Activation of renal outer medullary potassium channel in the renal distal convoluted tubule by high potassium diet / 生理学报

Renal outer medullary potassium (ROMK) channel is an important K+ excretion channel in the body, and K+ secreted by the ROMK channels is most or all source of urinary potassium. Previous studies focused on the ROMK channels of thick ascending limb (TAL) and collecting duct (CD), while there were few studies on the involvement of ROMK channels of the late distal convoluted tubule (DCT2) in K+ excretion. The purpose of the present study was mainly to record the ROMK channels current in renal DCT2 and observe the effect of high potassium diet on the ROMK channels by using single channel and whole-cell patch-clamp techniques. The results showed that a small conductance channel current with a conductance of 39 pS could be recorded in the apical membrane of renal DCT2, and it could be blocked by Tertiapin-Q (TPNQ), a ROMK channel inhibitor. The high potassium diet significantly increased the probability of ROMK channel current occurrence in the apical membrane of renal DCT2, and enhanced the activity of ROMK channel, compared to normal potassium diet (P < 0.01). Western blot results also demonstrated that the high potassium diet significantly up-regulated the protein expression levels of ROMK channels and epithelial sodium channel (ENaC), and down-regulated the protein expression level of Na+-Cl- cotransporter (NCC). Moreover, the high potassium diet significantly increased urinary potassium excretion. These results suggest that the high potassium diet may activate the ROMK channels in the apical membrane of renal DCT2 and increase the urinary potassium excretion by up-regulating the expression of renal ROMK channels.

Establishment of an in vitro fluorescence spectrophotometry based on end-product malondialdehyde for evaluating scavenging ability on hydroxyl radicals / 中国药理学通报

Aim To establish an in vitro fluorescence spectrophotometry based on the end-product malondialdehyde(MDA)for evaluating hydroxyl radical-scavenging ability, and compare the advantages and disadvantages of fluorescence and visible methods.Methods The reaction time, temperature, and the concentration of key reactant deoxyribose were investigated and optimized respectively.Under different solvent conditions, sensitivity and the measurement window of two methods were compared.The hydroxyl radical scavenging ability of tanshinone I was determined by these two methods.Results The optimal temperature and time was 37 °C and 60 min, and the concentration of deoxyribose was 2.8 mmol·L-1.The limit of detection for the fluorescence method(4.49 nmol·L-1)was much lower than that of the visible spectrophotometry(39.15 nmol·L-1).The ratio of model/control(the measurement window)of the fluorescence method was much larger than that of visible spectrophotometry in both the aqueous system and the organic system(containing DMSO).Within the concentrations of 62.5 mg·L-1-1 000 mg·L-1, tanshinone I showed scavenging ability on hydroxyl radicals in a concentration-dependent manner using the fluorescence method, but the visible method could not.Conclusions In contrast to visible method, fluorescence method has the advantages of higher sensitivity and stronger anti-interference ability to the color of test substance and the specificity of solvents.By virtue of large measurement window, it can be applied to evaluating the effect of fat-soluble test substances.

Botanical origin identification of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma based on color digitalization / 中国中药杂志

The color characteristic information of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma powder was obtained by spectrophotometer, the feasibility of rapid identification of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma origin based on chromaticity value was studied by statistical analysis. The results of rank correlation analysis showed that a~*(P<0.01), b~*(P<0.01) had significantly correlation with the origin of medicinal herbs, which could be used as two important parameters to distinguish the origin of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma, the larger the a~* value, the more red the powder color,and the greater the b~* value, the more yellow the powder color. Meanwhile, through Fisher discriminant analysis, the linear discriminant functions of different genus Rhei Radix et Rhizoma were established, which was Rheum tanguticum=40.666a~*+0.019b~*-213.303, Rh. palmatum=34.121a~*+0.061b~*-151.770, Rh. officinale=28.071a~*+0.113b~*-104.604 3, the coincidence rate of cross-validation was over 95%, among them, the discriminant rate of Rh. tanguticum and Rh. officinale reached 100%;In addition, using the percentile method to analyze the 90% reference value range of three different origin of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma, as a result, Rh. tanguticum a~*(10.236 5-10.604 7), b~*(32.294 8-34.841 7); Rh. palmatum a~*(8.602 7-8.770 0), b~*(27.534 8-28.968 6), and Rh. officinale a~*(6.825 7-7.464 3),b~*(21.001 6-27.716 4). According to this study, rank correlation analysis and Fisher discriminant analysis are feasible to distinguish the base of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma in a certain range, and provide some theoretical basis for the identification of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma. It also provides a new method and idea for the identification of other multi-base Chinese medicine.

