O papel da simulação na prática cirúrgica e a criação de uma nova ferramenta para treinamento neurocirúrgico / The role of simulation in surgical practice and the creation of a new tool for neurosurgical training

OBJETIVOS: Testar uma nova ferramenta para educação neurocirúrgica, um "quebra-cabeça" para simular a correção cirúrgica de craniossinostose (especificamente escafocefalia), usando a técnica "H" de Renier. MÉTODOS: O modelo do crânio foi criado por meio da obtenção de imagens de tomografia computadorizada multi slice (camadas de 1mm) no formato Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM). Essas imagens foram então processadas usando um algoritmo computadorizado para gerar um modelo tridimensional em resina. O quebra-cabeça e suas possibilidades de treinamento foram avaliados qualitativamente por uma equipe de neurocirurgiões especialistas. Após, os especialistas avaliaram a aplicação da ferramenta para residentes em neurocirurgia e os residentes também avaliaram a experiência. RESULTADOS: Participaram da avaliação cinco especialistas neurocirurgiões e 10 residentes em neurocirurgia. Todos consideraram a ferramenta positiva para o treinamento proposto. Os especialistas fizeram observações sobre o quanto o modelo pode ser interessante por instigar a compreensão dos porquês das etapas cirúrgicas e como atuar em cada uma delas. Segundo a percepção dos especialistas, após o uso do modelo os residentes apresentaram melhor clareza na visualização tridimensional do passo a passo, indiretamente auxiliando na compreensão da técnica cirúrgica. Além disso, ressaltaram uma notável redução de erros a cada tentativa de montagem do quebra-cabeça. Os residentes consideraram ser um método de ensino que torna a avaliação objetiva e clara. Entre os entrevistados, a nota fornecida ao simulador teve média de 9,9. CONCLUSÕES: O quebra-cabeça em formato de crânio mostrou-se uma ferramenta complementar para o ensino, que permite diferentes graus de imersão e realismo. Fornece uma noção de realidade física, oferecendo informações simbólicas, geométricas e dinâmicas, com rica visualização tridimensional. O uso do simulador pode, potencialmente, abreviar e melhorar a curva de aprendizado dos neurocirurgiões, de uma forma segura.

AIMS: To test a new tool for neurosurgical education, a "puzzle" to simulate the craniosynostosis surgical correction (specifically scaphocephaly) using Renier's "H" technique. METHODS: The cranial model was created by obtaining images through a multi slice (1 mm) CT scan in the Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) format. This information was then processed using a computing algorithm to generate a three-dimensional biomodel in resine (performed on a computer or via computer simulation). The puzzle and its training possibilities were evaluated qualitatively by a team of expert neurosurgeons. Subsequently the experts evaluated the application of the tool for residents in neurosurgery, and the residents also evaluated the experience. RESULTS: Five experts neurosurgeons and 10 neurosurgery residents participated in the evaluation. All considered the tool positive for the proposed training. The experts have commented on how interesting the model may be by instigating the understanding of the reasons for each surgical step and how to act in them. According to the experts perceptions, the residents presented better clarity in the three-dimensional visualization of the step by step, indirectly aiding in the understanding of the surgical technique. In addition, they noted a notable reduction of errors with each attempt to assemble the puzzle. Residents considered it to be a teaching method that makes assessment objective and clear. Among the interviewers, 9,9 was the averaged note given to the simulator. CONCLUSIONS: The puzzle in cranial shape can be a complementary tool, allowing varying degrees of immersion and realism. It provides a notion of physical reality, offering symbolic, geometric and dynamic information, with rich tridimensional visualization. The simulator use may potentially improve and abbreviate the surgeons learning curve, in a safe manner.

Effect of a single session of transcranial direct-current stimulation on balance and spatiotemporal gait variables in children with cerebral palsy: A randomized sham-controlled study

Background: Transcranial direct-current stimulation (tDCS) has been widely studied with the aim of enhancing local synaptic efficacy and modulating the electrical activity of the cortex in patients with neurological disorders. Objective: The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of a single session of tDCS regarding immediate changes in spatiotemporal gait and oscillations of the center of pressure (30 seconds) in children with cerebral palsy (CP). Method: A randomized controlled trial with a blinded evaluator was conducted involving 20 children with CP between six and ten years of age. Gait and balance were evaluated three times: Evaluation 1 (before the stimulation), Evaluation 2 (immediately after stimulation), and Evaluation 3 (20 minutes after the stimulation). The protocol consisted of a 20-minute session of tDCS applied to the primary motor cortex at an intensity of 1 mA. The participants were randomly allocated to two groups: experimental group - anodal stimulation of the primary motor cortex; and control group - placebo transcranial stimulation. Results: Significant reductions were found in the experimental group regarding oscillations during standing in the anteroposterior and mediolateral directions with eyes open and eyes closed in comparison with the control group (p<0.05). In the intra-group analysis, the experimental group exhibited significant improvements in gait velocity, cadence, and oscillation in the center of pressure during standing (p<0.05). No significant differences were found in the control group among the different evaluations. Conclusion: A single session of tDCS applied to the primary motor cortex promotes positive changes in static balance and gait velocity in children with cerebral palsy. .

Naso-ethmoid schwannoma with intracranial extension: case report

Intranasal schwannomas are rare lesions, specially when they present with an intracranial extension. The fifth case in the medical literature of a naso-ethmoid schwannoma with extension into the anterior cranial fossa is presented. The magnetic resonance findings and the details of the combined intracranial / transfacial operative approach used are described. The possible origin and the clinical characteristics of this rare lesion are reviewed.

Condrosarcoma mesenquimal da fossa posterior: relato de caso / Posterior fossa mesenchymal chondrosarcoma: case report

Os autores relatam o caso de um paciente, portador de condrosarcoma mesenquial localizado na fossa posterior, que se estendia através do foramem magno até a segunda vértebra cervical. O condrosarcoma mesenquimal é um tumor raro que se origina de células multipotenciais do mesênquima embrionário. Este paciente foi submetido a ressecçäo microcirúrgica, com a remoçäo aparentemente total da neoplasia e reversäo temporária do quadro neurológico