RESUMO
Background: It is well known that education level of father and mother is an important factor to achieve breastfeeding. But, according to some literature, there is still controversy that education of parents is really a major factor to affect breastfeeding practices. Objective: To find out relationship of educational level of parents with their breast feeding practices. Methods: A community based cross-sectional study was carried out in rural and urban areas of Lucknow. Multistage random sampling was used. A pre designed & pretested questionnaire was used and house to house survey was done. 528 infants with their mothers as respondent were interviewed and information about their educational level and breast feeding practices were collected. Results: Majority of mothers in rural areas were illiterate (58.3%) as compared to only 20.5% in urban areas. Majority of fathers were literate in both urban and rural areas.Lower educational status of mother and father were significantly negatively associated with initiation of breastfeeding within 1 hr, colostrum giving, exclusive breastfeeding.36.7% mothers started breast feeding within one hour, while 83.0% mothers gave colostrum. Exclusive breast feeding was present in 65.6% mothers. Similar to breastfeeding initiation, a random but statistically significant difference in number of women who exclusively breastfed their infants was observed in different educational classes with maximum proportion for graduates and above (82.1%) and minimum proportion for those who were just literate or educated upto primary level. Conclusion: The study reveals that perceptions of breastfeeding are higher in educated parents than illiterate parents. To reach at an ever satisfactory level of breastfeeding practice, more attention and education need to be given amongst the general people.
RESUMO
Introduction: Accuracy in estimation of gestational age (GA) has become more demanding as technology used in sonography has become more advanced. Patient’s expectations have also increased and they expect exact estimations to plan their pregnancies. Fetal kidney length (FKL) alone or in combination with other biometric indices can be used in estimating GA more precisely. Objective: The study aimed in measuring FKL and calculating GA using it as a single parameter and comparing the accuracy when combined with other biometric parameters used in estimation of GA on ultrasonography in third trimester in Indian women. Material and methods: Healthy pregnant women in third trimester with single live fetus with no maternal or fetal complications were selected for the study. FKL along with other biometric parameters were measured. The results were analyzed for finding if FKL could be used as a single parameter in estimation of GA and if the accuracy improved if combined with other indices. Results: GA was estimated in 715 cases by all four parameters in the women who came in the third trimester for ultrasonography. FKL was also measured simultaneously in these women. It was observed that average FKL increased linearly from 30.7 mm at 27 weeks to 39.4 mm at 38 weeks. Mean left kidney length was slightly but significantly more than the right kidney. GA was estimated by FKL alone and it gave results with SE ± 10.45 days and when combined with other indices accuracy improved to SE ± 5.45 days. Conclusion: FKL can be a single lone parameter in estimation of GA to give an accuracy of SE ± 10.45 days, but when used in combination with other four indices the accuracy increased to SE ± 5.5 days.