[Evaluation of exposure to carcinogenic agents in Tehran citizens]

Cancer is a major health problem worldwide. Several factors are involved in cancer. However the role of environmental factors is more prominent. Modification of these factors into proper behavior would help to prevent cancer. Accordingly this study was done with the aim of evaluating the exposure to carcinogenic agents in Tehran citizens. It was a descriptive, cross- sectional survey. The sample consisted of 2500 Tehran citizens who were recruited by systematic cluster random sampling. Data was collected by a researcher- made instrument with five parts including demographic information, and questions regarding alcohol and tobacco use, radiation exposure, exposure to chemical agents, and reaction to stress. Data was analyzed by descriptive statistics using SPSS-PC [v. 11.5]. The result showed that10% of the sample had consumed alcohol, 16% were Smokers. 22% were encountered U.V, 88/4% had not contact with chemical agents at work place. 94/4% were not taking oral contraceptives. The majority of Tehran citizens [45/8%] got angry sometimes. Most of Tehran Citizens exposed to carcinogenic agents, especially radiation, cigarette smoke, chemicals and with less intensity with stressors. Due to alcohol being forbidden in Islam, no clear information is available about its consumption. To educate people about the carcinogenic agents can be helpful

[Knowledge about seven warning signs of cancer and protective measures of cancer among people in Tehran, Iran]

To assess knowledge about seven warning signs of cancer and protective measures of cancer among people in Tehran, Iran. This was a descriptive study. 2500 individuals living in Tehran were took part in the study. Data were collected using a questionnaire that contained three parts: demographic section, questions related to seven warning signs of cancer and protective measures. The results showed that the information on 7 warning signs of cancer was low among the majority [66.6%]. In relation to protective measures also the knowledge was low among the majority [78.7%]. There was a positive relationship between knowledge about seven warning signs of cancer and protective measures of cancer. The knowledge of people about cancer and its prevention measures in Tehran was low. The need for health education campaigns seems necessary

[Assessing food habits for cancer prevention among Tehran citizens]

Cancer is one of the three health issues of the society and the third cause of mortality in Iran. Food habits play a significant role in preventing cancer. The present study therefore, was carried out to assess food habits of Tehran citizens for cancer prevention. This study is a cross- sectional study was conducted with a sample of 2500 Tehran citizens who were recruited through systematic cluster random sampling. Data were collected using questionnaires including demographic factors and food habits. Validity and reliability of tool was gained through content validity and Alfa-Cronbach test. Data was collected in one time occasion and in person. All statistics were computed by the SPSS software using descriptive and inferential tests. The showed demonstrated that the 38.2% of Tehran citizens had their BMI at the level of being overweight and upper. The food habits for cancer prevention were relatively appropriate for most of them [61.3%], but no one was at the desired level. Concerning the study results that no one had proper food habits for cancer prevention, public education and increasing awareness of people in this regards by ministry of health, cancer institutes, mass media, educational system, ministry of labour and social affairs is strongly recommended

[Evaluation of the quality of life in newly recognized cancer patients]

The chronic diseases such as cancer could seriously affect health and consequently quality of life of individuals. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the quality of life in the patients who have been recently diagnosed with caner. This research is a descriptive - analytical study aims to determine quality of life in newly diagnosed cancer patients in selected oncology clinics of Tehran University of Medical Sciences. In this research, 196 newly diagnosed cancer patients were selected by simple sampling method and based on aim. The data were collected by a questionnaire including demographic data, disease characteristic and questions about quality of life in physical, physiological and socioeconomic aspects. The socioeconomic questionnaire presented to the patients after his/ her permission and giving necessary descriptions to him/ her about the objectives of the research. The questions were read for illiterate patients by researcher. The SPSS program was used for data analysis. Descriptive statistics such as absolute/ relative and average sufficiency and deductive statistics such as kappa2 test were used as well. The research results show that the quality of life in physical aspect is desirable in majority [67/9%] of patients. The quality of life in physiological aspect is desirable in majority [63.3%] of patients and as well the quality of life in socioeconomic aspect is desirable in majority [76.5%] of patients. The research conclusion shows that there is a meaningful relationship between number of children and economic status [P<0.001] and quality of life in physical aspect. There is a meaningful relationship between economic status with quality of life in psychological aspect and with quality of life in socioeconomic aspect [P<0.05]. There is a meaningful relationship between type of cancer, disease stage at the time of diagnosis [P<0.001], and quality of life in physical aspect. There is a meaningful relationship between disease stage [P=0.002], and quality of life in psychological aspect and quality of life in socioeconomic aspect [P<0.05]. The research result shows that the quality of life in physical, psychological and socioeconomic aspects is desirable in the society. Thus the nurses can play an important role in increasing the quality of life of such patients

