Improvement effect and mechanism of sanguinarine on inflammatory pain in rats with lumbar disc herniation / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To study the improvement effect and mechanism of sanguinarine （SG） on inflammatory pain in rats with lumbar disc herniation （LDH） and its mechanism. METHODS LDH model rats were established and divided into model group， SG low-dose， medium-dose and high-dose groups （1.00， 2.50， 6.25 mg/kg）， high-dose of SG+Anisomycin [mitogen-activated protein kinase （MAPK） activator] group （6.25 mg/kg SG+5 mg/kg Anisomycin）， with 10 rats in each group. Another 10 rats were included as the control group. Each group was given corresponding drugs intraperitoneally， while the control group and model group were given an equal volume of normal saline intraperitoneally， once a day， for 7 consecutive days. The general situation and neurological changes of rats in each group were observed， and the pain threshold [including paw withdrawal mechanical threshold （PWMT） and paw withdrawal thermal latency （PWTL）] of rats was determined； the histopathological changes of dorsal root ganglion （DRG） were observed in rats. The serum levels of inflammatory factors [tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α）， interleukin-1β （IL-1β）] and pain factors [neuropeptide Y （NPY）， 5-hydroxytryptamine （5-HT）] in rats were detected.The positive expressions of ionized-calcium binding adaptor molecule-1 （Iba-1） in spinal cord microglia and glial fibrillary acidic protein （GFAP） in astrocytes were observed. The expressions of proteins related to MAPK/extracellular signal-regulated kinase （ERK）/nuclear factor κB （NF-κB） signaling pathway， TNF-α and IL-1β proteins were detected in DRG tissue of rats. RESULTS Compared with the control group， the rats in the model group showed decreased appetite， hindlimb movement disorders， and disordered neuronal cell arrangement， the neurological score， the levels of TNF-α， IL-1β， NPY， the positive expressions of Iba-1 and GFAP， the phosphorylations of p38 MAPK， ERK1/2 and NF-κB p65， the protein expressions of TNF-α and IL-1β were significantly increased （P＜0.05）； PWMT， PWTL and the levels of 5-HT were significantly reduced （P＜0.05）. Compared with the model group， the rats of SG groups showed some relief in their mental appetite and hindlimb motor disorders， the intervertebral disc structure of DRG was restored， and the levels of the above quantitative indicators had significantly reversed （P＜0.05）. Anisomycin reversed the improvement effect of SG on inflammatory pain in LDH rats. CONCLUSIONS SG can improve inflammatory pain by inhibiting the activation of microglia in DRG tissue of LDH rats， reducing the release of inflammatory factors， and increasing pain threshold， and its mechanism of action may be related to the inhibition of MAPK/ERK/NF- κB signaling pathway.

The prevalence and related direct medical costs of chronic complications among patients with type 2 diabetes in China / 中华内分泌代谢杂志

Objective To estimate the prevalence and related direct medical costs of chronic complications,especially cardiovascular diseases,cerebrovascular diseases,and nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in China.Method Data were extracted from the hospital information system(HIS) database of 4 top level Chinese hospitals from January 1st,2012 to May 31st,2017.Patients with T2DM were identified through international classification of diseases,tenth version (ICD-10) diagnosis supplemented with Chinese descriptions.The prevalences of complications including cardiovascular diseases,cerebrovascular diseases,nephropathy,diabetic foot,lower extremity vascular diseases,diabetic retinopathy,and diabetic neuropathy were estimated among all identified patients with T2DM.The costs per hospitalization and per outpatient visit under the primary diagnoses of each chronic complication were further estimated.Results There were 61 139 patients with T2DM,with mean age of(62.1 ± 13.6) years,50.5％ being males.66.8％ of them had chronic complications,and patient suffered from more than 2 complications on average.The most common complication was nephropathy (30.5％),followed by diabetic neuropathy (26.8％),diabetic retinopathy (26.3％),cardiovascular disease (24.9％),and cerebrovascular disease (19.2％).The cost per hospitalization was highest for cardiovascular disease(21 176 yuan),followed by diabetic foot disease(18 999 yuan) and cerebrovascular disease (16 583 yuan).The cost per outpatients visit varied from 826 to 976 yuan across different complications except for lower extremity vascular diseases (522 yuan).Conclusions The majority of patients with T2DM suffered from chronic complications.The occurrence and development of chronic complications,especially cardiovascular diseases,cerebrovascular diseases,and nephropathy,led to increased direct medical costs among patients with T2DM.Effective interventions,such as regular physical examinations and proper glycemic control,should be implemented to prevent complications among the diabetic patients.