A survey and analysis of hospital staff and patients′ awareness about anesthesiologists′ work / 中华麻醉学杂志

Objective:To investigate and analyze the hospital staff and patients, awareness about anesthesiologists′ work.Methods:A questionnaire survey was conducted among the hospital staff in the non-anesthesiology departments and non-operating room and the patients undergoing elective surgery at the same time in tertiary hospitals.Logistic regression was used to analyze the factors affecting the level of awareness of the respondents.Results:Sixty point three percent of the respondents had a low level of awareness about the anesthesiologists′ work.Compared with the patients, the physicians ( OR=2.866, 95%CI: 1.405-5.848) had higher level of awareness.There was no significant difference in the levels of awareness among the nurses ( OR=1.633, 95%CI: 0.815-3.273), medical technicians ( OR=1.359, 95%CI: 0.630-2.935), administrative staff ( OR=1.470, 95%CI: 0.651-3.317) and the patients.The respondents, aged 36-50 yr ( OR=1.848, 95%CI: 1.224-2.792), with master′s degree ( OR=2.068, 95%CI: 1.090-3.925) and bachelor′ s degree ( OR=3.624, 95%CI: 1.701-7.723), had higher level of awareness, and the respondents without history of anesthesia and surgery ( OR=0.574, 95%CI: 0.380-0.867) and without medicine-related education background ( OR=0.354, 95%CI: 0.145-0.865) had lower level of awareness. Conclusion:There is insufficient awareness about anesthesiologists′ work among hospital staff and patients.Hospital staff are generally better than patients in terms of the level of awareness, but there are differences among different job categories.There is no significant difference in the level of awareness among nurses, medical technicians, administrative staff and patients.The respondents who are middle-aged, with higher education level, with history of anesthesia and surgery and with medicine-related education background, have higher level of awareness.

Grey correlation analysis and path analysis between isoflavones content in Astragali Radix and climate factors / 中国中药杂志

In this study, HPLC was used to determine the content of the four isoflavones of Astragalus membranceus var. mongholicus from different regions(calycosin-7-glucoside, ononin, calycosin and formononetin), and gray correlation analysis and path analysis were used to explore the influence of climate factors on the content of isoflavone components in A. membranceus var. mongholicus. The results showed that there were significant differences in the content of the four isoflavones in different areas(P<0.05); grey correlation analysis showed that the highest temperature in July, the lowest temperature in January and the daily average temperature had a greater impact on the content of flavonoid glycosides, meanwhile precipitation and relative humidity were the more important factors for the accumulation of flavonoid aglycones. According to the general analysis, the direct positive effects of the lowest temperature in January and altitude on the contents of four isoflavones in A. membranceus var. mongholicus were significant. High altitude and extreme temperature conditions might be more adverse to the formation and accumulation of isoflavone components. Therefore, the religions of A. membranceus var. mongholicus with high contents of isoflavones should be chosen the low altitude region with higher minimum temperature in January. This study provides a reference basis for the quality evaluation of A. membranceus var. mongholicus, and basic data for the selection of suitable habitat, construction of planting standards and directional cultivation of medicinal materials in A. membranceus var. mongholicus.

