Prevalence of chronic respiratory symptoms and dyspnea and related factors in residents in China / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective: To understand the prevalence of chronic cough, chronic expectoration and dyspnea and related factors in residents aged ≥40 years in China, and provide basic data for the prevention and control of chronic respiratory diseases. Methods: Data were from 2014-2015 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease surveillance in China. The information about chronic respiratory symptoms were collected by face-to-face interview. The prevalence rates of chronic cough, chronic expectoration, dyspnea and chronic respiratory symptoms and their 95%CI were estimated with complex sampling weights. Results: A total of 75 082 subjects were included in the analysis. The prevalence rates of chronic cough, chronic expectoration, dyspnea and chronic respiratory symptoms in the Chinese aged ≥40 years were 3.75% (95%CI: 3.38%-4.11%), 5.83% (95%CI: 5.40%-6.26%), 2.45% (95%CI: 2.02%-2.87%) and 8.93% (95%CI: 8.25%-9.62%), respectively. The prevalence rates of chronic cough, chronic expectoration, dyspnea and chronic respiratory symptoms in patients with chronic respiratory diseases were relatively higher, which were 10.27%, 13.85%, 6.43%, 20.72% respectively. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that age, region, education level, occupation, BMI, family history of respiratory diseases, history of severe respiratory infections in childhood, exposure to dust or chemicals in workplace and smoking status affected the prevalence of chronic cough, chronic expectoration and dyspnea. The prevalence of the three types of chronic respiratory symptoms increased significantly with age, which were higher in western region, smokers and underweight/obese subjects. The three prevalence rates mentioned above were higher in those with a history of severe respiratory infection in childhood, those exposed to biomass fuel in household, and those exposed to dust or chemicals in workplace. Conclusions: The prevalence rate of chronic respiratory symptoms was high in residents aged ≥40 years in China. Many factors affected the prevalence of chronic respiratory symptoms. Comprehensive prevention and control measures targeting risk factors should be taken to reduce the burden of chronic respiratory diseases.

Prevalence of osteoporosis and related factors in postmenopausal women aged 40 and above in China / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective: To understand the prevalence of osteoporosis and related factors in postmenopausal women aged ≥40 years in China and provide scientific evidence for osteoporosis prevention and control. Methods: Data of this study were from the 2018 China Osteoporosis Epidemiological Survey, covering 44 counties (districts) in 11 provinces in China. Related variables were collected by questionnaire survey and physical measurement, and the BMD of lumbar spine and proximal femur was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorption method. The prevalence of osteoporosis and its 95%CI in postmenopausal women aged ≥40 years were estimated with complex sampling weights. Results: A total of 5 728 postmenopausal women aged ≥40 years were included in the analysis and the prevalence of osteoporosis was 32.5% (95%CI: 30.3%-34.7%). The prevalence of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women aged 40-49 years, 50-59 years, 60-69 years, 70-79 years, and ≥80 years were 16.0% (95%CI:4.5%-27.5%), 18.4% (95%CI:15.9%-20.8%), 37.5% (95%CI:34.5%-40.4%), 52.9% (95%CI: 47.5%-58.3%), and 68.0% (95%CI:55.9%-80.1%) respectively. The prevalence of osteoporosis was higher (P<0.001) in those with education level of primary school or below (47.2%, 95%CI: 43.0%-51.3%) and in those with individual annual income less than 10 000 Yuan, (40.3%, 95%CI: 36.9%-43.7%). The prevalence of osteoporosis was 35.1% in rural areas (95%CI: 32.0%-38.1%), which was higher than that in urban areas (P<0.001). The prevalence of osteoporosis in low weight, normal weight, overweight and obese groups were 69.9% (95%CI: 59.0%-80.8%), 42.2% (95%CI: 38.7%-45.7%), 24.2% (95%CI: 21.3%-27.1%) and 14.6% (95%CI: 11.1%-18.0%), respectively. The prevalence of osteoporosis in those with menstrual maintenance years ≤30 years and in those with menopause years ≥11 years were 46.1% (95%CI:40.8%-51.3%) and 48.2% (95%CI:45.0%-51.3%), respectively. Multivariate logistic analysis showed that age ≥60 years, education level of primary school or below, annual household income per capita less than 10 000 Yuan, low body weight, menstrual maintenance years ≤30 years, menopause years ≥11 years were risk factors of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women in China. Conclusions: The prevalence of osteoporosis was high in postmenopausal women aged ≥40 years in China, and there were differences in osteoporosis prevalence among different socioeconomic groups. Effective interventions should be taken for the prevention and control of osteoporosis in key groups in the future.

