Advances in bacterial adsorption and transport of aromatic compounds / 生物工程学报

Aromatic compounds are a class of organic compounds with benzene ring(s). Aromatic compounds are hardly decomposed due to its stable structure and can be accumulated in the food cycle, posing a great threat to the ecological environment and human health. Bacteria have a strong catabolic ability to degrade various refractory organic contaminants (e.g., polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PAHs). The adsorption and transportation are prerequisites for the catabolism of aromatic compounds by bacteria. While remarkable progress has been made in understanding the metabolism of aromatic compounds in bacterial degraders, the systems responsible for the uptake and transport of aromatic compounds are poorly understood. Here we summarize the effect of cell-surface hydrophobicity, biofilm formation, and bacterial chemotaxis on the bacterial adsorption of aromatic compounds. Besides, the effects of outer membrane transport systems (such as FadL family, TonB-dependent receptors, and OmpW family), and inner membrane transport systems (such as major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporter and ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter) involved in the membrane transport of these compounds are summarized. Moreover, the mechanism of transmembrane transport is also discussed. This review may serve as a reference for the prevention and remediation of aromatic pollutants.

Design, synthesis and biological activity of non-nucleoside NEDD8-activating enzyme inhibitors / 药学实践杂志

Objective To develop novel NAE inhibitors with non-nucleoside scaffold by a scaffold hopping strategy and study the in vitro antitumor activities. Methods Disulfonamideindazole 14 was synthesized through 23 steps with a good yield. Its chemical structure was confirmed by 1H NMR and MS. MTT method was used to determine the in vitro antitumor activities. Results Compound 14 exhibited moderate antitumor activities against various cancer cells and promoted significant UBC12 accumulation in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion Compound 14 is a potent NAE inhibitor with remarkable apoptosis induction and cell cycle arrest in prostate cancer PANC-1 cells. Our work provides a valuable leading compound for the further design and development of NAE inhibitors.

Anterior tibial artery perforator flap for repairing distal foot damage with skin and soft tissue defects / 中华整形外科杂志

Objective@#To investigate the effect of repairing the skin and soft tissue defects of foot with the anterior tibial artery perforator flap.@*Methods@#Nine patients received the operation using the anterior tibial artery periosteal perforator flap to repair distal foot lesion with skin and soft tissue defects.There were six males and three females.All cases were the distal foot defects of skin and soft tissue with tendon and bone exposure, including traffic accident injury in 5 cases, crush injury in 3 cases, other causes of injury in 1 case. The defects ranged from 5 cm×3 cm to 9 cm×6 cm. The flaps ranged from 7 cm×5 cm—11 cm×8 cm. The donor sites were repaired with direct suture or full-thickness skin grafts.@*Results@#All the flaps were survived, without vascular crisis, congestion and blisters. 1 case had partial necrosis of flap margin, which was cured after dressing. All cases were followed up for 6 months to 34 months(mean 18 months). The appearance and function recovery of flaps were satisfactory.@*Conclusions@#It is an ideal flap donor site for repairing soft tissue defects of the distal foot with the anterior tibial artery perforator flap, which has the advantages of simple operation, less trauma, high skin flap survival rate and good appearance.

The anatomical basis and clinical application of free wrist crease flap / 中华显微外科杂志

Objective To summarize the cutaneous branches of the superficial branch of radial artery distribution were dissected and to discuss the operational technique and clinical efficacy of repairing hand tissue defect by the flap based on the superficial branch of radial artery.Methods From May,2014 to February,2017,8 fresh hand specimens perfused with red latex to observe the distribution and characteristics.And 24 cases of fingers tissue defects (3 thumbs,6 index fingers,5 middle fingers,9 ring fingers,and 1 litter finger) which were repaired with the free wrist crease flap based on the cutaneous branches of superficial palmar branch of the radial artery.Combined fracture in 5 cases.Combined rupture or defect of the flexor tendon in 8 cases.Combined vascular nerve injury in 6 cases.The maximum area of the flap was 5.5 cm × 3.2 cm,and the minimum was 2.0 cm × 1.5 cm.Regular followedup was performed after operation.Results Superficial palmar branch of the radial artery came from the level of radial styloid process ulnar palmar then through ulnar of tubercle of scaphoideum and tended to the thenar muscle.It gave 1-3 branches of the direct skin perforators at distal wrist crease and the anatomical location was constant.The vascular pedicle length could achieve 2.0-3.2 cm.All flaps were survived uneventfully.Twenty-four cases were followed-up for 6-29 months (mean,18.6 months),and the appearance and functional recovered satisfactorily.Flap sensation recovered to S3+.The 2 point discrimination was 8-13 mm.There was no complication in donor area.According to the fingers total active motion (TAM) method to assess:excellent in 17 cases,good in 5 cases,fair in 2 cases.The excellent and good rate was 91.7％.Conclusion The wrist crease cutaneous branches of superficial palmar branch of the radial artery anatomical location is constant.And the flap based on the artery has a reliable blood supply.The vascular pedicle flap is long enough and the operational technique is easy and safe.The postoperative effect is satisfied.It is an ideal method for repairing finger tissue defect.