Investigation and risk assessment for water quality hygiene in self-supply well water in four northern provinces of China / 中华疾病控制杂志

Objective To understand the water quality of self-supply wells in four provinces of northern China (Heilongjiang, Beijing, Inner Mongolia and Tibet), so as to provide a reference for supervision and management of self-supply wells. Methods Water were sampled from 233 self-supply wells in four northern provinces of China according to standard examination methods for drinking water (GB/T 5750-2006). In total, The samples were tested for 27 kinds of water quality parameters involving sensory properties, chemistry, bacteriology and toxicology, and then evaluated. Results The total unqualified rate of water quality in self-supply well water in four northern provinces of China was 52.36%. The water quality varied greatly among provinces. As for Heilongjiang, the main unqualified indicators of self-supply wells water involved turbidity, visible to the naked eye, manganese, arsenic and nitrate. In relation to Beijing, these referred to the nitrate and microorganism. In case of Inner Mongolia province, these included sulfate and fluoride. With reference to Tibet, these were zinc and chloride. Conclusions To ensure the safety of drinking water for residents, the management, disinfection and purifying measures of self-supply wells should be strengthened basing on their regional differences and water quality characteristics.

Association between the internal exposure levels of phthalates and executive function of preschool children / 中华预防医学杂志

Objective@#To investigate the association between the internal exposure levels of phthalic acid esters (PAEs) and executive function (EF) of preschool children.@*Methods@#Between October 2008 and October 2010, pregnant women who accepted pregnancy health care services in four municipal medical and health institutions in Ma'anshan city, Anhui Province, were recruited as study objects. A total of 5 084 pregnant women and 4 669 singleton live births were enrolled in this cohort. The follow-up study was conducted from April 2014 to April 2015. A total of 3 725 data-completed preschool children aged 3 to 6 years older entered in this study. The method of analysis seven metabolites of phthalates in urine was high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) and divided objects into low (P0-P24), medium (P25-P74) and high (P75-P100) groups according to their exposure concentrations. To investigate the executive function of preschool children, we used the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Preschool Version (BRIEF-P). Univariate and multivariate statistical method was used to analyze the etiology association between the phthalate metabolites levels and preschool children's executive function.@*Results@#In this study, 53.6% (1 997/3 725) of preschoolers were boys, children's age was (51.5±5.6) months. The detection rates of seven phthalate esters were: mono-n-methyl phthalate (MMP) was 99.89% (3 721/3 725); mono-ethyl phthalate (MEP) was 99.97% (3 724/3 725); mono-benzyl phthalate (MBzP) was 69.10% (2 574/3 725); mono-butyl phthalate (MBP), mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP) and mono- (2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP) were 100.00% and mono-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP) was 99.95% (3 723/3 725). The median concentrations of the seven phthalate metabolites were: 17.71, 15.36, 0.07, 155.24, 10.73, 14.67, 3.59 µg/L, respectively. The median concentrations corrected by urinary creatinine were 29.65, 26.65, 0.12, 257.73, 17.94, 24.80, 6.27 µg/g Cr, respectively. The P25 and P75 concentration of the total PAEs metabolites corrected by urinary creatinine were 1.20 µmol/g Cr and 3.04 µmol/g Cr. After adjusted the relevant demographic information: children sex, children age in month, maternal age, parental education levels, household exposure to secondhand smoke and whether the child is the only child as confounds, multivariate logistic regression model showed that the risk of inhibitory self-control index (ISCI) dysplasia in MEHHP high concentration group and MEOHP high concentration group were 1.71 and 1.54 times (OR=1.71, 95% CI: 1.11-2.62; OR=1.54, 95% CI: 1.01-2.34) than in low concentration group. The risk of ISCI dysplasia in total PAEs metabolites high concentration group was 1.55 times (OR=1.55, 95% CI: 1.00-2.38) than in low concentration group.@*Conclusion@#Phthalates exposure may damage the executive function of preschool children.