Adenovirus-mediated Expression of B-domain-Deleted Human Coagulation Factor Ⅷ in ADSC of SD Rats / 中国实验血液学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To transinfect SD adipose tissue-derived stem cell (ADSC) in vitro with a recombinant adenoviral vector containing human B-domain-deleted FVIII (BDDhFⅧ), so as to lay the foundation for the treatment of hemophilia A by using ADSC combined with BDDhFⅧ gene.@*METHODS@#ADSCs were isolated from the inguinal adipose tissue of SD rats and passed to third passage for identification. Third passage ADSCs were transfected in vitro with recombinant adenovirus vector Ad-BDDhFⅧ-GFP. The experiments were divided into Ad-BDDhFⅧ-GFP-transfected ADSCs group (A), Ad-GFP-transfected ADSC group (B), and untransfected ADSC group (C). CCK-8 method was used to detect the proliferation of transfected cells in three groups, and the expression level of hFⅧ antigen in cell supernatant was detected by ELISA. RT-PCR and Western blot respectively were used to detect the mRNA and protein expression of BDDhFⅧ in the three groups after transfection.@*RESULTS@#The growth curve of third passage cells isolated and cultured showed an inverted "S" shap; the flow cytometry detection showed the positive expression of CD29, CD90, CD44, and the negative expression of CD45 in third passage cells. After the adipogenic and osteogenic induction, the cells could transformed to adipogenic and osteogenic directions. CCK-8 detection showed that the proliferation of cells in 3 groups not was influenced. ELISA showed that the expression of hFⅧAg in group A was significantly higher than that in group B and C (P＜0.05). RT-PCR showed that compared with group A, there was no target band in B and C groups, and BDDhFⅧ gene was not expressed. The results in group A were consistent with the length of amplified fragments, and BDDhFⅧ target gene was expressed. Western blot analysis showed that the expression of hFⅧ protein in group A was significantly higher than that in group B and C. (P＜0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#Recombinant adenovirus Ad-BDDhFⅧ-GFP can effectively transfect rat ADSC in vitro, which lays an experimental foundation for gene therapy of hemophilia A.

Clinical Observation of Relaxing Needling at Meridian-muscle Nodes plus PNF Method in Improving Upper-limb Motor Function and Quality of Life in Hemiplegic Shoulder Pain / 上海针灸杂志

Objective To observe the effect of relaxing needling at meridian-muscle nodes plus rehabilitation techniques on upper-limb motor function and quality of life (QOL) in hemiplegic shoulder pain after cerebral stroke. Method Ninety patients with hemiplegic shoulder pain after cerebral stroke were randomized into a rehabilitation group of 30 cases [intervened by proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) method], a relaxing needling group of 30 cases (intervened by relaxing needling at meridian-muscle nodes), and a comprehensive group of 30 cases (intervened by relaxing needling at meridian-muscle nodes plus PNF method), to receive 6-week treatment in total. Before and after the intervention, Assessment Face Scale (AFS), Fugl-Meyer Assessment Scale (FMA) and Stroke Specific Quality of Life Scale (SS-QOL) were evaluated, and the occurrence rate of shoulder-hand syndrome was assessed. Result After 1-week treatment, the AFS score of the comprehensive group was significantly different fromthat in the rehabilitation group and relaxing needling group (P<0.05). After 6-week treatment, the FMA and SS-QOL scores in the comprehensive group were significantly different from those in both rehabilitation group and relaxing needling group (P<0.05). Twelve weeks later, the occurrence rate of shoulder-hand syndrome in the comprehensive group was significantly different from that in the other two groups (P<0.05). Conclusion Relaxing needling at meridian-muscle nodes plus PNF method can effectively improve the efficacy in the treatment of hemiplegic shoulder pain, reduce the occurrence of shoulder-hand syndrome, and enhance the QOL, thus is an effective approach.

Prevalence of Major Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Cardiovascular Disease in Women in China: Surveillance Efforts / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

In this study, we aimed to assess the relationship of socioeconomic status and acculturation with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk profiles and CVD and examine the CVD risk factors associated with CVD. We used data from the 2010 China Chronic Disease and Risk Factor Surveillance surveys, which consisted of a nationally representative sample of women. The following prevalence was found: myocardial infarction (MI): 0.4%; stroke: 0.5%; abnormal cholesterolemia: 44.9%; overweight or obesity: 32.2%; hypertension: 31.7%; diabetes: 9.0%; and smoking: 2.5%. In total, 30.9% of Chinese women had no risk factors, but 13.3% had ⋝3 associated risk factors. In multivariate-adjusted models, hypertension, diabetes, overweight or obese, and smoking were all directly associated with MI; For stroke, associations were positive with hypertension, abnormal cholesterolemia, diabetes, and overweight or obesity. Therefore, it can be concluded that CVD risk factors are common among Chinese women aged ⋝18 years.

