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The new research of intrauterine transmission of HBV includes intrauterine dominant infection and occult infection. Intrauterine dominant infection of HBV is the traditional intrauterine infection. Although intrauterine infection of HBV has been studied for decades, the intervention effects on HBV infection are very limited. As a result, mother to child transmission has become the main route of the transmission of HBV. With the development of science and technology, people’s understand of intrauterine occult infection of HBV has been deepened, and the definition of intrauterine transmission of HBV has been further completed and expanded. The study of intrauterine occult infection of HBV will play an important role in prevention and control of hepatitis B in China through filling in a gap in the field of prevention and control of vertical transmission of HBV, exploring new research perspective and providing guideline for related decision-making.
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Objective To explore the spatio-temporal epidemic trends and related driving effects of meteorological factors on brucellosis in Datong city,Shanxi province,from 2005 to 2015.Methods We collected the surveillance data on brucellosis and related meteorological data in Datong city from 2005 to 2015,to describe the epidemic characteristics of the disease.Quasi-Poisson distribution lag non-liner model (DLNM) was built to explore the driving effect of monthly meteorological data on the disease.Results From 2005 to 2015,Datong city reported a total of 17 311 cases of brucellosis including one death,with the annual average incidence as 47.43 per 100 000 persons.A rising trend was seen during the study period.The monthly incidence of Brucellosis presented an obvious curve with a major peak from March to June,accounted for 48.40％ of the total cases.The high incidence areas in the city gradually expanded from the northeast and southeast to the western areas.Results fiom the DLNM studies suggested that seasonality of brucellosis in Datong was significantly affected by metrological factors such as evaporation,rainfall and temperature.The peak of delayed effect appeared the highest when the monthly cumulative evaporation capacity was 140-260 mm and the monthly cumulative rainfall was 20-60 mm with lag less than 1 month or the monthly temperature was-13 ℃ with lag of 4-5 months.Conclusions The incidence of human brucellosis in Datong city increased significantly from 2005 to 2015.Meteorological factors such as evaporation,rainfall,temperature all showed significant driving effects on the disease.
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Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in Wei River Basin from 2005 to 2015,and analyze the environmental factors that cause the differences of spatial distribution.Methods HFRS reported cases in Wei River Basin from 2005 to 2015 were collected form "National Disease Reporting Information System",and the epidemiological features of HFRS were analyzed.Boosted regression trees (BRT) model was applied to evaluate the environment factors on the geographical distribution of HFRS in Wei River basin at 5 km × 5 krn gird scale.Results The number of HFRS cases was 18 629,and the average annual incidence from 2005-2015 in Wei River basin was 7.24/100 000.The highest morbidity was 15.18/100 000 in 2012.The middle and lower reaches of Wei River basin had high incidence of HFRS,such as Xi'an,Weinan city.Patients' age was mainly between 16 to 60,and the largest morbidity occured in people over 60 years old.Boosted regression trees modle identified building land,farmland coverage percentage and altitude had higher contribution to the distribution of HFRS.Conclusions The epidemiological characteristics of HFRS changed significantly.Patients older than 60 years old were having the highest incidence rates.Environmental factors such as buildup land,farmland and altitude played important roles in the geographical distribution of HFRS in the Wei River basin.