Study on the relationship of thallium exposure and outcomes of births / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective: To investigate the relationship of thallium exposure and outcomes of births. Methods: A total of 3 236 mothers who had visited in Ma'anshan Maternal and Child Health-Care Hospital between May 2013 and September 2014 were included in this study and their thallium concentrations measured from samples of maternal and umbilical cord blood by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The results were correlated and evaluated with birth outcomes of the infants, using the multiple linear regression method. Results: The median (P(25)-P(75)) of thallium levels in first trimester, second trimester and umbilical cord blood were 61.7 (50.8-77.0), 60.3 (50.8-75.2) and 38.5 (33.6-44.1) ng/L, respectively. After adjustment for potential confounders, the thallium levels showed an inversely significant association with birth head circumference (unstandardized β coefficient=-0.41, 95%CI: -0.76- -0.06) in the first trimester blood, and associated with reduced birth length (unstandardized β coefficient=-0.65, 95%CI: -1.25- -0.05) in umbilical cord blood. However, there appeared no significantly associations with birth weight, length and head circumference (P>0.05) in second trimester. On stratification by sex, in girls but not in boys, the thallium levels were adversely associated with birth head circumference (unstandardized β coefficient=-0.53, 95%CI: -1.05--0.01) in the first trimester and were associated with decreased birth weight (unstandardized β coefficient=-277.08, 95%CI: -485.13- -69.03) and length (unstandardized β coefficient=-1.39, 95%CI: -2.26- -0.53) in umbilical cord blood thallium. Conclusions: Thallium exposure appeared a gender difference in newborn birth outcomes. In the first trimester, it was negatively associated with the birth head circumference, in the umbilical cord blood, and reduced birth weight and length in girls.

Clinical study of different sedative methods in critically ill patients after heart surgery / 天津医药

Objective To study the effect of light sedation and traditional sedation (moderate sedation with daily sedation interruption) on hemodynamic indexes and prognosis in critically ill patients after cardiac surgery. Methods A total of 134 patients who were ventilated delay after heart surgery in our hospital from January to June 2017 were enrolled in this study. The patients were randomly divided into light sedation group (RASS score-1-1, n=65) and traditional sedation group (RASS score -3--2, n=69). All patients received sufentanil for postoperative analgesia. The light sedation group received propofol and/or dexmedetomidine as sedative drugs after operation, and the conventional sedation group used midazolam for postoperative sedation. The hemodynamic indexes, the first time of weaning off the ventilator, the duration of mechanical ventilation and ICU stay were compared between the two groups. Patients with low cardiac output syndrome after surgery were analyzed in subgroups. Results (1) There were no significant differences in heart function, operative complications and other indicators between the two groups after surgery (all P＞0.05). The low cardiac output syndrome was found in 12 patients in the light sedation group and 10 cases in the traditional sedation group. (2) Hemodynamic monitoring results displayed that the sedation/central venous oxygen saturation (SvO2/ScvO2) and cardiac index (CI) were higher after sedation than before sedation in both groups (all P＜0.05), but there was no significant difference between the two groups (all P＞0.05). Subgroup analysis showed that the SvO2/ScvO2index was higher in patients with low cardiac output syndrome in the traditional sedative group than that in the light sedation group (P＜0.05). There was no difference in the SvO2/ScvO2 index in patients with non-low cardiac output syndrome between two groups. (3) Compared with the traditional sedation group, the first off-line time, the total mechanical ventilation after surgery and the ICU stay time were significantly shortened, and the incidence of postoperative delirium was decreased in the light sedation group (all P＜0.05). Subgroup analysis showed that in patients with non-low cardiac output syndrome, the first off-line time, total postoperative mechanical ventilation time and total ICU stay were significantly shorter in the light sedation group than those in the traditional sedation group (all P＜0.05). There was no significant difference in patients with low cardiac output syndrome between the two groups (P＞0.05). Conclusion Patients with non-low cardiac output syndrome after cardiac surgery benefit significantly from the superficial sedative strategy, and the postoperative mechanical ventilation time and ICU residence time are reduced. The moderate sedation may contribute to the early cardiac function recovery in patients with low cardiac output syndrome.