[Comparison of the sources of stress among the senior nursing and midwifery students of Tehran medical sciences universities]

Nursing and Midwifery students experience different and numerous sources of stress. Stress is a complex phenomenon that may be experienced by all. Nursing and midwifery students have multiple sources of stress due to their work environment. In order to reduce their stress and prevent the complications, all sources of stress should be recognized. This study was carried out to compare sources of stress between midwifery and nursing students of Tehran universities of medical sciences. This is a cross-sectional study. All senior midwifery and nursing students of Tehran and Shahid Beheshti Universities were invited to participate in the study [n=380]. Data were collected using a questionnaire including demographic section [15 questions] and sources of stress of educational environment, clinical environment, and social-personal problems [54 items]. Data were analyzed using SPSS and tested with chi-square test. 363 students participated in the study. Research findings showed that the followings are the most cited sources of stress among the students: ambiguous professional view, incompetent professional knowledge after graduation, caring for terminally ill patients, discordance between theory and clinical education, concerns about employment. Also results showed that there were significant differences between some sources of stress and the study programs. The nursing and midwifery students had numerous sources of stress in the educational, clinical, and social-personal domains of their life that can affect their physical and psychological health and cause learning problems. Using appropriate approaches to control and manage these sources of stress are recommended

application of infection control methods by endoscope centers staffs in hospitals of Tehran university of medical sciences

Nasocomial infection is one of the biggest complications of health care facilities all over the world which involves two millions people with nearly 9 billions dollar in cost in addition to therapeutic expenses each year. This study was carried out in order to determine the application of infection control methods by staff working in endoscope centers affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences in 2004-2005. This research is a descriptive study. All ten endoscope centers staff totally 54 physicians, 27 nurses and 14 workers were chosen for the survey. Data gathering instruments consisted of a questionnaire about demographic characteristic of the participants, 6 checklists for evaluating the characteristics of disinfection solutions that workers used for disinfecting endoscope set, the characteristics of endoscope unit environment, the process of disinfecting the set and its environment, as well as the methods used to protect nurses, physicians and associate nurses. The data were gathered by the researchers using observation. Laboratory kits also were another way of data gathering used to get microbial culture from operating room; endoscope tubes and disinfecting solutions which were handed in to the hospitals laboratory centers to be analyzed. The gathered data were analyzed via SPSS computer software, and descriptive statistics. The study findings related to the application of disinfecting method in the units show that in 30% percent of hospitals were desirable, 50% semi-desirable and 20% undesirable. Results about the method of reprocessing of endoscopes through staffs showed that only one hospital [10%] was desirable, also 30% semi-desirable and 60% undesirable. About the application of disinfection or sterilization in endoscopes through nursing staff the results showed that 20% of hospitals were desirable, 70% semi-desirable and one hospital [10%] undesirable. Also the way used for protecting staff were shown as undesirable in all hospitals. About the kinds of microorganisms grown in the environment, on the equipments as well as disinfection solution it was shown that that the majority of the growth was for Bacillus [3.6%] and minimum for pseudomonas and staphylococci [%1.8]. Totally the results of this study showed that the application of infection control methods through staff of endoscope centers is not suitable. It can result in infectious diseases. Therefore prevention from nosocomial infections in endoscope units based on frequent emphasizes by articles in this regard needs a precise and yearly supervision