Comparing two surgical treatment methods for mucous cysts of the distal interphalangeal joint in elderly patients / 中华老年医学杂志

Objective To contrast and compare two surgical treatments for mucous cysts of the distal interphalangeal joint.Methods Clinical data from April 2004 to January 2016 were retrospectively analyzed.Patients who underwent tumor excision,osteophyte excision,and local flap coverage were assigned into a flap group(n=16),while patients who received osteophyte excision,cyst pedicle resection,and cystic fluid drainage were assigned into a simple osteophyte resection group(n=17).Procedure time,pain,satisfaction score,and hand function were compared between the two groups.Results Patients in the flap group were followed up for 14 to 28 months(mean=19.5 months);the simple osteophyte resection group for 15 to 26 months(mean=20.5 months).There was no recurrence in either group.The rate of excellent efficacy was 81.25 ％ (13/16)for the skin flap group and 82.35 ％ (14/17) for the simple osteophyte resection group,and the difference was not statistically significant(x2=0.007,P ＞ 0.05).Pain relief was achieved in both groups after operation,and the postoperative satisfaction score was higher than the pre-operation score.There was no statistical difference in pre operation pain and satisfaction scores (t 0.14 and 0.35,both P ＞ 0.05),no statistical difference in postoperative pain scores(t =-0.09,P ＞ 0.05),but a statistically significant difference in postoperative satisfaction scores (t =-4.15,P ＜ 0.05) between the two groups.Conclusions Two surgical treatments of mucous cysts can achieve satisfactory aesthetic and clinical outcomes.The simple osteophyte resection method is characterized by a short procedure time and a high level of postoperative satisfaction,but it requires training in microsurgery.Local flap coverage is simple and suitable for lower level hospitals where staff surgeons may lack microsurgical skills,but it may result in certain minor injuries.

Progress in regulatory mechanism for inducing β-lactamase in Gram-negative bacteria / 生物工程学报

Beta-lactams are the most widely used antibiotics. One of the principle mechanisms for Gram-negative bacteria to resist β-lactams is by producing β-lactamases that degrade β-lactams. This review highlights two regulatory mechanisms for inducing β-lactamase in Gram-negative bacteria. In the ampR-ampC paradigm, the induction of β-lactamase is intimately linked to peptidoglycan recycling. AmpR, a LysR-type transcriptional regulator, plays a central role in regulating expression of β-lactamase. Recent studies found that two-component signal transduction pathway is activated by β-lactams, which in turn induces the expression of β-lactamase. Finally, we discussed the future research directions in β-lactam resistance in Gram-negative bacteria.

Transplantation of flow-through anterolateral thigh flap combined with fibular flap for reconstruction of composite tissue defects at leg / 中华整形外科杂志

Methods@#To explore the transplantation of flow-through anterolateral thigh flap combined with fibular flap for reconstruction of composite tissue defect at leg.@*Method@#12 cases with leg composite tissue defects were reconstructed by flow-through anterolateral thigh flaps combined with fibular flaps. The skin defects ranged from 6 cm×12 cm to 12 cm×20 cm. The bone defects were 4-10 cm in length.The size of flow-through anterolateral thigh flaps was 14 cm×8 cm to 23 cm×13 cm and the fibular osteocutaneous flaps were 6 cm×4 cm to 12 cm×6 cm. The fibular bone was harvested as 7 cm to 13 cm in length.@*Results@#All the flaps survived in 12 cases. Bony reunion was achieved in all the cases. Vascular crisis happened in 2 cases 1 day after operation. Margin necrosis occurred in distal end of one flap, which healed after dressing. All the flaps had soft texture with satisfactory cosmetic and functional result . There was no complication in donor sites.@*Conclusions@#Flow-through anterolateral thigh flap combined with fibular flap can reconstruct soft tissue defect and bone defect simultaneously. It is the ideal method for leg composite tissue defects.