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Objective To study the spatial-temporal dynamical features of hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD) in Shaanxi Province,so as to provide evidence for the development of relative prevention and control programs on HFMD.Methods Surveillance data of HFMD was collected from the China Information System for Diseases Control and Prevention from 2009 to 2013.Related data on population and gross domestic product (GDP) was obtained from Shaanxi Statistical Yearbook.Statistical tools as R3.4.1,ArcGIS 10.2 and SaTScan 9.2 software were used to describe the spatialtemporal distribution of the disease.Power-law method on spatial-temporal-multicomponent model was used to analyze the spatial-temporal evolution of the HFMD epidemics in Shaanxi Province.Results A total of 229 904 cases of HFMD were reported in Shaanxi Province from 2009 to 2013,with an average annual incidence as 122.50 per 100 000.Obvious seasonal characteristics were noticed,with 71.71％ of the total cases identified between April and July.Counties with high incidence were mainly distributed in the mid-and east parts of Guanzhong area.Through temporal and spatial scan statistics,we identified that Class Ⅰ clustering area was fixed to the central and southeast regions of Shaanxi province which were around Xi'an City between 2009 and 2013,with the relative risk (RR)as 2.24,ranging from 2.18 to 3.08.Results from Power-law analysis showed that the continuous follow-up impact from the previous HFMD epidemics appeared strong in Tongguan,Pucheng districts of Weinan City and Weiyang district of Xi'an,with autoregressive components as 1.14,0.97 and 0.89,respectively.The risk of HFMD seemed high in Huayin city,Changan and Yanta districts and with the endemic components as 5.08,4.12 and 4.08,respectively.Impact of the epidemics on nearby districts was largely seen in Lianhu district of Xi'an,Wugong district of Xianyang and Gaoling district of Xi'an with epidemic components as 2.12,2.08 and 1.77,respectively.The etiological constituents of HFMD were mainly Enterovirus 71 between 2009 and 2012,while HFMD was mainly caused by other entero-viruses,in 2013.Conclusion Significant spatial-temporal heterogeneity of HFMD was seen in Shaanxi province,which called for specific strategies to be developed in the highly endemic areas.
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Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics,dynamic trend of development and related influencing factors of hepatitis C in Shandong,China,2007-2016,also to provide epidemiological evidence for prevention and control of HCV.Methods National surveillance data of hepatitis C from 2007 to 2016 in Shandong was used,with distribution and clustering map of hepatitis C drawn at the county level.Panel Poisson regression was used to explore the influencing factors of hepatitis C at the city level.Results The incidence of hepatitis C in Shandong increased from 1.49/100 000 in 2007 to 4.72/100 000 in 2016,with the high incidence mainly clustered in the urban regions in Jinan,Zibo,Weihai et al.and surrounding vicinities.Majority of the cases were young adults,with 53.16％ (14 711/27 671) of them being farmers.Results from the Multiple panel Poisson regression analysis indicated that factors as:population density (aIRR=1.07,95％ CI:1.05-1.10),number of hospital per hundred thousand people shared (aIRR=1.16,95％CI:1.08-1.24),expenditure of medical fee in rural (aIRR=1.21,95％CI:1.08-1.37) and the proportion of the tertiary industry (aIRR=1.08,95％ CI:1.07-1.09) were all correlated to the incidence of hepatitis C.Conclusions The incidence of hepatitis C had been increasing rapidly in recent years,in Shandong.Prevention and control of HCV should focus on high risk population.In addition,rural,especially in areas with lower economics provision should be under more attentions,so as to find more concealed cases for early treatment.
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Spatial epidemiology is a new branch of epidemiology that aims to map the spatial distribution and characteristics as well as to explore the associated influencing factors of diseases by using the geographic information system and other spatial technologies.In recent years,with the rapid development of information-related modern technology,improvement of accessibility on healthrelated services,natural environment,social and economic big data etc.,spatial epidemiology has made considerable progress in both theory and practice and played more important roles in the public health area of China.
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Objective To explore the spatio-temporal epidemic trends and related driving effects of meteorological factors on brucellosis in Datong city,Shanxi province,from 2005 to 2015.Methods We collected the surveillance data on brucellosis and related meteorological data in Datong city from 2005 to 2015,to describe the epidemic characteristics of the disease.Quasi-Poisson distribution lag non-liner model (DLNM) was built to explore the driving effect of monthly meteorological data on the disease.Results From 2005 to 2015,Datong city reported a total of 17 311 cases of brucellosis including one death,with the annual average incidence as 47.43 per 100 000 persons.A rising trend was seen during the study period.The monthly incidence of Brucellosis presented an obvious curve with a major peak from March to June,accounted for 48.40％ of the total cases.The high incidence areas in the city gradually expanded from the northeast and southeast to the western areas.Results fiom the DLNM studies suggested that seasonality of brucellosis in Datong was significantly affected by metrological factors such as evaporation,rainfall and temperature.The peak of delayed effect appeared the highest when the monthly cumulative evaporation capacity was 140-260 mm and the monthly cumulative rainfall was 20-60 mm with lag less than 1 month or the monthly temperature was-13 ℃ with lag of 4-5 months.Conclusions The incidence of human brucellosis in Datong city increased significantly from 2005 to 2015.Meteorological factors such as evaporation,rainfall,temperature all showed significant driving effects on the disease.