Therapeutic effects of rosuvastatin and atorvastatin on patients with coronary heart disease angina pec-toris and their influence on blood lipids / 心血管康复医学杂志

Objective:To explore therapeutic effects of rosuvastatin and atorvastatin on patients with coronary heart disease(CHD)angina pectoris and their influence on blood lipids.Methods:A total of 100 CHD inpatients with sta-ble angina pectoris(SAP)were selected.According to random control table,they were randomly and equally divid-ed into rosuvastatin group and atorvastatin group.Both groups received corresponding lipid-lowering medication based on routine treatment of CHD angina pectoris for four weeks.Clinical and ECG therapeutic effect were ob-served,blood lipid levels were measured before and after treatment,adverse drug reactions were observed and medi-ation cost was recorded in two groups.Results:Compared with atorvastatin group,there were significant rise in clinical and ECG total effective rate[(76% vs.92%),(60% vs.84%)],and significant reduction in mediation cost[(12369.94 ± 231.81)RMB vs.(11784.52 ± 206.97)RMB]in rosuvastatin group,P<0.05 or <0.01. There were no significant difference in blood lipid levels between two groups before and after treatment(P>0.05 all),and all of them were inside normal range.There was no significant difference in incidence rate of adverse drug reactions between two groups(P>0.05).Conclusion:Compared with atorvastatin,rosuvastatin can more significantly prevent onset of CHD angina pectoris, and it's safe,effective,and hospitalization cost is significantly reduction.

Application of zebrafish in field of pharmacy / 中国药理学通报

Zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a simple biological labora-tory animal, with similar biological structure and physiological functions to mammals. Almost transparent embryos, in vitro de-velopment of embryos and up to 87% of human genetic similari- ties enable a wide application of zebrafish in the field of pharma-ceutical research. In this paper, we have studied the application of zebrafish in drug metabolism, the research of Chinese medi-cine, the evaluation of drug toxicology and safety, the screening of drugs and the discovery of new drugs, the research of regener- ative drugs, so as to provide new ideas of zebrafish in the field of pharmacy.

Study on the relationship of thallium exposure and outcomes of births / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To investigate the relationship of thallium exposure and outcomes of births.Methods A total of 3 236 mothers who had visited in Ma'anshan Maternal and Child Health-Care Hospital between May 2013 and September 2014 were included in this study and their thallium concentrations measured from samples of maternal and umbilical cord blood by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.The results were correlated and evaluated with birth outcomes of the infants,using the multiple linear regression method.Results The median (P25-P75) of thallium levels in first trimester,second trimester and umbilical cord blood were 61.7 (50.8-77.0),60.3 (50.8-75.2) and 38.5 (33.6-44.1) ng/L,respectively.After adjustment for potential confounders,the thallium levels showed an inversely significant association with birth head circumference (unstandardized β coefficient=-0.41,95％ CI:-0.76--0.06) in thc first trimester blood,and associated with reduced birth length (unstandardizedβ coefficient=-0.65,95％ CI:-1.25--0.05) in umbilical cord blood.However,there appeared no significantly associations with birth weight,length and head circumference (P＞0.05) in second trimester.On stratification by sex,in girls but not in boys,the thallium levels were adversely associated with birth head circumference (unstandardized β coefficient=-0.53,95％ CI:-1.05--0.01) in the first trimester and were associated with decreased birth weight (unstandardized β coefficient =-277.08,95％CI:-485.13--69.03) and length (unstandardized β coefficient=-1.39,95％CI:-2.26--0.53) in umbilical cord blood thallium.Conclusions Thallium exposure appeared a gender difference in newborn birth outcomes.In the first trimester,it was negatively associated with the birth head circumference,in the umbilical cord blood,and reduced birth weight and length in girls.

Expression of chemokine receptor and vascular endothelial growth factor in ovarian cancer / 国际检验医学杂志