[Mental health status among midwives working in Tehran's Public Hospitals]

Working conditions in some professions particularly among health care providers result in exposure to various stressors in daily work life that can affect mental health status. Regarding specific conditions that midwives encountered in their workplace, this study investigates mental health status among midwives working in Tehran's public hospitals and its related factors. In this cross-sectional study all midwives working in Tehran's public hospitals who had inclusion criteria [n=370] were studied. Data were gathered using GHQ-12 questionnaire and then were analyzed using chi-square statistical test. The results showed that 35.1% of subjects had not good mental health. Midwives' mental health was significantly related to their educational level [P<0.001], economic statue [P=0.04], marriage status [P<0.001] and shift work [P=0.02]. Regarding high prevalence of poor mental health status among midwives, it is recommended to investigate related occupational factors in order to improve working conditions of midwives working in hospitals

[impact of signs and symptoms on the quality of life in patients with rheumatoid arthritis referred to the hospitals of Tehran University of Medical Sciences in year 2005]

Rheumatoid arthritis is one of the most common chronic diseases of unknown cause leading to significant disabilities especially in the adult patients. The physical signs and symptoms of this chronic disease can considerably affect the patients' quality of life. In this relationship survey, 190 randomly selected patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The data were collected through self-reports, interview and observation by questionnaire, and using the pain and fatigue severity scales, which consisted of eight items. Statistical analyses using descriptive and inferential methods were performed by SPSS software [version 11.5]. The results showed that the quality of life was high to moderate in half of the subjects [%50] and low in the other 50%. The status of physical dimensions, socio-economic, mental, sleep and rest, and general health was high to moderate in 50% and low in the other 50% of patients. The intensities of pain, fatigue, anxiety, and depression were severe in most cases, but the disability in mobility was mild. There was a significant relationship between intensity of pain, intensity of fatigue, disability in mobility, intensity of anxiety, intensity of depression and the quality of life. The results showed that the quality of life in half of the subjects [50%] was low. There was a significant relationship between pain, fatigue, disability in mobility, anxiety and depression and the quality of life

[Comparison between oncology and labor delivery nurse's job satisfaction]

Job satisfaction is the person's attitude toward his/her work. Increasing nurses' job satisfaction result in better quality of nursing care and reduces the number of nurses who leave their job. Conditions of different wards of hospitals can affect nurses' job satisfaction. The aim of this study is to compare nurses' job satisfaction in oncology and delivery wards. This is a cross-sectional comparative study. A total of 144 nurses [94 nurses in oncology and 50 nurses in delivery wards] of Tehran University of Medical Sciences hospitals participated in the study. Data were collected using a questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical test [chi-square]. Comparison of the global job satisfaction among oncology and delivery nurses, indicated that there was no statistical significant relationship between them from working in a specific ward point of view [P=0.637]. Also there was no significant relationship between intrinsic job satisfaction and working in a specific ward [P=0.966]. There was statistical significant relationship between extrinsic job satisfaction and working in specific ward [P=0.039]. Considering that extrinsic job satisfaction of oncology nurses were low, reconsideration about specific conditions of oncology wards and taking efficient measures in improving nurses' extrinsic job satisfaction [especially oncology nurses] is essential

[Quality of life in rheumatoid arthritis patients]