Reconstruction of bone defects of forearm using free vascularized fibular grafts / 中华整形外科杂志

Objective@#To investigate the clinical effect of reconstruction of bone defects of forearm using free vascularized fibular grafts(VFG).@*Methods@#22 patients with bone defects of forearm were treated with free VFG. 6 cases with upper limb bone and soft tissue defects were repaired with free vascularized osteoseptocutaneous fibula as a composite flap. The length of ulna defect ranged from 4 cm to 12 cm and radius defect from 5 cm to 14 cm. The length of harvested fibula ranged from 13 cm to 24 cm. The area of the skin flaps ranged from 12 cm×6 cm to 20 cm×11 cm.@*Results@#All graft bone achieved bone union, with the healing time from 3 to 6 months (mean, 4.5 months). The operation incision healed primarily and all flaps survived with soft texture. All patients were followed up for 12-26 months (mean, 20.5 months). The function of forearm was recovered without refracture. The movement of ankle and the sensation in the leg were normal. According to the Anderson standard at last follow-up visit, the results were excellent in 9 cases, good in 11 cases and fair in 2 cases, with an excellent and good rate of 90.9%.@*Conclusions@#Vascularized fibular grafts VFG is an effective method to repair bone defects of forearm.

The applied anatomy and design of the first metacarpal dorsal artery skin flap / 中华显微外科杂志

Objective To study the first metacarpal dorsal artery anatomy,and explore the flap based on the branch chain of the first metacarpal dorsal artery.To provide anatomical basis for clinical application of the flap.Methods The origin,courses and distribution of the branch chain of the first metacarpal dorsal artery from 8 fresh hand specimens perfused by red latex were explored from January,2015 to December,2016.Results There was a dorsal artery network in the dorsal side of the first metacarpal.The radial and ulnar dorsal artery of the first metacarpal originated from the radial artery and along the first metacarpal lateral margin to go down.The initial diameter of the radial dorsal artery was (0.82±0.06)mm.The initial diameter of the ulnar dorsal artery was (0.74±0.05) mm.And anastomosed with the dorsal branches of the thumb inherent arteries.The both inherent arteries of thumb give off dorsal branches count (2.62±0.34).The initial diameter of proximal dorsal branch was (0.32±0.03) mm.The initial diameter of distal dorsal branch was (0.24±0.08) mm.Conclusion The radial and ulnar dorsal vascular chain of the first metacarpal were constant.The anastomosed branches with the dorsal branches of the thumb inherent arteries were abundant.The free flap or retrograde flap based on the vsscular chain has reliable blood supply.And without destroyed the main artery of thumb.

Analysis of clinical treatment of 233 obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome patients complicated with hypertension / 中国基层医药

Objective To analyze the anti hypertensive drugs use of clinical characteristics of obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome(OSAHS) patients complicated with hypertension.Methods 233 obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome patients complicated with hypertension were enrolled,and they were theated with three different therapy methods.After the treatment,the situations of kind,effect and combined use of oral antihypertensive drugs were statistically analyzed.Results The most frequently used drugs were calcium channel blocker (CCB),especially nifedipine sustained-release tablets [75.5％ (176/233)];the combined prescription was 63.9％ (149/233) of all prescriptions,but the data reduced to 57.1％ (133/233) after OSAHS therapy.Conclusion There is a good condition regarding using oral antihypertensive drugs in Weihai.However,some antihypertensive drugs are used irrationally.