Real-time measurement of noradrenaline release in central nervous system / 生理学报

In order to investigate the central nervous mechanism and the diseases involved in catecholamine transmitter secretion, the dynamics of catecholamine release is studied in single cell, brain slice or in vivo. Noradrenaline is an important neurotransmitter and modulator in the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). In the present paper, we first compared three real-time methods used to measure noradrenaline secretion in single cells (membrane capacitance, amperometry and confocal fluorescence microscopy imaging). Compared to the electrophysiological method and fluorescence microscopy, the basic usage of the carbon fiber electrode (CFE) in neuroscience research was presented as an example. Then, we presented a primary description of ion channels, including voltage-gated Na(+), K(+) and Ca(2+) channels in locus coeruleus (LC) neurons in rat brain slices. Finally, we presented example recordings of combined patch-clamp and amperometry measurements in LC neurons, indicating Ca(2+)-dependent quantal noradrenaline release following Ca(2+) influx through Ca(2+) channels.

A modified intracellular labelling technique for high-resolution staining of neuron in 500 microm-thickness brain slice / 中国应用生理学杂志

<p><b>AIM</b>To develop simple but reliable intracellular labelling method for high-resolution visualization of the fine structure of single neurons in brain slice with thickness of 500 microm.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Biocytin was introduced into neurons in 500 microm-thickness brain slices while blind whole cell recording. Following processed for histochemistry using the avidin-biotin-complex method, stained slices were mounted in glycerol on special glass slides. Labelled cells were digital photomicrographed every 30 microm and reconstructed with Adobe Photoshop software.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>After histochemistry, limited background staining was produced. The resolution was so high that fine structure, including branching, termination of individual axons and even spines of neurons could be identified in exquisite detail with optic microscope. With the help of software, the neurons of interest could be reconstructed from a stack of photomicrographs.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The modified method provides an easy and reliable approach to revealing the detailed morphological properties of single neurons in 500 microm-thickness brain slice. Without requisition of special equipment, it is suited to be broadly applied.</p>

Effect of fetus hypobaric hypoxia on NMDA receptor of hippocampus neurons / 中国应用生理学杂志

<p><b>AIM</b>To study the effect of fetus hypobaric hypoxia on the number and channel character of NMDA receptor of hippocampus neurons.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Use in situ hybridization and patch-clamp techniques.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>After hypobaric hypoxia the number of NMDA mRNA positive neurons was decreased, the open probability of NMDA receptor was reduced, the open time constant was decreased, the close time constant was increased.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Hypobaric hypoxia may change the development of NMDA receptor in fetus rat, then maybe effect learning and memory.</p>

he roles of hypoxia and glutamic acid on NMDA receptor channel of hypothalamic neuron in rats / 第三军医大学学报

Objective　To study the effects of hypoxia and glutamic acid on the kinetic properties of NMDA receptor channel of the hypothalamic neurons in rats. Methods　Cell-attached mode patch clamp technique was employed to record the single channel current of the NMDA receptor. Results　The open probability of NMDA receptor channel was increased after acute hypoxia compared with that of normal state, the open time τ1,τ2 was changed from (0.33±0.10)ms，(4.36±0.26)ms to (0.93±0.22)ms，(7.64±0.72)ms, and the close time τ1,τ2 was from (18.03±3.50)ms，(171.50±19.10)ms to (3.42±1.02)ms，(19.39±3.07)ms. The mean open probability was changed from 0.12±0.05 in normal state to 0.66±0.36 in hypoxia state. Furthermore, glutamic acid can increase open time and open probability of NMDA receptor channel,decrease close time. Conclusion　The excitability and the open probability of NMDA receptor channel of hypothalamic neurons increased by hypoxia is related to glutamate.

he roles of hypoxia and glutamic acid on NMDA receptor channel of hypothalamic neuron in rats / 第三军医大学学报

Objective　To study the effects of hypoxia and glutamic acid on the kinetic properties of NMDA receptor channel of the hypothalamic neurons in rats. Methods　Cell-attached mode patch clamp technique was employed to record the single channel current of the NMDA receptor. Results　The open probability of NMDA receptor channel was increased after acute hypoxia compared with that of normal state, the open time τ1,τ2 was changed from (0.33±0.10)ms，(4.36±0.26)ms to (0.93±0.22)ms，(7.64±0.72)ms, and the close time τ1,τ2 was from (18.03±3.50)ms，(171.50±19.10)ms to (3.42±1.02)ms，(19.39±3.07)ms. The mean open probability was changed from 0.12±0.05 in normal state to 0.66±0.36 in hypoxia state. Furthermore, glutamic acid can increase open time and open probability of NMDA receptor channel,decrease close time. Conclusion　The excitability and the open probability of NMDA receptor channel of hypothalamic neurons increased by hypoxia is related to glutamate.