Incidence and associated factors for single and recurrent falls among the elderly in an urban community of Beijing / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the incidence of falls and recurrent falls, and explore associated factors for single and recurrent falls among urban community-dwelling elderly in Beijing.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A cross-sectional study was conducted in 472 elderly in the Longtan community of Dongcheng district, Beijing in 2009. Data regarding the incidence of fall and recurrent falls in the previous year, as well as associated factors were collected from the elderly through face-to-face interviews.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The incidence of falls and recurrent falls was 17.8% and 6.1%, respectively, and it increased with age (χ2for trend=21.06, 19.20, P=0.001, 0.002). Binary logistic stepwise regression analysis showed that age (OR=2.20), living alone (OR=4.67) and gait disturbance (OR=1.27) were risk factors, while housing with elevators (OR=0.35), appropriate width/height of stair steps (OR=0.78), sufficient lighting for stairway (OR=0.45) and regular exercise (OR=0.12) could lower the risk for single fall; factors such as low monthly family income (OR=1.39), poor vision (OR=1.83), low physical ability (OR=4.47), abnormal static balance (OR=2.48), and fear of falls(OR=2.23) were risk factors, while appropriate width/height of stair steps (OR=0.49) and easiness of access to daily supplies (OR=0.41) were protective factors for recurrent falls.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The incidence of falls in community-dwelling elderly people in Beijing is common, and falls and their related injuries have been associated with both intrinsic and extrinsic factors.</p>

Effectiveness on the education and food safety programs among senior primary students in 2 counties from west China-a cluster randomized trial / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of nutrition and food safety educational programs on primary students from grade 4 to 6 in impoverished areas of Western China,under a school-based cluster-randomized trial.Methods Twelve primary schools were selected from 2 impoverished counties in West China and assigned to intervention or control groups,randomly,with 6 schools in each group.Self-rating knowledge,attitude and practice questionnaires were used at both baseline and final stages.Textbooks and supportive materials were designed according to the characteristics of baseline data.All students in the intervention group were treated with targeted nutrition and food safety lectures of 0.5 hour per week for 2 semesters.Generalized linear mixedeffects model was applied to fit the random effects on individual and clusters as well as to fit the fixed effect of the programs.Results Three hundred seventy-eight students from grade 4 to 6 were randomly selected at the baseline study and the differences of scores on knowledge,attitude and practice between the 2 groups were statistically insignificant (P＞0.05).No cluster was lost during the trial.In the final investigation,478 students were randomly selected at the individual level.Scores on knowledge,attitude and practice among students in the intervention group were significantly higher,when comparing to the control group (P＜0.01).At the cluster level,more schools in the intervention group showed significant changes on knowledge and practice,yet the change in attitude was less obvious.Data from the mixed-effects model demonstrated that the program served as an influential factor on scores related to knowledge after the intervention (P=0.015) but did not affect the scores on related attitude or practice (P＞0.05).Conclusion Lectures seemed to have improved the cognition of nutrition and food safety among primary students from grade 4 to 6.However,long-term observation and larger sample size were needed to evaluate the changes on attitude and practice among the students.

A prospective study on recurrent falls and related factors in elderly from the urban communities in Beijing / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the incidence and risk factors for recurrent falls in community-dwelling elderly in Beijing.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A cross-sectional study was conducted in 472 elderly in the Longtan community of Dongcheng district,Beijing in 2009. Data on recurrent falls within the past 12 months were collected through face-to-face interview, with both single factor analysis and logistic regression analysis used to explore the related factors on recurrent falls in the elderly.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The incidence of recurrent falls among 472 older adults was 6.1% (29) within the past 12 months. Results from logistic regression analysis showed that factors as higher family monthly income(OR = 1.39, 95% CI:0.67-2.16), afraid of being fallen(OR = 2.23, 95% CI:1.47-3.85)and abnormal static balance(OR = 2.48, 95% CI:1.84-4.05)were risk factors, while bench height in the surrounding environment(OR = 0.49, 95% CI:0.21-1.12)and easiness of access to daily supplies (OR = 0.41, 95%CI:0.14-1.16)were protective factors for recurrent falls.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The incidence of recurrent falls among the elderly from the communities in Beijing was high. Since falls could be caused by various factors, intervention should be targeting on risk factors in a multi-dimensional way.</p>