Rheumatoid arthritis is one of the most common chronic diseases with unknown causes and it is the most important cause of disability especially in adulthood that can have a considerable impact on patients' quality of life. This is a cross-sectional study. One hundred and ninety patients with rheumatoid arthritis referred to rheumatology clinic and rheumatology wards of Tehran university of Medical sciences' hospitals were randomly selected. The data were collected using a two-section questionnaire including demographic and disease characteristics, and quality of life questions. All analyzes were carried out using SPSS statistical software. The result showed that quality of life of%50 of patients was high and moderate and the other 50% had low quality of life. Approximately 50% of the patients reported that they have no problem in their physical, socio-economic, mental, sleep and rest, and general health regarding rheumatoid arthritis. There were significant relationships between age, marital status, employment, duration of the disease, physiotherapy, and family income with the quality of life. The results showed that quality of life in half of the patients [%50] was low. Determining the patients' quality of life result in designing proper programs and strategies for prevention and control of the disease that result in promoting quality of life

[Investigation quality of self care in patients members of families which have simplex and multiplex hepatitis B]

Family history of one member suffering from hepatitis B of family is one of the most important ways of illness transmission in Iran. Thus attention to quality of self care of patients of hepatitis B family has vital role in prevention and control in family and society. This research is descriptive study. Samples of this research included 250 patients which 160 persons belonged to simplex hepatitis B families and 90 persons belonged to multiplex hepatitis B families. Patients refer to the center of blood transfusion organization from all of area of Gillan province. In this study data has collected by patens' questionnaire include: demographic qualifications that were designed in two parts 1- individual qualifications and illness qualifications and questions were about quality self care of drug regimen meal regimen, addictions, precautions standard, follow up disease and diagnostic quality self care in these groups has been analyzed in SPSS statistical soft ware by statistical tests such as chi2 test and fisher test. [p<0.005]. Our results show that [64%] patients of simplex family and [85.6%] patients of family multiplex have not suitable quality self care. In response to hypothesises [there is relationship between quality of self care of patients members in family and increasing of HBSAg cases] findings show that exists meaningful relation between self care about hepatitis B and increasing cases HBSAg in families [p<0.05]. Regarding to dimensions of quality selfcare about hepatitis B disease has important role in preventing from increasing cases HBSAg in families. Particularly regarding to results of research which indicate unsuitable quality self care of patients about drug regime "diet or therapy" "addictions" follow up disease. Therefore in order to control the hepatitis B in family according to the results of this study it is suggested further efforts should be down. The results of this study can be used for other patients infectious such as hepatitis c and Aids

[Individual factors related to acceptance of mentally retarded adolescent by their family]

Disorders of intelligence is associate with lack of growth in physical, social and educational dimensions. Also it can cause many problems for patient and their family in context of care and maintenance of patient. Psychiatric nurse recognize this problems and helping to resolve them. They can play the effective role to acceptance of mentally retarded adolescent by their family. This research is a descriptive analytical cross-sectional study. Out of research population 406 subject were selected among sponsors of mentally retarded adolescent through convenient sampling [199 subjects had accepted their young adults in their families "daily class" and 207 subjects who had repelled their mentally retarded children "nightly class"] Data were collected through interview and filling questionnaire. And then were analyzed through SPSS software by using descriptive statistics and statistical tests like X[2] and t-test [in depended group]. Findings of this research showed that among demographic characteristics of clients like age, level of education, causes and extent of mental-retardedness of Adolescents and acceptance by the family there is a significant correlation [p<0.05]. There are also meaningful relation among individual factor such as ability to wear clothes, ability to feed, observing individual hygiene, precedence of lack of control on urine and stool, precedence of sleep disorder in form of insomnia, record of sensitivity and quick resentment, affliction to psychological disease, the problem of setting up communication with others, profile of hurting oneself and others, making noise and disturbance for others and background of escaping from home, and acceptance of mentally retarded young adult by family [df=1 p<0.001]. Results from this research showed that psychiatric nurses could recognize the individual factors which obstacle the mentally retarded adolescent in family. They could help to better this factors for acceptance this client. These results can be used in management, clinic, education and research in nursing

[ quality of life in diabetic patients with chronic complications]

