Status of antibiotic use in hospitalized children with community-acquired pneumonia in multiple regions of China / 中国当代儿科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the use of antibiotics in children with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in multiple regions of China, and to provide a reference for CAP standard treatment and rational antibiotic use in children.@*METHODS@#The medical data of 1 383 children with CAP who were hospitalized in the department of pediatrics in 10 grade A tertiary hospitals from 9 cities between April 14, 2014 and January 1, 2016 were reviewed, to analyze the status of antibiotic use in hospitalized children in North China, Northeast China, East China, and South China.@*RESULTS@#The overall rate of antibiotic use in children with CAP was 89.08%, with 88.7% in North China, 95.5% in Northeast China, 83.3% in East China, and 86.6% in South China. The main types of antibiotics used were cephalosporins, macrolides, compound preparations of β-lactam antibiotics, polyphosphoric broad-spectrum antibiotics and other β-lactam antibiotics. The selection of antibiotics was generally rational, but antibiotics were still used in some patients with viral infection alone or a combined use of ≥2 kinds of antibiotics were noted in some patients with infection caused by one kind of pathogen. Irrational antibiotic use was observed in 131 children (10.63%).@*CONCLUSIONS@#There are high rates of antibiotic use and irrational use of antibiotics among children with CAP. Standard management of antibiotic use in children with CAP should be strengthened.

Optimization of extraction process of Modified Yangyin Qingfei Decoction by Box-Behnken response surface methodology based on analytic hierarchy process / 中草药

Objective: To optimize the extraction process of Modified Yangyin Qingfei Decoction (MYQD). Methods: The effects of ethanol concentration, extraction time and extraction times on the optimization of extraction process of MYQD were investigated by multiple indicators comprehensive scoring and Box-Behnken response surface methodology. The content of verbascoside, chlorogenic acid, paeonol, and glycyrrhizic acid was simultaneously determined by HPLC, and the method of analytic hierarchy process was used to calculate the weight coefficient. Results: The optimum extraction process was as follow: using 69% ethanol for once extraction for 68 min. Conclusion: The optimum extraction process is simple and feasible, and the extraction efficiency of components is high, which can provide reference for the extraction process of MYQD.

Effect of Qingzao Jiufei Decoction and its decomposing agent on MP infection Bax, Bcl-2, and Caspase-3 / 中草药

Objective To explore the effect of Qingzao Jiufei Decoction (QJD) and its decomposing agent on the expression of Bax, Bcl-2, and Caspase-3 apoptosis protein in MP infection, in order to determine the effect target of QJD and its decomposing agent. Methods A total of 120 balb/c mice were randomly divided into normal group (group A), model group (group B), QJD group (group C), QJD group I decomposition agent (Group D), QJD group II decomposition agent (Group E), and azithromycin group (Group F), 20 rats in each group. Except the normal group, the other five groups were infected with MP by using the nose drop method. The ultrastructure and apoptosis of lung tissue were observed by transmission electron microscope. The expression of Bcl-2, Bax and Caspase-3 protein in lung tissue was detected by Immunohistochemical SP and Western blot method. The expression of Caspase-3 m-RNA was detected by qPCR method. Results After MP infection, inflammation changes can be observed in the lung tissue of mice, thickening of the alveolar wall, destruction of alveolar epithelial cells, cell infiltration, and changes in the characteristics of apoptosis. The expression of Bcl-2, Bax, Caspase-3 protein in the lung tissue of mice infected with MP was significantly increased, but the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax decreased significantly. Compared with the group B, the expression of Bcl-2 in group C, D, and F increased, the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax increased significantly, and the expression of Bax and Caspase-3 decreased. The difference of expression between group E and group B was not obvious. The results of Caspase3 mRNA detection showed that the expression of group C, group D and group F was lower than that of model group, and the change of group E was not obvious. Conclusion QJD can inhibit the cell apoptosis induced by MP infection, and Bax, Bcl-2 were one of its effect target, in which I decomposition agent plays a major role.

Experimental study on anti-influenza virus infection with yinqiao-decoction by orthogonal design / 中华实验和临床病毒学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate composition principle of Yinqiao-decoction through experiment of anti-influenza.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The effects of different compositions of Yinqiao-decoction on the index of hemagglutinin titre of virus in the lung tissue of mice infected with virus from nose were investigated by orthogonal design.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>According to the hemagglutinin titre of virus in the lung tissue of mice, the necessary effective drugs of Yinqiao-decoction are forsythia suspense, flos lonicerae, fructus arctii, schizonepeta tenuifolia, folium phyllostach lophatheri, glycyrrhiza uralensis, platycodon grandiflorum and mentha haplocalyx, and semen sojae preparatum isn't necessary. There is interaction between forsythia suspense and flos lonicerae, forsythia suspense and fructus arctii, forsythia suspense and schizonepeta tenuifolia, fructus arctii and mentha haplocalyx, schizonepeta tenuifolia and platycodon grandiflorum.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The optimal combination of Yinqiao-decoction is flos lonicerae, forsythia suspense, fructus arctii, folium phyllostach lophatheri, glycyrrhiza uralensis, mentha haplocalyx of the second level and schizonepeta tenuifolia, platycodon grandiflorum, semen sojae preparatum of the first level.</p>

Dingchuantang decoction restores the imbalance of TH2/TH1 in mice infected by respiratory syncytial virus / 中国当代儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>Dingchuantang is a traditional Chinese medicine decoction which has the Qing, Xuan and Jiang components which have the ability to dispel (Xuan), depress (Jiang) and heat clear or febrigugal (Qing). It has been used for asthma and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection. However, the therapeutic mechanisms of the decoction have not been identified. To understand the mechanism of the anti-RSV property of Dingchuantang, this study investigated the effects of Dingchuantang and its three components on the levels of interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interferon-gamma (gamma-IFN) in mice infected by RSV.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>One hundred and twenty mice were randomly assigned into Normal, Infected, Dingchuantang-treated, Qing component-treated, Xuan component-treated and Jiang component-treated groups (n=20 each). The RSV infection model was prepared in the rats from the last 5 groups. The 4 treatment groups were administered with Dingchuantang, Qing component, Xuan component and Jiang component by gastric lavage respectively 2 hrs after RSV innoculation. The contents of RSV in the lungs were tested by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The levels of IL-4 and gamma-IFN in broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The contents of RSV of lungs in the Dingchuantang-treated group, and Qing and Xuan component-treated groups were significantly lower than those in the untreated Infected group. There was no significant difference between the Jiang component-treated and the Infected group. Dingchuantang treatment decreased the IL-4 level and increased the gamma-IFN level. The Xuan and Jiang component treatment decreased the IL-4 level but had no effect on the gamma-IFN level, while the Qing component treatment increased the gamma-IFN level but had no effect on the IL-4 level.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Dingchuantang can inhibit RSV reproduction and this effect works by Qing and Xuan components. Dingchuantang can also restore the imbalance TH2/TH1 by depressing IL-4 levels, worked by Xuan and Jiang components, and increasing gamma-IFN levels, worked by Qing component.</p>