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Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in Wei River Basin from 2005 to 2015,and analyze the environmental factors that cause the differences of spatial distribution.Methods HFRS reported cases in Wei River Basin from 2005 to 2015 were collected form "National Disease Reporting Information System",and the epidemiological features of HFRS were analyzed.Boosted regression trees (BRT) model was applied to evaluate the environment factors on the geographical distribution of HFRS in Wei River basin at 5 km × 5 krn gird scale.Results The number of HFRS cases was 18 629,and the average annual incidence from 2005-2015 in Wei River basin was 7.24/100 000.The highest morbidity was 15.18/100 000 in 2012.The middle and lower reaches of Wei River basin had high incidence of HFRS,such as Xi'an,Weinan city.Patients' age was mainly between 16 to 60,and the largest morbidity occured in people over 60 years old.Boosted regression trees modle identified building land,farmland coverage percentage and altitude had higher contribution to the distribution of HFRS.Conclusions The epidemiological characteristics of HFRS changed significantly.Patients older than 60 years old were having the highest incidence rates.Environmental factors such as buildup land,farmland and altitude played important roles in the geographical distribution of HFRS in the Wei River basin.
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Objective To study the spatial-temporal dynamical features of hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD) in Shaanxi Province,so as to provide evidence for the development of relative prevention and control programs on HFMD.Methods Surveillance data of HFMD was collected from the China Information System for Diseases Control and Prevention from 2009 to 2013.Related data on population and gross domestic product (GDP) was obtained from Shaanxi Statistical Yearbook.Statistical tools as R3.4.1,ArcGIS 10.2 and SaTScan 9.2 software were used to describe the spatialtemporal distribution of the disease.Power-law method on spatial-temporal-multicomponent model was used to analyze the spatial-temporal evolution of the HFMD epidemics in Shaanxi Province.Results A total of 229 904 cases of HFMD were reported in Shaanxi Province from 2009 to 2013,with an average annual incidence as 122.50 per 100 000.Obvious seasonal characteristics were noticed,with 71.71％ of the total cases identified between April and July.Counties with high incidence were mainly distributed in the mid-and east parts of Guanzhong area.Through temporal and spatial scan statistics,we identified that Class Ⅰ clustering area was fixed to the central and southeast regions of Shaanxi province which were around Xi'an City between 2009 and 2013,with the relative risk (RR)as 2.24,ranging from 2.18 to 3.08.Results from Power-law analysis showed that the continuous follow-up impact from the previous HFMD epidemics appeared strong in Tongguan,Pucheng districts of Weinan City and Weiyang district of Xi'an,with autoregressive components as 1.14,0.97 and 0.89,respectively.The risk of HFMD seemed high in Huayin city,Changan and Yanta districts and with the endemic components as 5.08,4.12 and 4.08,respectively.Impact of the epidemics on nearby districts was largely seen in Lianhu district of Xi'an,Wugong district of Xianyang and Gaoling district of Xi'an with epidemic components as 2.12,2.08 and 1.77,respectively.The etiological constituents of HFMD were mainly Enterovirus 71 between 2009 and 2012,while HFMD was mainly caused by other entero-viruses,in 2013.Conclusion Significant spatial-temporal heterogeneity of HFMD was seen in Shaanxi province,which called for specific strategies to be developed in the highly endemic areas.