The application of pedicled anterolateral thigh propeller flaps in reconstruction of inguinal skin and soft tissue defects / 中华显微外科杂志

Objective To discuss the effectiveness of anterolateral thigh propeller flaps for treatment of inguinal skin and soft tissue defects.Methods From June,2009 to October,2014,12 patients with inguinal skin and soft tissue defects were treated with anterolateral thigh propeller flaps pedicled with perforator of descending branch of lateral circumflex femoral artery.Of them there were 8 males and 4 females,aged from 22 to 51 years.The left side was involved in 3 cases and right side 9 cases.Defects were caused by traffic accident injury in 5 cases,crash injury of heavy object in 7 cases.There were mere skin and soft tissue in 2 cases,combined with bone fractures,nerves,vessels and muscles injury in 10 cases.The area of defects ranged from 9.0 cm×5.0 cm to 22.0 cm×9.0 cm.During operation,anterolateral thigh propeller flaps ranging from 11.0 cm×7.0 cm to 24.0 cm×1 1.0 cm were used to repair the wounds.Results All flaps and skingrafts survived after operation and the wounds obtained primary healing.After 8-24 months follow-up,all flaps were characterized by soft texture,good color,and satisfactory appearance.According to the Britain's Medical Research Council at 8 months after operation,the sensation of the flaps were recovered to S2 ～ S3+,No obvious scar contracture and chromatosis were observed at donor site.Conclusion Anterolateral thigh propeller flaps pedicled with artery descending branch of lateral circumflex femoral perforator is an ideal choice for the reconstruction for inguinal skin and soft tissue defects.

The hemodynamics study and application of the reversed descending branch of lateral circumflex femoral artery / 中华整形外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the hemodynamics evidence of the descending branch of lateral circumflex femoral artery in a reversed way. To explore the clinical result of using the reversed descending branch of the lateral circumflex femoral artery as the receipt artery for free flaps for reconstruction of the leg soft-tissue defect.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>From October 2005 to February 2012, 38 patients with severe leg soft-tissue defects were treated. The proximal antegrade and retrograde mean artery pressure of the descending branch of the lateral circumflex femoral artery in 16 of 38 patients were recorded during operation. All wounds had osteomyelitis, bone and tendon exposure requiring coverage reconstruction. And there was no recipient artery in the injured lower leg for free flaps in all 38 patients. Reversed descending branches of lateral femoral circumflex arteries were used as recipient arteries for free flaps (free latissimus dorsi flap, free thoracoumbilical flap, and free anterolateral thigh flap) in all patients. The flap donor site was closed directly or with the skin graft.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The proximal antegrade mean artery pressure of the descending branch of lateral circumflex femoral artery was(81.6 +/- 12.4) mmHg. The proximal retrograde pressure was(48.2 +/- 10.7) mmHg. The proximal retrograde mean artery pressure was 59.07 percent of the proximal antegrade pressure. The donor skin graft survived and wound healed primarily. After operation, 2 flaps had distal partial necrosis and healing was achieved after dressing change. All the other flaps survived completely without vascular problems. All the patients were followed up for 11 months to 2.5 years (mean, 1.6 years). The flap appearance was satisfactory. The texture and color of flaps in all cases were good.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The reverse descending branch of lateral circumflex femoral artery is a reliable recipient artery for the free flaps. It is an easy and simple technique that can be used for reconstruction of the defects in the lower leg, with the reversed descending branch of lateral circumflex femoral artery as recipient artery.</p>

The relationships study between traditional Chinese medicine syndrome types and aspirin resistance of patients with acute cerebral infarction / 中国中西医结合急救杂志