Status on knowledge, attitudes, behavior regarding nutrition and food safety among 4-6 grade students from Chinas' two poverty-stricken counties / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To investigating knowledge,attitudes,current behavior among primary school students on nutrition and food safety in two State-level poverty-stricken counties,and to explore the best educational model on nutrition and food safety.Methods 478 pupils at 4-6 grades were selected,using the method of stratified cluster sampling and questionnairs.Results The average score on knowledge was 18.66 ± 3.75,with the qualified rate as 61.09％ (the highest was 60.6％).The average score in the section of attitude was 5.82 ± 1.50.More than 97％ of the students agreed that it was necessary to receive knowledge on nutrition and food safety.The average score of behavior was 8.52 ± 2.56.Conclusion Rate of awareness on knowledge of nutrition and food safety had greatly improved among the students under study.Their habit tended to be more regular.However,we also noticed the gap between knowledge and behavior on this issue.

Epidemiological survey of the prevalence of non-fatal injury among children aged 5-14 years in China / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To determine the prevalence of non-fatal injuries among children aged 5-14 years in China.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Data of 21 973 children aged 5-14 years were extracted from the Fourth National Health Service Survey of China carried out between June 15 and July 10, 2008. Injury-related indicators included: history of ever having had an injury, and injury frequency, cause, location and severity.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The overall prevalence of non-fatal injuries among the children in the previous 12 months was 17.0 per 1000 subjects. The leading causes of non-fatal injuries were falls, animal bites, traffic accidents, falling objects and burns. The majority of children sustained only one injury. The main place of injury was at home in 40% and 54% of urban boys and girls, respectively, at school in 48% of rural boys, and at home and at school each in 33% of rural girls. Medical treatment for one day was the main option for 80% of urban boys and girls, 84% of rural boys, and 72% of rural girls.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Nonfatal injuries among children aged 5-14 years are a serious public health concern in China.</p>

A survey on condom-use and associated factors among men who have sex with men in Shenzhen,Guangdong / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To learn the condom-use and it's associated factors among men who have sex with men(MSM)in Shenzhen,so as to provide scientific basis for the development of prevention and control program.Methods Cross-sectional survey was conducted with standardized questionnaire used on individual case.Associated factors with behavior of not persistent condom use were analyzed,using logistic regression method as dependent variable and associated factors with behaviors as independent variables.Results Most of the MSM were young,with average age as 27.9.coming from 26 provinces of China.Only 20.5 percent of the participants were persistently using condoms every time with their sex partners in the past year. The main reasons of not constantly using condom with their male sex partners were having fixed partners,being young,healthy and being faithful.Conclusion High risk sexual behaviors and the low rate of condom-use among MSM might serve as potential risks for HIV epidemics.Data on the rate of condom use and the influencing factors among MSM varied for different sexual partners,suggested that targeted prevention measures should be conducted.

Spatial and temporal patterns of primary and secondary syphilis in Shenzhen, China / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To learn the spatial and temporal patterns of primary syphilis and secondary syphilis in Shenzhen and to provide evidence for carrying out further research on syphilis.Methods Primary syphilis and secondary syphilis cases among residents in Shenzhen between 2005and 2009(n=11 303) were geocoded at street office level (n=55) based on residence at the time of diagnosis. Both spatial and space-time scan statistics were used to identify clusters of street office by using SaTScan software. Results In the purely spatial analyses, clusters were seen in the junction of the Baoan district and Nanshan district (Xinan, Xixiang, Nanshan and Nantou street office) and in the region near Hong Kong (Dongmen, Shekou, and Futian street office), as well as in the other streets where entertainment industry was relatively developed (Longhua, Huafu, Huangbei and Cuizu street office). The clusters had not changed much in the first four years, but nine clusters appeared in 2009.Annually, the most likely clusters were located in Longhua (2005, P≤0.001, RR=3.34), Bamboo (2006, P≤0.001, RR=9.59), Huafu (2007, 2008 years, P≤0.001, RR values were 4.18 and 4.75)and Cuizu (2009, P≤0.001, RR=8.02). In the space-time scan analysis, we found 16 significant clusters, which were similar to the pure spatial analyses. However, regional difference were also found, with the most likely cluster was the Guiyuan street office in 2006. Conclusion Spatial and space-time scan statistics seemed to be effective ways in describing the circular disease clusters. We have had a better understanding on spatial and temporal patterns of primary syphilis and secondary syphilis in Shenzhen through spatial and space-time scan statistics of syphilis surveillance data in the recent years. The changes of spatial and temporal patterns of primary syphilis and secondary syphilis were also described by SaTScan software, which also provided useful reference for the preventive strategies on sexually transmitted diseases as well as on HIV. Useful information was also provided for financial investment and cost-effective studies.