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Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics,dynamic trend of development and related influencing factors of hepatitis C in Shandong,China,2007-2016,also to provide epidemiological evidence for prevention and control of HCV.Methods National surveillance data of hepatitis C from 2007 to 2016 in Shandong was used,with distribution and clustering map of hepatitis C drawn at the county level.Panel Poisson regression was used to explore the influencing factors of hepatitis C at the city level.Results The incidence of hepatitis C in Shandong increased from 1.49/100 000 in 2007 to 4.72/100 000 in 2016,with the high incidence mainly clustered in the urban regions in Jinan,Zibo,Weihai et al.and surrounding vicinities.Majority of the cases were young adults,with 53.16％ (14 711/27 671) of them being farmers.Results from the Multiple panel Poisson regression analysis indicated that factors as:population density (aIRR=1.07,95％ CI:1.05-1.10),number of hospital per hundred thousand people shared (aIRR=1.16,95％CI:1.08-1.24),expenditure of medical fee in rural (aIRR=1.21,95％CI:1.08-1.37) and the proportion of the tertiary industry (aIRR=1.08,95％ CI:1.07-1.09) were all correlated to the incidence of hepatitis C.Conclusions The incidence of hepatitis C had been increasing rapidly in recent years,in Shandong.Prevention and control of HCV should focus on high risk population.In addition,rural,especially in areas with lower economics provision should be under more attentions,so as to find more concealed cases for early treatment.
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Spatial epidemiology is a new branch of epidemiology that aims to map the spatial distribution and characteristics as well as to explore the associated influencing factors of diseases by using the geographic information system and other spatial technologies.In recent years,with the rapid development of information-related modern technology,improvement of accessibility on healthrelated services,natural environment,social and economic big data etc.,spatial epidemiology has made considerable progress in both theory and practice and played more important roles in the public health area of China.
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Objective To grope for an ideal immune strategy in grown-ups via comparison of immunological effects under 4 different vaccination schemes.Methods Study population was selected by stratified random cluster sampling.A total of 4 different vaccination proposals,including Strategy A (3 doses,10 μg,administrated repeatedly into the unilateral deltoid muscle at 0-1-6 months),Strategy B (2 doses,20 μg,administrated into the bilateral deltoid muscles simultaneously),Strategy C (3 doses,10 μ g,administrated repeatedly into the unilateral deltoid muscle at 0-1-2 months) and Strategy D (2 doses,10 μg,administrated to the bilateral deltoid muscles at the same time),were conducted in Liangzhou,Minqin Gulang,and the Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomic county respectively,in Wuwei city,Gansu province.Under 4 different strategies,post-vaccination immunological effectiveness was evaluated when blood samples of participants collected in the eighth months,post-first injection and in the third year,and tested by enzyme-linked immunoassays and electro-chemiluminescence immunoassay.Chi-squared test and Fisher exact test were used to evaluate the immumological differences between the 4 strategies.Wilcoxon's signed rank test and Kruskal-Waillis H test were conducted to compare the differences of the geometric mean titers (GMTs) of antibody against HBV surface antigen (anti-HBs) titers.Results A total of 1 621 eligible participants aged 16 to 60 years old,were recruited for the study.Numbers of administration and gender were testified as the presuming factors for influencing immune effectiveness.The vaccination completion rates were 53.97％ and 79.82％ in Strategy A and C,respectively,and the difference statistically significant (P＜0.05).In the first year,the protective antibody sero-conversion rates (standardization rate) were 89.21％,54.88％,92.11％,and 41.63％,in Strategy A,B,C and D,respectively,and the significant statistically differences emerged (P＜0.05) if Strategy B,C and D were compared with Strategy A (as the gold standard).Over a 3-year follow-up period,the levels of GMTs on protective antibody declined from 179.2 IU/L,51.6 IU/L,277.1 IU/L and 10.1 IU/L to 61.3 IU/L,21.2 IU/L,31.8 IU/L and 6.0 IU/L in Strategy A,B,C and D,respectively,and the differences of declination on GMTs showed statistically significant differences (P＜0.05) when compared within or between the 4 strategies.Conclusion The 0-1-2 months' prophylactic schedules (Strategy C) seemed superior to the others,in terms of effectively inducing the protective antibody,with shorter duration of vaccination,persisting longer immunity and having higher rate of completive vaccination,so is worth to be recommended as a feasible immune programme for adults,especially for migrants from the rural regions.