Objective To investigate the relationships between aspirin resistance (AR) and laboratory indexes and different types of traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM)syndrome in patients with acute cerebral infarction. Methods Two hundred and eight different types of TCM syndromes of patients with acute cerebral infarction admitted from January 2012 to November 2013 in the Neurology Department of Shanghai Seventh People's Hospital were divided into AR group and aspirin sensitive(AS)group according to the rate of AR. Simultaneously,28 healthy volunteers in the same period were assigned in a healthy control group. The changes of red blood cell volume distribution width coefficient of variation(RDW-CV),platelet count(PLT)and homocysteine(Hcy)levels were observed in the three groups. The correlation between different types of TCM syndromes and AR,PLT,RDW-CV,and Hcy was analyzed by non-conditional logistic regression. Results The total incidence of AR was 29.32%(61/208)in 208 patients with acute cerebral infarction. There were 165 cases with Qi deficiency and blood stasis syndrome,the incidence of AR being 26.06%(43/165);32 cases with wind phlegm obstructing channel syndrome,the incidence of AR, 43.75%(14/32);11 cases with liver yang hyperactivity syndrome,the incidence of AR,36.36%(4/11);in the comparisons,the incidence rates of AR among the above types of syndromes had no statistical significant differences (P>0.05). Compared with the healthy control group,the levels of PLT,RDW-CV,Hcy in AR group and AS group of various types of TCM syndrome were increased,the PLT and RDW-CV levels in patients with Qi deficiency and blood stasis syndrome in AR group were more significantly elevated in the comparisons between AR and AS groups, there were statistical significant differences〔PLT (×109/L):212.16±66.48 vs. 187.54±56.85, RDW-CV:(14.34±3.16)% vs.(13.20±2.16)%,both P<0.05〕;the level of Hcy in patients with wind phlegm obstructing channel syndrome in AR group was increased more significantly than that in AS group,the difference between the two groups being statistically significant(μmol/L:27.29±18.64 vs. 21.36±14.61,P<0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed,increased PLT〔odds ratio(OR)=1.007 2,95%confidence interval(CI):1.001 2-1.013 2,P=0.018 5〕and RDW-CV〔OR=1.165 4,95%CI:1.007 9-1.347 4,P=0.038 8)was independence risk factor of AS development. Conclusion The elevation of RDW-CV,PLT,Hcy in level reflects the index of AR production, especially in patients with acute cerebral infarction accompanied by Qi deficiency and blood stasis syndrome and wind phlegm obstructing channel syndrome.

One stage repair of soft tissue and nerve defect of thumb with island flap of first dorsal metacarpal artery / 中华创伤杂志

Objective To discuss the treatment and clinical efficacy of repair of soft tissue and nerve defect of thumb with island flap of first dorsal metacarpal artery based on the first dorsal metacarpal artery carrying dorsal branch graft of digital proper nerve.Methods The skin and nerve defect in 14 thumbs were repaired by dorsal island flap of index fingers based on the first dorsal metacarpal artery carrying dorsal branch graft of digital proper nerve.The size of skin defect ranged from 52 mm × 32 mm to 10 mm × 8 mm.The length of the nerve defect ranged from 9 mm to 22 mm.Results The average followup was 6-35 months.All 14 flaps survived with satisfactory appearance and function.The injured side of thumb pulp sensation recovered S3 + and the injured two-point discrimination ranged from 4 mm to 7 mm.No scar contracture or sensory dysfunction complication were observed in the donor sites.Conclusions The repair of soft tissue and nerve defect of thumb with dorsal island flap of index finger based on the first dorsal metacarpal artery carrying dorsal branch graft of digital proper nerve is recommendable,since it can obtain satisfactory clinical efficacy and be easily and conveniently oerformed.

Effect of Psychology Intervention and Family Rehabilitation Guides on Patients with Spinal Cord Injury / 中国康复理论与实践

@#Objective To observe the influence of psychology intervention and family rehabilitation guides on psychological status and quality of life of patients with spinal cord injury(SCI). Methods 24 SCI patients were divided randomly into treatment(n=12) and control(n=12) groups. The treatment group was given to psychology intervention and family rehabilitation, the psychological status and ADL were evaluated individually by SCL-90 and Barthel index on pre-guide and post-guide of six months.Results The discrepancy got statistic meaning on degree of SCL-90 and Barthel index on pre-guide and post-guide（P<0.05）. Conclusion Effective psychology intervention and family rehabilitation guides could impove psychological status and enhance quality of life of patients.

Expression and relationship of basic fibroblast growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor in femoral neck fracture / 中国综合临床