Objective To explore the correlation between chemokine receptor 4(CXCR4) and vascular en-dothelial growth factor (VEGF) and ovarian cancer.Methods 59 cases of oophorectomy were selected from February 2014 to April 2015.According to the pathological results,the patients were divided into ovarian canc-er group(group A) with 32 cases and benign tumor group (group B) with 27 cases.Another 35 patients un-dergoing non ovarian surgery were selected as control group (group C).The expressions of CXCR4 and VEGF in ovarian tissues of each group were detected,and the correlation with ovarian cancer was analyzed.Results The expression levels of CXCR4 and VEGF in the three groups were in the turn of A,B and C,and the differ-ence was statistically significant (P<0.05).The positive rate of VEGF was higher in low differentiation canc-er tissues,and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05);the positive rate of VEGF was relatively high in the cancer tissues of clinical stage Ⅲ and IV,and the difference was statistically significant (P< 0. 05);the positive rates of CXCR4 and VEGF were higher in ovarian cancer with peritoneal metastasis or lymph node metastasis,and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05).The expression of CXCR4 in ovarian canc-er tissues was positively correlated with the expression of VEGF (P<0.05).Conclusion CXCR4 and VEGF were highly expressed in ovarian cancer tissues,and the two involved in the development,invasion and metastasis of tumors.

Safety evaluation of drinking water along the border of Inner Mongolia / 军事医学

Objective To find out about the sanitary conditions of drinking water along the border line of Inner Mongolia via safety evaluation of drinking water along the border line of Inner Mongolia.Methods 108 samples of drinking water along the border line of Inner Mongolia(70 samples of self-supply source water,21 ones of self-supply tap water and 17 ones of municipal tap water)were collected.Hygienic evaluation of sensory indexes, normal chemical indexes, toxicological indexes and microbiology indexes of water quality was performed according to hygienic standards for drinking water(GB 5749—2006).Results 58 samples were qualified with a total qualified rate of 53.7%.The unqualified rate of the total number of coliforms was the highest(20.4%),followed by fluoride(19.4%).As for deep wells, shallow wells and surface water,there was no statistically significant difference.Compared with municipal tap water,the unqualified rate of self-supply water(28.6%)was higher(17.7%).Conclusion The qualified rate along the border line of Inner Mongolia of drinking water is low.Treatment and disinfection facilities for drinking water,detection devices of water quality are needed.The cleaning and disinfection of storage tanks should be performed periodically in oder to prevent waterborne infectious diseases.

Clinical effect and cost analysis of panretinal photocoagulation combined with Ranibizumab or triamcinolone acetonide for diabetic macular edema / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

·AIM: To compare clinical effects and cost of panretinal photocoagulation (PRP) combined with Ranibizumab or triamcinolone acetonide (TA) for diabetic macular edema (DME). ·METHODS: Forty-eight patients (48 eyes) with DME and diabetic retinopathy ( DR) receiving PRP were randomly assigned to two groups, which were respectively intravitreally injected ranibizumab (0. 5mg) and TA (4mg). Ranibizumab (0.5mg) was intravitreal injected every 4wk for 3 times. The effects of injection for DME were evaluated using best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA ), central macular thickness ( CMT ) and intraocular pressure (IOP). During the follow-up, other injections were performed to eyes which had CMT greater than 400μ m. The medical costs were calculated at 12wk and 24wk.·RESULTS: BCVA and CMT between 2 groups were not significantly different (P>0.05); BCVA and CMT among different time points were significantly different(P<0.05);the treatments and the time points had significant interaction on BCVA (P<0.05). BCVA was improved in two groups at all the time after injection(P<0.05),except 1wk after injection of TA (P=0.33). There was significant difference between the two groups at 12wk and 16wk on BCVA and that injected with ranibizumab was better (P=0.03,0.045). CMT decreased in two groups at all the time after injection (P<0.05). There was significant difference only between the two groups at 1wk (P< 0. 01). All intraocular pressures were in the normal range, except one needed ocular hypotensive agents. The medical costs (yuan) of the ranibizumab group in 12wk and 24wk were 38 736 and 42 564,which of the TA group were 5 790 and 7 053,respectively. ·CONCLUSION:Both PRP combined with ranibizumab or TA for DME can effectively control disease progression in short time. Therapeutic effect is not significant between two methods, but PRP combined with TA is more economic.

