Ocular lesions in sickle cell disease patients from Bahia, Brazil / Lesões oculares em pacientes com doença falciforme da Bahia, Brasil

OBJECTIVE: The present study aims to describe ocular alterations in sickle cell disease patients in Bahia, a Northeast state, with the highest prevalence of the disease in Brazil. METHODS: We carried out a cross-sectional study in a group of 146 (292 eyes) sickle cell disease patients (90 HBSS and 56 HBSC). Ophthalmologic examination including indirect binocular ophthalmoscopy was performed. Examination was completed by fluorescein angiography to detect retinal lesions. RESULTS: The most frequent ocular lesions identified were "vascular tortuosity" and "black sunburst". Proliferative retinopathy was found in 22 (12.2 percent) eyes of HBSS patients and 25 (22.3 percent) eyes of HBSC patients (OR=2.06; CI95 percent: 1.5-4.06, p=0.022); Its frequency was higher among HBSS patients aged 20-39 years, while in HBSC patients, it peaked after 40 years (35.7 percent and 42.8 percent) and dropped sharply afterwards. CONCLUSION: Proliferative retinopathy was described as early as 10 years of age in both patients groups. Proliferative sickle retinopathy can result in blindness and the knowledge of the most prevalent ocular alterations and age risk will be important to establish a protocol of ophthalmologic follow-up, in order to prevent a severe visual loss and increase patient's life quality.

OBJETIVO: O presente estudo teve como objetivo descrever as alterações oculares em pacientes portadores de doença falciforme, na Bahia, um estado do Nordeste, que tem a maior prevalência da doença no Brasil. MÉTODOS: Nós conduzimos um estudo de corte transversal em um grupo de 146 (292 olhos) pacientes com Doença Falciforme (90 HBSS e 56 HBSC). Para exame oftalmológico foi realizada oftalmoscopia binocular indireta complementada pela retinografia fluorescente para detecção de lesões retinianas decorrentes da Doença Falciforme. RESULTADOS: As lesões mais frequentemente encontradas foram o aumento da tortuosidade vascular e "black sumburst" Retinopatia proliferativa foi encontrada em 22 (12,2 por cento) olhos de pacientes HBSS e 25 (22,3 por cento) olhos de pacientes HBSC (OR=2.06; CI95 por cento: 1.5-4.06, p=0. 022); essa frequência foi maior entre os pacientes HBSS com idade entre 20 - 39 anos, enquanto que nos pacientes HBSC foi maior nos acima de 40 anos (35.7 por cento e 42.8 por cento), decaindo abruptamente após essa idade. CONCLUSÃO: Retinopatia proliferativa foi descrita por volta dos dez anos de idade em ambos os grupos. A prevalência da retinopatia falciforme proliferativa pode resultar em cegueira e o conhecimento das alterações oculares mais prevalentes e idade de risco destas em pacientes com Doença Falciforme será importante para estabelecer um protocolo de acompanhamento oftalmológico, para prevenir um dano visual clinicamente grave, aumentando a qualidade de vida destes pacientes.

Clinical and molecular characteristics of sickle cell anemia in the northeast of Brazil

Beta S-globin gene (âS-globin) haplotypes, markers for severe sickle cell anemia (SCA), and the alpha-thalassemia 2 gene 3.7 kb deletion (-á2(3.7 kb) thal) along with demographic and clinical data were investigated in SCA outpatients (n = 125, 63 female and 62 male) in the Brazilian state of Bahia, which has a high prevalence SCA. PCR-RFLP showed that the Central African Republic/Benin (CAR/BEN, 51.2 percent) haplotype was most frequent, followed by the Benin/Benin (Ben/Ben, 28.8 percent). At least one CAR haplotype was present in every outpatient with a history of cerebrovascular accident. The Cameroon (Cam), Senegal (Sen) and Arab-India haplotypes occurred in small numbers, as did atypical haplotypes. Fetal hemoglobin (HbF, percent) was unevenly distributed. Compared to those > 18 y, those aged < 18 y had had fewer erythrocyte transfusions and high HbF levels (12.3 percent ± 7.01 to 7.9 percent ± 4.36) but a higher frequency of spleen sequestration and pneumonia. Compared with normal á - genes carriers values, the outpatients with -á2(3.7 kb) thal (determined by PCR analysis) had significantly higher mean hemoglobin concentration (Hb) (8.3 ± 1.34 g/dL, p = 0.018) and packed cell volume (PCV = 27.1 percent ± 4.26, p = 0.019) but low mean corpuscular volume (MCV = 86.1 fL = 10-15 L ± 9.56, p = 0.0004) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH = 26.6 percent ± 4.60, p = 0.039).

Gravidez e contracepção na doença falciforme / Pregnancy and contraception in sickle cell disease

A contracepção hormonal na doença falciforme é considerada atualmente uma forma segura de diminuir o risco de uma gestação indesejada e/ou de planejar a prole das pacientes acometidas pela doença. Na doença falciforme, a gestação é uma situação de risco materno-fetal elevado, necessitando abordagem multidisciplinar, com o objetivo de reduzir as conseqüências danosas da anemia hemolítica crônica e da vaso-oclusão, típicas da doença. Nesse artigo são abordados os principais aspectos relacionados à contracepção e à gestação em pacientes com doença falciforme, com um panorama atualizado em relação a ambos os temas.

For women with sickle cell disease , hormonal contraception is an acceptable and reliable method of decreasing the risk of unwanted pregnancies. The use of combined oral contraceptives is considered safe in this group of patients according to the World Health Organization criteria. Medroxyprogesterone acetate is considered the safest hormonal contraceptive in sickle cell disease. Pregnancy carries increased risks of complications for woman as well as to the fetus, such as higher frequency of painful crises, spontaneous abortions, intrauterine growth retardation and higher neonatal mortality. Multidisciplinary teams are needed to manage pregnancy in sickle cell disease. The purpose of this article is to review some important aspects related to hormonal contraception and pregnancy in sickle cell disease.