The morphological study on masseter muscle following mandibular angle osteotomy / 中华整形外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the morphological change of masseter after the mandibular angle osteotomy.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Computerized tomography (CT) examination was performed on 120 patients treated by mandibular angle osteotomy before operation and at 3, 6, 12 months after operation, respectively. The pre- and postoperative masseter muscle thickness and cross-sectional area were evaluated using 3D CT images observed from 3 selected slice planes, which were paralleled with Frankfurt horizontal plane. These CT images were stored and three-dimensional reconstruction were made for calculation of masseter muscle volume through software.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>After operation, the reduction of the masseter muscle volume and cross-sectional area was seen. The volume of the masseter at 3, 6, 12 months postoperatively decreased to 82.02%, 77.00% and 80.43% (P < 0.05). The cross-sectional area at 3, 6,12 months postoperatively decreased to 85.81%, 78.86% and 81.56% at A plane, 80.94%, 75.03% and 77.04% at B plane, and reached to 13.46%, 11.48% and 13.89% at C plane (P < 0.05, P < 0.05, P < 0.01). The masseter thickness after operation was significantly different from that before operation during the follow-up period, but not at 12 months after operation at A plane.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The masseter atrophy happens spontaneously after mandibular angle osteotomy, especially at the region of mandibular angle. It should be considered during surgical design.</p>

Transcranial surgical correction of cranio-orbital fibrous dysplasia with lateral orbital approach / 中华整形外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the transcranial surgical method with lateral orbital approach for the treatment of cranio-orbital fibrous dysplasia.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Lateral orbital transcranial extradural approach was adopted to correct complicated fibrous dysplasia in which the frontal, orbital, sphenoid, temporal bones were involved. Partial lesion removal and optic nerve decompression were performed through the transcranial extradural route by fronto-temporal cranial bone flap exposure. The fronto-orbital skeleton was shaped after bone flap deactivation.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>8 cases were treated successfully with no complication. The period of follow-up ranged from 9 months to 3 years. The appearance and the vision improved greatly. Cranial CT showed good bony union with no relapse.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Lateral orbital transcranial surgical approach is an optimal technique to correct cranio-orbital fibrous dysplasia.</p>

Establishment of diagnostic criteria for cranio-orbito-zygomatic hypoplasia with computer-assisted measurement / 中华整形外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To establish the quantitative diagnostic criteria for cranio-orbito-zygomatic deformity (COZD).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Computer-assisted three-dimensional (3-D) CT measurement was performed in 30 cases with unilateral COZD. The differences of the measurement data between the affected and unaffected sides were analyzed. Then the patients were diagnosed and classified according to the affected bone, soft tissue and conjunctival sac. Based on the quantitative diagnosis, 8 patients underwent surgery to test the clinical practicability of the diagnostic criteria.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The quantitative diagnostic criteria for COZD could reflect the affected area and the corresponding severity of deformity. It helped to preoperative design and to predict movement of osteotomy segment and. the soft tissue volume needed for augmentation. Good postoperative results were achieved.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The quantitative diagnostic criteria for COZD can describe the affect area and severity of deformity in detail. It is very practical in the guidance of clinical treatment.</p>

Changes of different section area at different parts of upper-airway after Le Fort III osteotomy / 中华整形外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To observe the therapeutic effects of Le Fort III osteotomy and midface distraction osteogenesis (DO) on the upper-airway narrow.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Since 2000, 11 cases (10 cases of Crouzon syndrome and 1 case of Apert syndrome) with severe midface deficiency were treated with Le Fort III osteotomy and midface DO. The section area of different parts of upper-airway were tested by computer assistants image measurement preoperatively and postoperatively. Some patients received sleep function monitoring.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The face appearance and the function of upper-airway improved significantly after Le Fort III osteotomy and Midface DO. The section area at the level of posterior nasal spine and uvula increased obviously after treatment (P < 0.05), however the section area at the level of epiglottis and separation between airway and esophagus were not obviously enlarged (P > 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Midface DO after Le Fort III osteotomy can effectively improve the upper-airway narrow, especially the upper part from uvula.</p>

3-dimensional position changes of periorbital structures after midface distraction osteogenesis / 中华整形外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the 3-D position changes of periorbital structures after midface distraction osteogenesis in patients with Crouzon syndrome.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The CT data of 8 cases who had accepted the midface distraction osteogenesis following Le Fort III osteotomy were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were averagely 11.9 years old, and the CT was performed before and one year after operation. After 3-D image reconstruction, a right-hand coordinate system based on the preoperational Frankfurt Plane was then established. The pre- and post-operative positions of the superior orbit point (SOr), inferior orbit point (IOr), median orbit point (MOr), lateral orbit point (LOr), anterior ocularis point (AO), ocularis eyeball point (PO) and the four insertion ocularis rectus were documented and compared. The positions of these marked points in normal controls were also documented and compared with those in patients.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>After midface distraction osteogenesis, the position of AO was not changed significantly on the y-axis and z-axis, but the distance between two AO points on x-axis was reduced by 3.40 mm; IOr moved averagely 12.24 mm on y-axis and 4.25 mm on z-axis, MOr moved averagely 10.11 mm on y-axis and 2.80 mm on z-axis, LOr moved averagely 9.86 mm on y-axis and 2.31 mm on z-axis. The Inferior Rectus attachment moved averagely 3.63 mm on y-axis and 2.98 mm on z-axis. No other significant change was observed on other marked points.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Midface distraction osteogenesis following Le Fort III osteotomy can significantly move the medial, lateral and inferior peri-orbital bone structure anteriorly and inferiorly. The eyeballs have no markedly sagittal position changes after distraction except slight medial, downwards movements and anterior-upwards rotations.</p>