Using multivariate multilevel model in studying the influential factors of violence among rural high school students in Changsha / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To provide evidence for setting up violence intervention programs in rural middle schools, through studying the influential factors. Methods Taking variables including emotional, physical and sexual violence in the past year as the multi-dependent variables before multivariate multilevel model logistic regression model was adopted to analyze the correlations among the three kinds of violence and the influential factors. Results Among 3620 respondents, the incidence rates of emotional, physical and sexual violence weres 21.5%, 24.3% and 2.0% respectively. The correlation coefficients between emotional violence vs. physical violence, emotional violence vs. sexual violence, physical violence vs. sexual violence were 0.337,0.133, 0.131 respectively when the random effect of class difference was separated by multivariate multilevel model. There was an internal aggregation of the incidence rate on physical violence in different grades (X2=4.286, P=0.038) and an internal relevant between emotional violence vs. sexual violence (X2=4.239, P=0,039), physical violence vs. sexual violence (X2=4.482, P=0.034). The influential factors on the incidence rates of violence would include:sex, smoking status, family without harmony, tendency of bullying others and the level on self-esteem etc. Conclusion When the random effect of class difference was separated by multivariate multilevel model, the estimated results would be more precise. Other than paying more attention to both individual and family influential factors when taking measures to reduce the incidence rate of violence in high school students, the effect of environment in the class should not be ignored.

Study on the time of retention and related influencing factors of patients receiving methadone maintenance treatment in Hunan province / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective to explore the current situation and related influencing factors on the retention time of patients receiving methadone maintenance treatment (MMT). Methods Information on basic situation and daily treatment of the patients were collected from the 7 MMT clinics opened in the pro-two batch in Hunan province. Retention rate and influencing factors were analyzed. Results (1) The retention rates after 6 and 12 months of MMT became 72.06% and 49.65% respectively. (2) The retention rates of high-dosage group and low-dosage group were 85.03% and 68.03% after 6 months on MMT program while became 60.48% and 46.28% after 12 months of MMT respectively. (3) The mean retention time of HIV+ patients and HIV- patients were 9.46 months and 8.62 months respectively during the 12 months follow-up observation, showing a significant difference. (4) Patients who took large dose methadone, did not share needles, at older age or HIV+ , were prone to keep MMT at a long period. Conclusion The retention rates for 6 months and 12 months in the MMT program in Hunan province were similar to the national data. Dose, type of drug abuse, age and HIV status were related to the period of retention.

Study on the prevalence of urinary incontinence and its related factors among elderly in rural areas,Jixian county,Tianjin / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To understand the prevalence of urinary incontinence(UI) and its related factors so as to develop a three-tier program for prevention of the disease.Methods A cross-sectional study was carried out in two townships of Jixian county,Tianjin,during July to November 2007.A total of 743 people aged 60 years and over were selected under cluster sampling,and all information were collected with a standardized structured questionnaire by face-to-face interview.All the data were analyzed with multivariate logistic regression method to explore the related factors for UI in the elderly.Results The overall prevalence of UI was 33.38 percent among people aged 60 years and over in two townships.Risk factors flor UI in men would include older age (OR=1.39).occupation(OR=5.00),awareness of UI(OR=1.91),having in chronic respiratory diseases(OR=2.23),prostate(OR=11.47),neurological(OR=11.76),or motor systems (OR=2.48).while protective factors would include high educational level(taking primary school or below as control group),OR for the junior middle school group appeared to be 0.35,for senior middle school group it was 0.77.and ofundergraduate group it was 0.53.Risk factors for UI in women would include older age(OR=1.31),constipation(OR=1.46),awareness of UI(OR=1.94),increased bodv nlass index(when normal weight group served as control group,OR in the overweight group was 1.03 and in the obesity group OR was 1.54),suffering from chronic respiratory diseases(OR=4.84).diabetes mellitus(OR=2.36),or motor system diseases(OR=1.37),more gravidity(OR=1.03),more parity(OR=1.02),suffering from perinea laceration(OR=1.72) and wound infection during delivery(OR=1.65),while protective factors would include physical exercises(OR=0.64).Conclusion Prevalence of UI was higher among the elderly people in rural areas of Jixian county,Tianjin.UI in the elderly might have been influenced by various factors which suggesting the intervention strategy should be targeted at those related factors as well as focusing on primary prevention.