A Preliminary Exploration on the Pathogenesis of Osteopenia in Patients with Hemophilia / 中国实验血液学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the influencing factors and pathogenesis of osteopenia in the patients with hemophilia.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Twenty-three patients with hemophilia were admitted in the hospital affiliated to North China University of Science and technology from March to August 2015, including 13 severe cases, 10 mild and moderate cases. All the patients accepted the detection of serum I collagen cross-linking N terminal peptide (NTX I), osteoprotegerin (OPG), bone alkaline phosphatase (BALP), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), insulin-like growth factor (IGF) and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), the score scale of activity ability was recorded according to the criteria published by the U.S. Center for disease prevention and control in 2002, and 21 patients received the measurement of bone mineral density. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) definition, the clinical significance of bone mineral density (BMD) was assessed by measuring the Z level.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Z level>-2 was recorded in 10 cases, Z≤-2 was recorded in 11 cases; the levels of body mass index (BMI) and human bone alkaline phosphatase (BALP) reflecting bone formation in 11 cases (Z≤-2) were lower than there in 10 cases (Z>-2) (P<0.05); the levels of BALP (r=0.489, P<0.05), IGF (r=0.538, P<0.05) and BMI (r=0.572, P<0.01) positively correlated significantly with BMD (P<0.05); the levels of bFGF (r=0.570, P<0.01) and OPG (r=0.505, P<0.05) positively correlated with NTX I, indicating bone destruction (P<0.05); the score of activity ability of severe patients was significantly lower than that of mild and moderate cases (P<0.05), BMD levels of these 2 groups were not statistically different (P>0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The BMD level does not correlate with the clinial grouping of hemophilia, the low body mass index may be a risk factor for bone lose; the mechanism of hemophilia patient's bone lose may be related with the decrease of osteogenic activity, the IGF can prevent bone lose in hemophilia, the bFGF and OPG can promote bone metabolism of the patients with hemophilia.</p>

Dietary sodium intake and its impact factors in adults of Shandong province / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

Dietary sodium intake and its impact factors in 2 140 adults aged 18-69 years were analyzed. The mean daily sodium intake was 5745.0 (5427.6-6062.5) mg per day, which was higher in males than in females (P<0.01). After having been adjusted for gender, age and urban/city areas, the mean daily sodium intake was significantly higher in participants with a lower education level, drinkers and smokers than in those with a higher education level, nondrinkers and nonsmokers (P<0.01). The dietary sodium intake in adults of Shandong Province is higher than the recommended standards.