Imbalance of Fecal Microbiota at Newly Diagnosed Type 1 Diabetes in Chinese Children / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Recent studies have indicated that an imbalance of gut microbiota is associated with the development of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and there is no literature regarding it in Chinese children yet. The aim of this study was to evaluate the alteration of gut microbiota between children with newly diagnosed T1DM and healthy controls and to determine if gut microbiota could partly explain the etiology of this disease.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A case-control study was carried out with 15 children with T1DM and 15 healthy children. The fecal bacteria composition was investigated by high-throughput sequencing of the V3-V4 region of the 16S rDNA gene and analyzed by the estimators of community richness (Chao) indexes.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>There was a notable lower richness of fecal bacteria in T1DM group than controls (156.53 ± 36.96 vs. 130.0 ± 32.85, P = 0.047). At the genus level, the composition of Blautia was increased in T1DM group than control group whereas the composition of Haemophilus, Lachnospira, Dialister, and Acidaminococcus was decreased. In addition, we found that the percentage of Blautia was correlated positively with HbA1c (ρ = 0.40, P = 0.031), the numbers of T1DM autoantibodies (ρ = 0.42, P = 0.023), and the titers of tyrosine phosphatase autoantibodies (IA-2) (ρ = 0.82, P = 0.000) in the study.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>This study showed that gut microbiota was associated with the development of T1DM by affecting the autoimmunity, and the results suggested a potential therapy for T1DM via modulating the gut microbiota.</p>

Cynomorium songaricum improves sperm count and motility and serum testosterone level and promotes proliferation of undifferentiated spermatogonia in oligoasthenospermia rats / 中华男科学杂志

<p><b>Objective</b>To investigate the effects of cynomorium songaricum (CS) decoction on the testis weight, serum testosterone level, and sperm parameters of rats with oligoasthenospermia (OAS), explore its action mechanism of improving the proliferation of undifferentiated spermatogonial cells, and provide some experimental and theoretical evidence for the development of new Chinese drugs for OAS.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Thirty 8-week-old male SD rats were randomly divided into five groups of equal number: blank control, model control, high-dose CS, medium-dose CS, and low-dose CS. OAS models were established by intraperitoneal injection of cyclophosphamide and, a month later, treated intragastrically with normal saline or CS at 2, 1, and 0.5 g per kg of the body weight per day, all for 4 weeks. Then, the testes of the animals were harvested to obtain the testicular weight, sperm concentration and motility, and the level of serum testosterone (T), detect the expressions of the transcription factor 1 (Oct4), Thy-1 cell surface antigen (Thy1), promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger (PLZF), KIT proto-oncogene receptor tyrosine kinase (C-kit) and glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) in the testis tissue of the rats in the low-dose CS group by real-time PCR.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The testis weights in the blank control, model control, high-dose CS, medium-dose CS, and low-dose CS groups were (1.52±0.06), (1.55±0.06), (1.43±0.30), (1.35±0.40) and (1.34±0.04) g, respectively, not significantly different in the blank and model controls from those in the CS groups (P>0.05). The visual field sperm count per 10 HP was significantly increased in the high-, medium-, and low-dose CS groups (202±20, 196±5 and 216±25) as compared with the blank and model controls (200±15 and 134±30) (P<0.05). The mRNA expressions of the Oct4, Thy1, PLZF and GDNF genes were remarkably higher in the low-dose CS group than in the controls (P<0.05), but that of the C-kit gene showed no significant difference from the latter (P>0.05). The visual field sperm motility per 10 HP was markedly increased in the blank control (［52.1±5.5］%), model control (［38.1±2.5］%), high-dose CS (［59.1±9.5］%), medium-dose CS (［58.7±9.5］%), and low-dose CS (［49.6±1.0］%) groups, and so was the level of serum testosterone (［190±87.5］, ［82.5±25.8］, ［229±75.6］, ［331±86.7］ and ［185±82.4］ mmol/L), both remarkably higher in the CS groups than in the model controls (P<0.05) but with no statistically significant difference between the CS groups and the blank controls (P>0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>CS can significantly improve sperm concentration, sperm motility and serum T level in OAS rats, probably by inducing the expression of GDNF in the rat Sertoli cells, promoting the proliferation of undifferentiated spermatogonial cells, and enhancing spermatogenesis.</p>