Study on the relationship between chronic diseases and falls in the elderly / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To explore the risk factors on chronic diseases related to falls in the urban-community elderly and to provide evidence for developing a three-tier program for prevention. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in one community of Beijing. People aged 60 years and over were selected, using a stratified cluster sampling method, and data on falls within the past 12 months and falls-related chronic diseases were collected through face-to-face interview. Results The incidence of falls was 18.0% within one year among the 1512 interviewees. Seven factors showed statistical significances through univariate analysis including diabetes mellitus (OR =1.62), postural hypotension (OR=1.84), hypertension (OR=1.48), cerebral infarction (OR=1.98), cataract (OR=1.56), osteoarthritis (OR=1.50), dementia (OR=5.34) and depression (OR=4.61). Data from multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the risk factors for falls would include dementia (OR=4.82), depression (OR=4.27), postural hypotension (OR=1.92) and suffering from several kinds of chronic diseases etc. Conclusion The incidence of falls in an urban elderly community of Beijing was considered to be high. The risk of falls was higher among persons suffering from dementia and depression and having more than two kinds of chronic disease. The chances of falls would parallel the increase of several kinds of chronic diseases among the elderly, suggesting that measures should be actively taken to prevent from falls.

Prevalence and related factors of falls among the elderly in an urban community of Beijing / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To understand the prevalence, consequences and risk factors of falls among urban community-dwelling elderly in Beijing.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A cross-sectional study was conducted in Longtan Community, Beijing. A total of 1512 individuals aged 60 years or over were selected by stratified cluster sampling. Data regarding the frequency of falls in the previous year, as well as circumstances, consequence and related factors of falls were collected from the elderly through face-to-face interviews with questionnaires in their home.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The prevalence of falls was 18.0% on the average among 1512 participants, higher in women (20.1%) than in men (14.9%) (P = 0.006), and increased with age (chi2(for trend) = 10.37, P = 0.001). The total rate of falls-induced injuries among the fallers was 37.7%. Falls usually resulted in soft-tissues bruises (58.7%), fear of repeated episodes of falls (58.8%), loss of independence and confidence in movement (35.7%) and even in hip fracture. In addition to the burden of medical care, falls also generated a big economic burden. Occurrence of falls was significantly associated with both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. The related factors of falls in the elderly included age > or = 60-70 years, femininity, less physical activities, fear of future falls, living alone, severely impaired vision, health problem-impacted activities of daily living, chronic diseases (diabetes, hypertension, postural hypotension, stroke sequela, cataract, arthritis, dementia and depression), medications (psychoactive, anti-diabetic), gait imbalance, high bed and faintly-lighted stairway.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The prevalence of falls among urban community-dwelling elderly in Beijing is closely associated with significant associated with intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Efforts to prevent falls in the elderly should be made at community level.</p>

