 21 and 28 after birth, the brachial enlargement of the spinal cord was collected from offspring of all rats and the weight of neonates was measured. Various histological parameters were determined using histological techniques. The results revealed a significant decrease in transverse spinal diameter and number of neurons of gray matter and an increase in vertical spinal diameter in spinal cord of offspring of diabetic mothers [ODM] as compared with the control group. The body weight of ODM was significantly more than that of the control group [P<0.05]. Maternal hyperglycemia exhibited deleterious effects on spinal cord, especially brachial enlargement during fetal life which remained persistent during postneonatal period

[Effect of maternal diabetes on cerebellum histomorphometry in neonatal rats]

In pregnant mothers, maternal diabetes occurs when pancreas can't produce enough insulin resulting in increased blood glucose levels in the mother and subsequently in the fetus. This investigation was conducted to evaluate the effects of maternal diabetes on cerebellum of offspring of diabetic mothers [ODM], which was carried out at the veterinary faculty of Shiraz University in 2007-2008. This was an experimental study that included sixteen normal adult female rats divided in two groups. Diabetes was induced in one group by Alloxan agent. Both groups became pregnant by natural mating. At 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after birth, the cerebellum of all offspirings were collected and the weight of neonates was also measured. After producing histological slides, Olympus BX51 microscope and Olysia software were used. Various histological parameters used included gray and white matters thicknesses [micro], the number of cells in gray and white matter separately per unit [mm[2]] and the ratio of gray matter to white matter. Cerebellar parameters decreased in ODM as compared to the control group. The body weight of ODM was significantly more than that of the control group [p<0.05]. Maternal hyperglycaemia exhibited deleterious effects on cerebellum during fetal life, which remained persistent during postneonatal period. Maternal diabetes also resulted in reduction of number of cells and thicknesses of both gray and white matter

[Evaluation of maternal diabetes effects on lumbosacral portion of spinal cord in neonate rats by morphometry]

The aim of this investigation was to evaluate effects of maternal diabetes on lumbosacral region of spinal cord in offspring of diabetic mothers [ODM] in comparison with normal mothers. In this study sixteen adult female rats were divided in two groups. Diabetes was induced in one group by Alloxan [145 mg/kg]. Both groups became pregnant by natural matting. After delivery lumbosacral samples were prepared from 7 day, 14 day, 21 day and 28 day old offspring of both groups. After applying histological techniques, various histological parameters were determined. Weight of infants was measured at the same time and compared with the other group. Data were analyzed by student t-test. Our results showed that the weight of ODM were significantly [21.2%] more than the control group [P<0.05]. There is a significant decrease in transverse and vertical diameters of spinal cord and decrease in number of neurons in grays matter of spinal cord of ODM compared to the control group [P<0.05]. Hyperglycaemia caused by maternal diabetes can disturb natural formation of spinal cord, especially in the lumbosacral region. This defect leads to different malformations, such as change in the shape of spinal cord and also decrease in the number of neurons in grays mater. These problems are formed in fetal period and remain in the body after birth and lead to offspring disability in several actions

effect of age and sex on the esophageal wall structure in dogs

The aim of this project was to study the influence of the sex and age factors on the wall structure of the esophagus of the dog. Eighteen mixed breed dogs, [9 male and 9 female] in three age groups [3 neonate, 3 sexually mature and 3 old] were used. Animals were euthanized and after removing the whole esophagus, full thickness transverse sections were cut from the proximal, middle and distal parts. Microscopic sections of these samples were prepared and then examined for minimum and maximum thicknesses of the tunicae mucosa, submucosa and muscularis. Due to the absence of lamina muscularis mucosa in the proximal part of canine esophagus, the tunicae mucosa and submucosa in this region were collectively named tunica mucosa-submucosa. Results obtained from this study showed that there is a large increase in the thickness of tunica mucosa-submucosa and mucosa, from neonatal to sexually mature stages followed by a smaller increase between sexually mature and old stages in both sexes. We also found that the thickness of the mucosal layer is greater in distal part of esophagus than its middle part in all three age groups and both sexes. The thickness of tunica submucosa of the middle and distal parts and tunica muscularis of the proximal, middle and distal parts of esophagus showed a large increase between neonatal and sexually mature stages followed by a smaller decrease between sexually mature and old stages in both sexes. Also we found that the thickness of the submucosal layer is greater in distal part of esophagus than its middle part in all three age groups and both sexes. The thickness of the muscular layer showed a progressive increase from proximal part to the distal part in all age groups and both sexes. The differences between the two sexes in the thickness of esophageal layers do not follow a constant pattern

[Histomorphometric comparison between different layers of aortic wall in postnatal life of the female guinea pig]

Objective: Quantitative comparison between different layers of aorta in three age groups: neonate, young adult and old age of female guinea pig

Design:Histomorphometric study of 7 segments of the aorta by light microscope

Animals: A total of 15 female guinea pig [5 neonate, 5 young adult and 5 old age]

Procedure: Immediately following euthinization of animal, the whole aorta was collected and separated into the ascending aortae, aortic arch, cranial and caudal thoracic aortae, cranial, middle and caudal abdominal aortae segments. After fixation in 10% buffered formalin solution, the aortic segments were embedded in paraffin, and histological sections were made from each segment. The sections were stained with H andE and masson trichrome

Statistical analysis: One way analysis and Duncan tests by using of SPSS program

Results: It was observed that the greatest external and internal diameters and the thickest wall of the aorta occur in the ascending aorta. The percentage of the tunica interna and externa, as compared with the total wall thickness was increased gradually from the ascending aorta to the caudal abdominal aorta, whereas the tunica media was decreased

Clinical implication: External and internal diameters, wall thickness and the thickness of tunica interna and media were decreased from the ascending aorta to the caudal abdominal aorta, on the other hand the thickness of the tunica externa was increased