The study of management of hypertensive people aged 35 and over in communities in China / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the community-based management status of hypertensive patients aged 35 or over in China and provide basic data for evaluation by investigating the hypertensive patients managed in communities.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The subjects in this study were recruited from the individuals of the 2010 China Non-communicable and Chronic Diseases. In September 2011, flow-up survey and a cross-section analysis has been done during the same people interviewed in 2010. Clustering sampling method was used to select 11 977 samples aged 35 or over and diagnosed by doctors from community level or above hospitals to be interviewed. A face to face questionnaire survey was carried out to collect information on general demographic characteristics, the treatment and control of blood pressure and risk factors of the hypertensive patients of community management.Sample was weighted according to complex sampling scheme and post-stratification to represent the population of Chinese hypertensive patients aged 35 or over and the rates with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated for the subgroups according to different characteristics. The Rao-scott χ(2) test was performed to test for the differences of the rates of the subgroups.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>In the survey, there were 11 977 patients aged 35 or over diagnosed as hypertension by doctors, and among them, a total of 5120 hypertensive patients had been under management in communities. After being weighted the rate of management of hypertensive patients in communities was 43.99% (95%CI:38.17%-49.81%). There was a significant difference in the proportion of patients receiving management services when comparing different age groups (χ(2) = 21.98, P < 0.01) and sex (χ(2) = 4.18, P < 0.05), the rate of management among the patients aged 65 or over was 46.97% (95%CI:40.44%-53.50%), while among the patients aged 35 to 44 was only 37.72% (31.78%-43.65%). The rate of management was higher among females (45.37%, 95%CI:39.24%-51.50%) than males (42.50%, 95%CI:36.71%-48.30%). The overall rate of standardized management of hypertensive patients managed in communities was 35.30% (95%CI:31.78%-38.81%). The research also found differences in the proportions of patients receiving standardized management services when comparing different age groups (χ(2) = 28.66, P < 0.05), gender (χ(2) = 235.85, P < 0.01), and regions (χ(2) = 9.29, P < 0.05). The rate of receiving standardized management services among the patients aged 65 or over was 40.52% (95%CI:36.21%-44.82%), while among the patients aged 35 to 44 was only 26.18% (95%CI:20.07%-32.29%), the rate was lower among males (16.78%, 95%CI:14.13%-19.42%) than females(51.29%, 95%CI:46.41%-56.16%) , the rate of patients living in urban areas (38.53%, 95%CI:34.34%-42.72%) was higher than patients living in rural areas (33.36%, 95%CI:28.17%-38.55%) . The differences of the treatment rates of hypertensive patients managed in communities were found among different age groups (χ(2) = 26.39, P < 0.01), gender (χ(2) = 13.91, P < 0.01), and regions (χ(2) = 4.27, P < 0.05), the rate of treatment was 94.67% (93.41%-95.93%) among the patients aged 65 or over , while 86.47% (95%CI:81.05%-91.89%) among patients aged 35 to 44, the rate of treatment was higher among females (94.35%, 95%CI:93.15%-95.55%) than among males (90.84%, 95%CI:88.99%-92.70%), and it was also higher among patients living in urban regions (94.17%, 95%CI:92.62%-95.71%) than among patients living in rural regions (91.86%, 95%CI:90.20%-93.52%). The rate of control of hypertensive patients managed in communities was 33.13% (95%CI:29.50%-36.76%) and the rate was higher among the subjects living in the urban areas (45.09%, 95%CI:38.73%-51.45%) than in rural areas (25.96%, 95%CI:21.63%-30.30%) (χ(2) = 22.40, P < 0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Results from our study showed that community management of hypertension had been popularized across the country. And it could significantly improve the program on the treatment and control of hypertension at the community level in China.</p>

A cross-sectional study of the association of movement disorders, constipation and sleep disturbances among elderly in China / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the current status and association between movement disorders, constipation and sleep disturbances in the elderly population of China.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 42 353 subjects aged over 60 years old from Chinese Chronic Non-communicable Disease & Risk Factor Surveillance (2010) was selected in our study. The information on movement disorders, constipation and sleep disturbances was collected by standardized questionnaire interview. The prevalence and association of self-reported movement disorders, constipation and sleep disturbances was measured according to different gender, age groups and regions.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The study was conducted among 42 353 old adults, including 21 893 males (51.7%) and 20 460 females (48.3%); 17 917 from urban areas (42.3%) and 24 436 from rural areas (57.7%); and the proportion of elderly from eastern, central and western regions were 37.9% (16 031 subjects), 29.1% (12 345 subjects) and 33.0% (13 977 subjects) respectively. After weighted complex analysis, the data showed that among the elderly population over 60 years old in China, the self-reported rates of movement disorders, constipation and sleep disturbances were all age-related, rising up with the age increasing. The rates of 60-64 age group were 2.8% (95%CI:1.9%-3.7%), 3.6% (95%CI:3.1%-4.1%) and 12.4% (95%CI:11.0%-13.8%);and in ≥ 80 age group, the rates were 13.2% (95%CI:10.2%-16.1%), 8.8% (95%CI:7.1%-10.6%) and 19.1% (95%CI:16.3%-21.9%). The self-reported rate of movement disorders was 5.7% (95%CI: 4.5%-7.0%); the prevalence of constipation was 5.1% (95%CI: 4.4%-5.7%), which was higher among women (5.8%, 95%CI: 5.0%-6.6%) than it among men (4.3%, 95%CI: 3.7%-4.8%) (χ(2) = 23.40, P < 0.05), and higher among subjects from urban areas (6.0%, 95%CI: 5.1%-7.0%) than from rural areas (4.6%, 95%CI: 3.8%-5.4%) (χ(2) = 5.62, P < 0.05); the prevalence of self-reported sleep disturbances was 14.2% (95%CI: 12.7%-15.8%), higher in women (17.4%, 95%CI: 15.4%-19.3%) than in men (11.0%, 95%CI: 9.7%-12.2%) (χ(2) = 172.05, P < 0.05); the prevalence of movement disorders in people with constipation (16.3%, 95%CI: 12.7%-19.9%) was much higher than it in people without constipation (5.2%, 95%CI: 4.0%-6.3%) (χ(2) = 242.73, P < 0.05); and the prevalence of movement disorders in people with sleep disturbances (13.0%, 95%CI: 10.6%-15.4%) was much higher than it in people without sleep disturbances (4.5%, 95%CI: 3.5%-5.5%) (χ(2) = 688.80, P < 0.05).Logistic regression analysis showed that constipation and sleep disturbances would increase the risk of movement disorders, with the OR (95%CI) at 2.93 (2.57-3.33) and 2.73 (2.48-3.02), respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The present study showed that self-reported rates of movement disorders, constipation and sleep disturbances all rose up with age increasing in the elderly. The movement disorders was associated with constipation and sleep disturbances.</p>