Development and testing of a preparedness and response capacity questionnaire in public health emergency for Chinese provincial and municipal governments / 中南大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To develop a capacity questionnaire in public health emergency for Chinese local governments.@*METHODS@#Literature reviews, conceptual modelling, stake-holder analysis, focus group, interview, and Delphi technique were employed together to develop the questionnaire. Classical test theory and case study were used to assess the reliability and validity.@*RESULTS@#(1) A 2-dimension conceptual model was built. A preparedness and response capacity questionnaire in public health emergency with 10 dimensions and 204 items, was developed. (2) Reliability and validity results. Internal consistency: except for dimension 3 and 8, the Cronbach's alpha coefficient of other dimensions was higher than 0.60. The alpha coefficients of dimension 3 and dimension 8 were 0.59 and 0.39 respectively; Content validity: the questionnaire was recognized by the investigatees; Construct validity: the Spearman correlation coefficients among the 10 dimensions fluctuated around 0.50, ranging from 0.26 to 0.75 (P0.05). Criterion-related validity: case study showed significant difference among the 10 dimensions in Beijing between February 2003 (before SARS event) and November 2005 (after SARS event).@*CONCLUSION@#The preparedness and response capacity questionnaire in public health emergency is a reliable and valid tool, which can be used in all provinces and municipalities in China.

Brief self-administered risk questionnaire for common nutrition-related diseases in middle school students / 中南大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To develop a self-administered risk questionnaire for common nutrition-related diseases in middle school students.@*METHODS@#Two phases were conducted to develop the questionnaire: scale development and validation. Phase 1 included 7 steps: (1) determining the objective, theoretical framework, principles and format for indicator generation; (2) setting up the preliminary indicator pool; (3) selecting indicators and forming pilot questionnaire through focus groups; (4) testing the pilot questionnaire; (5) further correcting the questionnaire using expert consultation; (6) choosing indicators again using good-poor analysis; and (7) shaping the final questionnaire. Phase 2 consisted of: (1) using the Pearson correlation coefficient to assess test-retest reliability; (2) using the Cronbach's alpha coefficient to assess the internal consistency reliability; (3) using the feedback from field investigation to assess face validity; and (4) using explanatory factor analysis to assess construct validity. Students from 96 classes were selected at random in Hunan Province as the field test samples using stratified sampling and cluster sampling. And the students from 4 out of the 96 classes were chosen again to serve as the test-retest samples. We used Epidata 3.0 to build the database and SPSS 11.0 to analyze the data.@*RESULTS@#A brief self-administered risk questionnaire for common nutrition-related diseases in middle school students with 12 items being formed after Phase 1. Good-poor analysis showed results from t tests for each item were statistically significant (P<0.05). The Pearson correlation coefficient was 0.76 (P<0.05) and the Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.56. The questionnaire was accepted by the students participating in the field test. Four common factors were extracted using explanatory factor analysis, accounting for 50.18% of the total variation.@*CONCLUSION@#The brief self-administered risk questionnaire for common nutrition-related diseases in middle school students is reliable and valid.

Quality of life for drug abusers accepting methadone maintenance treatment / 中南大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the change and influence factors of quality of life QOL for drug abusers who accepted methadone maintenance treatment (MMT).@*METHODS@#The questionnaire of QOL-BRIEF was used to measure the level of QQL when patients just entered the study and 6 months after the treatment respectively. The effect of therapy and characteristic of patients on change of QOL was analyzed.@*RESULTS@#The scores in physiological domain, psychological domain, and the total score obviously increased after the treatment. There was no significant difference in the change of QOL between the patients of different dose groups. The QOLs of males and patients with long-time drug use improved significantly after the treatment.@*CONCLUSION@#MMT can raise the QOL of drug abusers. Gender and time of drug use may be the risk factors of QOL improvement.

Assessment of capacity for logisty, public education, and training in public health emergency management in China / 中南大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To assess the capacity for logistics, public education, and training in managing public health emergency in China at present.@*METHODS@#Four provinces were selected using stratified sampling. All the municipalities of these 4 provinces were assessed using the 9th and 10th subscales (logistics, public education and training) of Preparedness and response capacity questionnaire for public health emergencies for provincial or municipal governments developed by the Center for Health Statistics and Information, Ministry of Health of China.@*RESULTS@#Sixty of the 66 questionnaires (90.91%) were collected. Among the 60 investigated municipalities, 80% established a specific agency to take charge of emergency material storage, management and allocation, 65% developed standard for material storage, 35% developed standard of places for material storage, 25% built regulation for testing, maintaining, and updating the emergency materials regularly, 45% arranged budget for routine payment, 27% established standard of emergency fund, and 28% set up the procedure to initiate emergency fund. The average of standard score of subscale 9 was 43.33 (95% confidence interval, 35.65~51.01). 25% of the 60 municipalities conducted assessment for training in the past 2 years, 53% developed plan for emergency personnel training, 20% developed effectiveness assessment regulation of emergency personnel training, 80% assigned a specific agency to be responsible for public education, and 23% established regulation for public education. The average of standard score of subscale 10 was 47.43 (95% confidence interval, 40.69~54.17).@*CONCLUSION@#Serious problems are found in logistics, public education, and training for public health emergency management in China. Measures should be taken immediately by the central and local government to improve these capacities.