Early-stage clinical characteristics and HPA axis alterations in first-episode and untreated the major de-pressive disorder patients with suicide / 中国神经精神疾病杂志

Objective To compare early-stage clinical features and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis neuroendocrine function in first-episode and untreated major depressive disorders with suicide and without suicide. Methods Untreated patients who had a diagnosis as major depression according to ICD-10 were allocated to suicide with major depressive disorder group or non-suicide with major depressive disorder group according to whether the pa?tients had suicidal ideation or behaviours. Patients were assessed before treatment using the 17-item Hamilton Depres?sion Scale (HAMD-17), the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA), the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (YBOCS) and the suicide assessment scale. The cortisol (CORT) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) levels in serum were measured using a chemiluminescence immunoassay. Results There was no significant difference in demographic data be?tween the two groups (P>0.05). In early-stage clinical features, there were significant differences in changes of sexual ac? tivity and feeling of despair (P0.05). There were no significant differences in CORT or ACTH levels between two groups (P>0.05). There were no significant correlation of suicidal scores with early-stage clinical features, symptom scales scores, CORT or ACTH levels (P>0.05). Conclusion De?creased sexual desire and feeling of despair are more severe in depressed patients with suicide than those without. There is no correlation of early-stage clinical features or HPA axis functions with suicide in patients with depression.

Preliminary application of the revised objective structure clinical examination stations / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective To explore the feasibility and effectiveness of the revised OSCE stations.Methods 106 sstudents of grade 2008 and 2009 from Xinhua clinical medical school of Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine were involved,32 of whom (experimental group) tool modified OSCE examination and 74 of whom (control group) tool traditional OSCE examination.The revised OSCE exam was the one which on the basis of original OSCE test station setup,improved the operating part of the test stand,adopted clinical cases as stem,asked the students to make possible diagnosis,and perform the corresponding operation.We evaluated the students based on the OSCE scores from the school exam and the overall performances in the national clinical skills competition.Comparison between the two groups was performed by using t test.Results All students who have received the new training methods agreed that it stood closer to the clinical setting.Revised-OSCE trained group of students test scores than traditional OSCE trained group of students,though it didn't have statistical significance.Students from the revised-OSCE group had the score of (80.50 ± 15.45),while the traditional group had the score of (78.30 ± 17.68).By taking the revised-OSCE trainings,all the students have improved their clinical skills and two years in a row to win the Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine Clinical Skills Competition.Conclusions Case-based OSCE stations are well accepted.The new OSCE stations are much closer to clinical teaching and can make better objective assessment of students,so it plays a good role in improving medical students' overall performances.

A cross -sectional study on self -reported acute gastroenteritis in Hangzhou -Jiaxing -Huzhou area / 预防医学

Objective To understand epidemiological characteristics of self -reported acute gastroenteritis in Hangzhou -Jiaxing -Huzhou area in Zhejiang Province.Methods According to the population capacity,the household interview was conducted among families selected by multi stage sampling method from July 2010 to June 2011,and one person who was approaching birthday in every family was selected for investigation, including symptoms and treatment of acute gastroenteritis.Results Totally 9 548 people were investigated.The monthly prevalence of acute gastroenteritis among the surveyed population was 2.95% and the incidence was 0.39 per person year.It was estimated that there would be 5.875 6 million cases of acute gastroenteritis occurred during this year in the area.Logistic regression analysis showed that monthly prevalence in female was higher than in male.The monthly prevalence reached the high level in July and August.The monthly prevalence in preschool children was the highest.The monthly prevalence in rural population was higher than that in the urban population.Besides,the monthly prevalence in those of family number ≥3 was higher than that of family number less than 3.Totally,56.38% of the cases visited docter,and 54.67% of the cases took antibiotics;13.48%reported work absence and 2.13% reported school absence due to the illness.Conclusion The disease burden of acute gastroenteritis could be heavy in Hangzhou -Jiaxing -Huzhou area.Gender,education,season,residence and the size of family may have some effects on the occurrence of acute gastroenteritis.