Experience of midfacial distraction osteogenesis in upper airway stenosis / 中华外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the therapeutic effects of upper airway stenosis after Le Fort III osteotomy and midfacial distraction osteogenesis (DO).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Eleven cases (age, 5-16 yrs) with severe midface dysostosis complicated with exophthalmos, anterior crossbite and upper airway stenosis were treated by using Le Fort III osteotomy and midfacial DO from August 2000 to February 2007. The 3D reconstruction of the upper-airway from CT data was used to evaluate the upper airway volume before and after the operation. And meanwhile polysomnography was carried out to demonstrate the upper airway functional changes.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>There was a 64.3% mean increase [mean, (9.13 +/- 6.94) ml, P < 0.05] in upper airway volume in the 11 cases after the operations. It showed that there was significant improvements in the indexes of polysomnography after the operations, such as apnea and hypopnea index, average SaO2, minimum oxygen saturation and snore index.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The Le Fort III osteotomy and midfacial distraction osteogenesis can efficiently relieve the symptoms of upper-airway stenosis in severe midfacial dysostosis.</p>

Surgical correction of craniofacial dysostosis with midface distraction osteogenesis / 中华外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effect of distraction osteogenesis on correction of craniofacial dysostosis.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Le Fort III osteotomy was applied through coronal route on patients with craniofacial dysostosis such as Crouzon and Apert syndrome. The procedures included disconnecting the skeletal midface from base of cranium, setting up a RED II distraction device, and directing the device bars. The distraction was started 5 days after the surgery, with a rate of 1 mm forward per day. When midface approaching the right position, i.e. a slightly over correction of occlusion was reached, stopped distraction and kept the device for 2 - 4 months.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Eight cases completed all the therapy. The average blood lose was 300 ml and the average operation time was 3.5 hours. The midface had been moved averagely 9 mm forwardly and 1.5 mm downwards. The features had been improved obviously and the occlusion reached nearly normal. No serious complications occurred except for 1 case of seroma and 1 case of infection around pin on scalp. No recurrence was found in the 5 months of follow-up.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Midface distraction osteogenesis is propitious to teenage or severe cases of craniofacial dysostosis.</p>

Surgical correction of craniofacial dysostosis with midface distraction osteotogenesis / 中华整形外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>Correction of craniofacial dysostosis with midface distraction osteotogenesis.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Le Fort III osteotomy has been employed through coronal route on patients with midface craniofacial dysostosis such as Crouzon and Apert syndrome. Then a REDII distraction device was set up, and the device bars directed. The distraction begins 6.4 days after the surgery, with a rate of 1 mm per day. When midface approaching the right position, i.e. an slightly over correction of occlusion is reached, the distraction stops and the device is held for the next 2-4 months.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>There are 8 cases completed all the therapy with an average age of 11.9 years old. The midface had been moved averagely 9.7 mm forwards and 1.6 mm downwards. The features had been improved obviously and the occlusions reach nearly normal. The exophthalmos reduced from 20.3 mm to 11.9 mm. In cephalometry, SNA was averagely enlarged 9 degrees, and ANB enlarged 8.8 degrees. The snore during sleeping was also improved in 87.5% cases. No serious complication had occurred except minor one such as 1 case of seroma and 1 case of infection around pin on scalp. According to 5 months averagely follow-up, there is no recurrence in our list.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Midface distraction osteotogenesis is propitious to teenage or severe cases of craniofacial dysostosis.</p>

Surgical treatment of hemifacial microsomia / 中华外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To summarize the methods and experiences in surgical treatment of hemifacial microsomia.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Fifty-eight cases of hemifacial microsomia that have been treated by plastic and reconstructive surgery and followed-up in our department during last 20 years have been reviewed. Every patient's characteristic was assessed by physical examination, photography, craniofacial cephalometry before planned the method of surgery. Different surgical treatments were chosen according to the side and the structures involved in the abnormalities and the severity of hemifacial microsomia, and the cases were followed up since 3 months after the treatments. The follow-up lean of midline of the lower 1/3 face with that before treatment is compared. The degrees of patients' and surgeons' satisfactions with the treatments were evaluated respectively.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The average angle of lean of midline of skeletal and soft tissue of the lower 1/3 face decreased 4.2 degrees and 2.9 degrees respectively after treatment. Fifty (82.6%) cases satisfied with the outcome of the surgical treatment and surgeons satisfied with 84.5% of the outcome of all the cases.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Individual surgical treatment based on the side and the structures involved in the abnormalities can effectively correct facial asymmetry of hemifacial microsomia.</p>

The diagnoses and classifying of congenital craniofacial cleft / 中华整形外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To diagnose and classify the congenital craniofacial cleft with a uniform scale is helpful to evaluate the abnormality and select the repairing methods.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>We analyzed 81 cases of congenital craniofacial cleft basically using Tessier craniofacial cleft classification. Furthermore, according to the position of soft tissue or bone, the character and degree of clefts or dysplasia and the results of CT scanning, we subdivided the congenital deformities based on S (skin), T (tissue), and O (OS). Arabic numerals were used to express the degree of the abnormality.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Of all the cases analyzed with the STO classification, No. III and IV clefts are often seen in the infraorbital region (24.70%). No. IX and X clefts are mostly seen in the supraorbital region (38.27%). The relationship between the cleft types and involved tissue has not been found.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The STO classification reinforces Tessier classification. It offers the basis for craniofacial cleft repair.</p>