Objective To investigate the expression and distribution of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)in the different phases of femoral neck fracture.Methods Immunohistochemical assays were used to determine the expression and distribution of bFGF and PDGF protein in 36 human specimen of femoral neck fracture.A was measured and analyzed by CMIAS color imaging analysis system for signals of bFGF protein were found high in the mesenchymal cells,monocyte and vascular endothelial cells at 1st week after fracture in 9 subjects,with A of (0.4076 ±0.0902).The weakly positive signals of PDGF protein were found in the mesenchymal cells,while strongly positive in the vascular endothelial cells with A of (0.2261 ±0.0636).At 2rd week,in 9 cases the expression of bFGF and PDGF was strongly expressed in fibroblasts,endothelial cells,cartilage cell and cartilage matrix,osteoblast,with A of[(0.6404±0.0920)and (0.7457±0.0756)]and significandy higher than that at 1st week (P＜0.05,P＜0.01).There was no significant difference between the 3rd and 3nd week with A of[(0.7168±0.1346)and (0.8033±0.0491),P＞0.05 ].The expression of bFGF and PDGF protein was reduced obviously at 4th week but was positive in young and cartilage tissue,with A of [(0.5374correlation between bFGF and PDGF protein in different phases (r1week=0.792,r2week=0.834,r3week=0.880,entiation of cartilage cell and osteoblast,and induce proliferation of vascular endothelial cells and new blood vessel.③ Both bFGF and PDGF are bone growth factors, cooperating in regulating proliferation and differentiation of cartilage cell and osteoblast for fracture healing.

Effect of Occupational Therapy on Motor Function of Upper Limbs and Activities of Daily Living of Patients with Hemiplegia / 中国康复理论与实践

@#Objective To investigate the effect of occupational therapy on motor function of upper limbs and activities of daily living(ADL)of patients with hemiplegia.Methods 51 patients with hemiplegia were randomly divided into the treatment group(n=26)and control group(n=25).Both two groups were received routine training,and besides,patients in the treatment group were added with occupational therapy.The motor function of upper limbs was evaluated by Fugl-Meyer scale before and after treatment,and ADL and hand function were also evaluated at same time.Results After treatment,the scores of Fugl-Meyer scale,ADL and hand function of all patients in two groups improved(P<0.05),but the therapeutic effect of the treatment group was superior to the control group(P<0.05).Conclusion The occupational therapy can strengthen the upper limbs and hands function,and effectively improve fine motors.

Effect of VitalStim Electrical Stimulation on Disorder of Swallowing Function Induced by Stroke / 中国康复理论与实践

@#ObjectiveTo observe the effect of VitalStim electrical stimulation on disorder of swallowing function induced by stroke.Methods60 patients with disorder of swallowing function after stroke were randomly divided into the treatment group and control group with 30 cases in each group. The patients in the treatment group were treated by VitalStim electrical stimulation and swallowing exercise and the cases of the control group were treated by swallowing exercise only. All patients were evaluated with the standard of swallowing exercise effect reported by Tengdao-Lang (Japan) before and after treatment.ResultsAfter treatment, the total recovery rate of the treatment group was 93.3%, that of the control group was 66.7%, there was a significant difference between two groups ( P<0.05).ConclusionThe effect of VitalStim electrical stimulation combined with swallowing exercise on disorder of swallowing function induced by stroke is better than swallowing exercise only.

Effect of Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation and Physical Therapy on Shoulder Pain after Stroke / 中国康复理论与实践

@#ObjectiveTo observe the effect of transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation (TENS) and physical therapy on shoulder pain after stroke. Methods60 patients of shoulder pain after stroke were randomly divided into treatment group (30 cases) and control group(30 cases). The patients in the treatment group were treated with TENS and physical therapy. The cases in the control group were treated with TENS only. All patients were evaluated with visual analogous score of pain (VAS) and Fugl-Meyer measure (FM) before and after treatment. ResultsThe scores of VAS and FM improved more significantly in treatment group than in control group(P<0.01).ConclusionTranscutaneous electric nerve stimulation combined with physical therapy showed more effective on shoulder pain after stroke.

Effects of intermittent catheterization methods on the urinary tract infection in patients with spinal cord injury / 中华物理医学与康复杂志

Objective To investigate the influence of intermittent catheterization methods on the urinarytract infection in patients with spinal cord injury. Methods Thirty-one cases of spinal cord injury and urinarytract infection were recruited. By use of intermittent catheterization, the bladder function was trained. Bacteria cul-ture and identification of in urine from the patients were conducted before the training (indwelling catheterization)and after 15 or 30 days of intermittent catheterization. Results The rates of urinary tract infection (colony count≥1?10~5cfu/ml) after 15 or 30 days of intermittent catheterization were 38. 7% and 35. 5%, respectively, whichwere significantly lower than those of indwelling catheterization (100%), P