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Objective To grope for an ideal immune strategy in grown-ups via comparison of immunological effects under 4 different vaccination schemes.Methods Study population was selected by stratified random cluster sampling.A total of 4 different vaccination proposals,including Strategy A (3 doses,10 μg,administrated repeatedly into the unilateral deltoid muscle at 0-1-6 months),Strategy B (2 doses,20 μg,administrated into the bilateral deltoid muscles simultaneously),Strategy C (3 doses,10 μ g,administrated repeatedly into the unilateral deltoid muscle at 0-1-2 months) and Strategy D (2 doses,10 μg,administrated to the bilateral deltoid muscles at the same time),were conducted in Liangzhou,Minqin Gulang,and the Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomic county respectively,in Wuwei city,Gansu province.Under 4 different strategies,post-vaccination immunological effectiveness was evaluated when blood samples of participants collected in the eighth months,post-first injection and in the third year,and tested by enzyme-linked immunoassays and electro-chemiluminescence immunoassay.Chi-squared test and Fisher exact test were used to evaluate the immumological differences between the 4 strategies.Wilcoxon's signed rank test and Kruskal-Waillis H test were conducted to compare the differences of the geometric mean titers (GMTs) of antibody against HBV surface antigen (anti-HBs) titers.Results A total of 1 621 eligible participants aged 16 to 60 years old,were recruited for the study.Numbers of administration and gender were testified as the presuming factors for influencing immune effectiveness.The vaccination completion rates were 53.97％ and 79.82％ in Strategy A and C,respectively,and the difference statistically significant (P＜0.05).In the first year,the protective antibody sero-conversion rates (standardization rate) were 89.21％,54.88％,92.11％,and 41.63％,in Strategy A,B,C and D,respectively,and the significant statistically differences emerged (P＜0.05) if Strategy B,C and D were compared with Strategy A (as the gold standard).Over a 3-year follow-up period,the levels of GMTs on protective antibody declined from 179.2 IU/L,51.6 IU/L,277.1 IU/L and 10.1 IU/L to 61.3 IU/L,21.2 IU/L,31.8 IU/L and 6.0 IU/L in Strategy A,B,C and D,respectively,and the differences of declination on GMTs showed statistically significant differences (P＜0.05) when compared within or between the 4 strategies.Conclusion The 0-1-2 months' prophylactic schedules (Strategy C) seemed superior to the others,in terms of effectively inducing the protective antibody,with shorter duration of vaccination,persisting longer immunity and having higher rate of completive vaccination,so is worth to be recommended as a feasible immune programme for adults,especially for migrants from the rural regions.
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Objective To understand the nucleotide and amino acid differences of glycoprotein gene (G gene) between isolated rabies viruses in Henan Province and rabies vaccine strains used for human and animals. Methods G gene sequences of nine rabies viruses isolated from dogs in Xinyang city of Henan Province in December 2006 were amplified by reverse transcriptase (RT)-heminestedpolymerase chain reaction (PCR), and then were cloned and sequenced. The phylogenetic trees were constructed for analyzing the genetic characteristics of these rabies viruses. Results The homology of G gene among the nine isolates from Henan Province was 97.6% - 98.9% at nucleotide level and 99.2%-99.8% at amino acid level. The similarities between these isolates and CTN vaccine strain were 85.6%-93.0% and 91.9%-92.9% at nucleotide and amino acid level, respectively, which were higher than those between these isolates and other vaccine strains (80.4% - 83.3% and 87.7% - 92.5% at nucleotide and amino acid level, respectively). The nine isolates had several amino acid substitutions when compared to other genotype 1 rabies virus strains. Conclusions The nine rabies viruses strains isolated from Henan Province all belong to genotype 1. CTN may be an effective vaccine for preventing rabies in Henan Province.
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[Aim] To gain the fusion protein purified GST-AEP.[Methods] The protein GST-AEP was expressed in E.Coli-DH5? as a fusion protein induced by IPTG.The protein was a kind of inclusion body.The purifying and refolding to inclusion body were optimized.The purity of GST-AEP was identified by 12% SDS-PAGE and thin-layer scanning analysis.The quantitation of the fusion protein GST-AEP was done with BCA Protein Assay.[Results] Purity of GST-AEP was higher than 90% and concentration was about 0.163?g/?l.[Conclusion] The fusion protein was highly purified and the method of fusion protein purification from the inclusion body was developed,which was the basis for further study on AEP.