RESUMO
Objective: to determine incidence and trend of the liver cancer in Iran
Study Design: an observational study
Place and Duration of Study: the Cancer Registry System in Iran, from 2003 to 2009
Methodology: crude incidence rate for liver cancer were calculated per 100,000 people. Age standardized incidence rates [ASRs] were estimated using direct standardization and the standard population of World Health Organization [WHO]. Data was analyzed using Cochran-Armitage test for linear trend and software of WinPepi 2.1
Results: of 3,584 cases of liver cancer recorded between 2003 and 2009, 2,224 and 1,360 cases were men and women, respectively, which revealed significantly increasing trends [p=0.001]. The highest incidence rate [950 cases] occurred in 2007 and the lowest rate [256 cases] in 2003. Based on the result, liver cancer incidence was more in men compared to women and the incidence increased with age
Conclusion: according to this study, the trend of age-standardized incidence rate of liver cancer in Iran is rising. Hence to prevent and control this cancer, it is necessary to investigate the related risk factors and implement prevention programs in Iran
RESUMO
Low back pain is a common complaint in communities which has negative effects on different aspects of life. An effective method for reduction of low back pain complications is foot reflexology. Foot reflexology has a positive effect in reduction of complications in low back pain. Foot reflexology reduces respiratory rate, blood pressure and pulse rate. This study is an investigation of the influence of foot reflexology on physiological parameters in patients with low back pain. In this quasi- experimental study, 150 men with low back pain who were visited in Baghiatallah hospital in Tehran were selected by purposive sampling. The patients were randomly allocated into three groups: experimental [foot reflexology was applied in real points once a week for three week], control and sham [massage was applied with lower pressure in all points once a week for three weeks]. Date was collected by stethoscope and sphygmomanometer; the content validity and reliability of tools was confirmed. For analyze of data, SPSS 18 and kruskal- wallis and chi- squre tests were used. The results indicated that mean of physiological parameters before intervention in 3 groups were not significantly different [p>0.05] but after the intervention, mean blood pressure and respiratory rate reduced in all three groups [p<0.05]. The study showed that foot reflexology reduces physiological parameters; thus it is recommended that nurses use this method for patient relief