Risk prediction model of perinatal congenital heart disease / 中华流行病学杂志

Through analyzing the influencing factors of congenital heart disease (CHD), it is aimed to establish CHD risk prediction model in fetus, and simultaneously provide theoretical foundation for CHD prevention. One-factor logistic regression method was used to screen the significant factors regarding CHD, and to separately adopt multiple-factor non-conditional logistic regression method and decision tree to set up model prediction fetus CHD risk and to analyze the advantages and shortcomings. Correct classification rates turned to be 80.93% and 82.79% respectively among 215 'training samples' by the two methods and the rates were 85.45 % and 89.09% respectively among 55 'testing samples'. The alliance of logistic regression and decision tree can overcome influence by co-linearity to guarantee the accuracy and perfection, as well as promoting the predictive accuracy.

Investigation into the capacity for risk identification, assessment, and mitigation in managing public health emergencies in China / 中国医学科学院学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the capacity for risk identification, assessment, and mitigation in public health emergency management in China.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Four provinces were randomly selected using stratified sampling. All the municipalities under these four provinces were assessed using the 3rd subscale (Risk Identification, Risk Assessment, and Risk Mitigation) of Preparedness and Response Capacity Questionnaire for Public Health Emergencies Used in Provincial or Municipal Governments, which was developed by the Center for Health Statistics and Information, Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Sixty of 66 questionnaires (90.91%) were collected. Among 60 investigated municipalities, 35 (58%) identified the potential public health emergencies, 17 (28%) assessed the risks for the identified emergencies, and 5 (8%) conducted risk assessments for the locally accident-prone factories, mines, corporations, and big establishments, 6 (10%) identified the priorities in public health emergency management based on risk assessment, 6 (10%) developed special prevention strategies for main public health emergencies, 3 (5%) assessed the vulnerability of local residents to public health emergencies, and 34 (57%) assessed or were assessing the preparedness and response capacity for public health emergencies in the past 2 years. The mean of standard total score for risk identification, assessment, and mitigation was 24.05 (95% CI: 18.32, 29.77).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Risk identification, assessment, and mitigation still require further improvement in China, and both the central and local authorities should implement more effective and efficient measures.</p>

Identification of a detailed function list for public health emergency management using three qualitative methods / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>At present, many administrators lack a theoretical guide to build management systems to cope with public health emergencies. This study developed a detailed function list for public health emergency management to help building the management systems scientifically.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The five steps in this study including literature review, semistructured interviews with experts, focus group, Delphi study and focus group were conducted to develop the detailed list of functions.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>An initial list of 25 functions with 188 items was formed through literature review. The list was reduced to 10 functions with 57 items by semistructured interviews with experts and focus group. Next, all these 57 items reached the consensus through one-round Delphi study. Some revisions of the consensus were done by the same focus group.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The final 10 functions with 57 items could be used as a guide for most countries during their building of a public health emergency management system.</p>

An application of correspondence analysis method in the study of disease etiology / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the application value of correspondence analysis in ecological study.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>We adopted correspondence analysis method to analyze the relationship between the amount of food intake in some cities in China and the male gastric carcinoma mortality.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>According to scatter plots of row and column points, there were regional differences among the male gastric carcinoma mortality in different cities of China.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The scatter plot of row and column points indicated directly that there were regional differences among the male gastric carcinoma mortality in different cities of China. Males from the Southern part of the country ate more rice and salt, less wheaten food and fewer light vegetables than those from the northern parts, suggesting that there might be some carcinogenic factors in some food stuff involved.</p>