Self-rated health status among Chinese residents, China, 2010 / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the self-rated health status among Chinese residents in 2010.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Data was from the Non-communicable Disease & Risk Factor Surveillance in China, 2010. A total of 98 638 adults aged ≥ 18 years were included in the study. Self-rated health was assessed by four questions: (1) Would you assess your health status as very good or good, general (not good/not poor), poor or very poor? (2) How many days was your health not good for physical illness during the past 30 days? (3) How many days was your health not good for injury during the past 30 days? (4) How many days was your health not good for mental illness, which include stress and problem with emotions depression during the past 30 days? After being weighed according to complex sampling scheme and post-stratification, the sample was used to estimate the prevalence of self-rated health. The Rao-scott χ(2) test with different samples was adopted for comparison among groups.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>In total, 57.5% (95%CI:55.5%-59.5%) of the participants rated their health as being either very good or good, 36.2% (95%CI:34.5%-37.8%) as general, and only 6.3% (95%CI:5.7%-6.9%) as poor or very poor; In different age groups and gender, the differences were statistically significant (χ(2) values were 1179.88, 85.36, both P values were < 0.05) . The reported rate of poor or very poor health increased significantly with advancing age ranging from 2.0% (95%CI:1.5%-2.4%)in 18-24 year-old group to 14.9% (95%CI:12.6%-17.2%) in ≥ 75 year-old group; Females were more likely than males to rate their health as poor or very poor , respectively (7.2%; 95%CI 6.5%-7.9% and 5.4%; 95%CI:4.9%-5.9%). During the past 30 days 18.5% (95%CI:17.1%-19.8%) of the participants was not in good health for physical illness. The reported rate of physical illness increased significantly with advancing age (χ(2) = 211.99, P < 0.01), and it was the lowest in 25-34 year-old group (15.4%; 95%CI:13.7%-17.0%), and the highest in ≥ 75 year-old group (28.3%; 95%CI:24.9%-31.6%) . It was statistically higher among females (21.1%; 95%CI:19.5%-22.6%) compared to males (15.9%; 95%CI:14.6%-17.3%) (χ(2) = 231.81, P < 0.01); the reported rates of physical illness were 17.4% (95%CI:15.3%-19.5%) among residents in the east region, 17.2% (95%CI:14.7%-19.6%) in the middle region, and 21.5% (95%CI:18.7%-24.4%) in the western region(χ(2) = 6.75, P < 0.01). During the past 30 days 2.7% (95%CI:2.3%-3.2%) of the participants was not in good health for injure. The reported rate of injure decreased significantly with advancing age (χ(2) = 25.54, P < 0.01), and it was the highest in 18-24 year-old group (3.8%; 95%CI:2.6%-5.0%), and the lowest in 35-44 year-old group (2.3%; 95%CI:1.8%-2.7%) . It was statistically higher among males (3.0%; 95%CI:2.4%-3.5%) compared to females (2.5%; 95%CI:2.1%-2.9%) (χ(2) = 8.89 P < 0.01) ; the reported rates of injure were 2.3% (95%CI:1.9%-2.7%) among residents in the east region , 2.1% (1.7%-2.4%) in the middle region, and 4.1% (95%CI:2.6%-5.6%) in the west region (χ(2) = 16.26, P < 0.01). During the past 30 days 10.0% (95%CI:8.8%-11.3%) of the participants was not in good health for mental illness. The reported rate of mental illness decreased significantly with advancing age (χ(2) = 92.14 P < 0.01), and it was the highest in 18-24 year-old group (12.9%; 95%CI: 10.6%-15.2%), and the lowest in ≥ 75 year-old group (5.7%; 95%CI: 4.4%-7.0%) .It was statistically higher among females (10.8%; 95%CI:9.5%-12.1%) than males (9.2%; 95%CI:7.9%-10.5%) (χ(2) = 21.59, P < 0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The self-rated health status among Chinese residents was good in 2010. Substantial variation exists in self-rated health status across age groups, between genders, and across regions. Considering these disparities will be important for developing health policy and allocating resources.</p>