Achieving to desire patients quality of life can result to programming for make use of strategies for prevention and control chronic complications of diabetes and promote quality of life. This research is a descriptive and cross-sectional study. The purpose of this study was to assess the quality of life among 310 diabetic patients with chronic complications. The data were collected through interview. The tool of data collection was the questionnaire that consisted of two parts, demographic and disease charactristics, and questions about dimentions of Quality of life. Score were analyzed by descriptive and infrerntial methods [Chi square, Fisher exact test, and Pearson correlation coefficient]. The findings of research showed that quality of life in majority of the subjects [71%] was moderate. The most percent of the health perception [68.3%], mental health [67.7%], Physical functioning [56.1%], and social/ role functioning [54.8%] of the quality of life were moderate. Also there was no relationship between the number of complications and Quality of life. Also there was a significant relationship between demographic variables [age [p=0.028], sex [p<0.001], BMI [p=0.024], grade [p<0.001]] and Quality of life. According to the results of this study, quality of life in majority of patients with chronic complications of diabetes was moderate

[ comparison of self-esteem between male and female cancer patients]

Chronic illnesses, such as cancer, can cause changing in self-esteem. This study has been perform to compare the self-esteem between male and female cancer patients. In this research 101 patients [51 women and 50 men] with different types of cancer [solid tumors and leukemia] have selected by simple sampling method. The tool for gathering data was a questionnaire, with three parts: demographic characteristics, disease characteristics, and Cooper smith self-esteem inventory. Data collection was done through interview, patient's charts and patients self-report. The descriptive and analytic statistics have been used and the exams were "chi-2" and "Fisher", through SPSS software. This study showed that the majority of cancer patients in male and female group have moderate level of self-esteem. There is no significant difference in self-esteem of men and women with cancer and the majority of them [84.3% women] and [%76 men] have moderate self-esteem, but noticeable difference between men and women is connected to the variables that are related to self-esteem, whereas, men's self-esteem has not any significant meaningful relationship with demographic variables, meanwhile, variables of being under support of somebody [p=0.005] and having caregivers at home [p=0.039] have a meaningful relationship with women's' self-esteem. Among the diseases' characters change or decrease in function of different parts of body has a meaningful relationship with men's [p=0.014] and women's [p=0.005] self-esteem. Constipation is the only other variable related to men's' self-esteem [p=0.071], but about women there are some variables related to the self-esteem of them consist of duration of amputation [p=0.018], anorexia [p=0.001], alopecia [p=0.027] and fatigue [p=0.021]. It seems that, in comparison between tow genders with cancer although the women's self- esteem is related to more variables than men, but, recognition and specify these variables can help nurses to design an effective care-plan to meet the gender-specific needs

[Internal evaluation in Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences]

Evaluation is a systematic process for collecting, analyzing and interpretation of the obtained information for the purpose of investigating how many the objectives in mind can be achieved. Education in an academic educational system means bringing about proper and increasing changes that affect the outcome of this system, that is affecting the students, and the aim of such evaluation was promotion of the quality of an education process. In this study faculty of nursing and midwifery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, benefiting from opinion poll of university lectures, student and graduates have evaluated their system of educational in the year 2004 and their aim was to remodel and adjust educational system with the society's needs and promotion of the quality of such educations. The employed method was cross sectional and descriptive and analytical on the basis of 10 procedural steps and within 8 sections dealing with evaluated factors. Such as faculty board members, management and organizational capability, students, manpower and logistic affairs, educational environments research work centers, health and therapeutic sections, educational equipment, research equipment, laboratory and diagnosis centers, educational courses and programs, teaching and learning process as well as satisfaction expressed by students. the results of the research showed that general average of 8 investigating sections, based on SWOTs model were respectively 80.4% [nursing department], 81.5% [Midwifery department] and 82.1% [Ph.D nursing] that may well be interpreted as a desirable research work. Educational evaluation is the best indicator showing how much we should go to achieve certain aims, analyzes quality of the activity if such a system and by which we achieve logical and routine results