Tracheal laceration following intubation with a C-MAC® videolaryngoscope. Case Report / Laceración traqueal tras realizar una intubación con videolaringoscopio C-MAC ® . Reporte de caso

Abstract Introduction: Post-intubation tracheal laceration is a complication with a low incidence, but due to its clinical relevance and high mortality risk, it must be suspected in cases of endotracheal intubation. Case presentation: A 74-year-old woman with a history of high blood pressure and mitral and tricuspid insufficiency underwent a laparoscopic cholecystectomy under general anesthesia in a tertiary care hospital in Zaragoza, Spain, a procedure in which a C-MAC® videolaryngoscope was used to perform the intubation. The patient, 20 minutes after extubation, presented hemoptysis, dyspnea and a decrease in oxygen saturation, so a fibrobronchoscopy was performed and a 1.5 cm bleeding tracheal laceration was observed. Intravenous antibiotic treatment was started, and chest X-ray and computed axial tomography ruled out serious complications such as pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum, or tracheal rupture. During the observation period, the patient had a normal blood oxygen level and remained hemodynamically stable. She was discharged after 72 hours. Conclusions: Since tracheal lacerations are associated with high mortality rates, a high index of clinical suspicion is required, particularly in patients with risk factors for this type of injury in difficult intubation cases, in order to avoid the delay of timely diagnostic and therapeutic measures, thus decreasing possible complications and improving prognosis. Furthermore, these injuries require individualized treatment by a multidisciplinary team.

Resumen Introducción. La laceración traqueal post-intubación es una complicación con una baja incidencia, pero que, debido a su relevancia clínica y alto riesgo de mortalidad, debe ser sospechada en casos de intubación endotraqueal. Presentación del caso. Mujer de 74 años con antecedentes médicos de hipertensión arterial e insuficiencias mitral y tricuspídea que fue sometida a colecistectomía laparoscópica bajo anestesia general en un hospital de tercer nivel de Zaragoza, España, procedimiento en el cual se utilizó un videolaringoscopio C-MAC® para realizar la intubación. La paciente, 20 minutos después de la extubación, presentó hemoptisis, disnea y disminución de la saturación de oxígeno, por lo que se le realizó una fibrobroncoscopia en la que se evidenció una laceración traqueal sangrante de 1.5cm. Se inició tratamiento antibiótico endovenoso y mediante radiografía de tórax y tomografía axial computarizada se descartaron complicaciones graves como neumotórax, neumomediastino o rotura traqueal. Durante el período de observación, la paciente tuvo un nivel normal de oxígeno en la sangre y su condición hemodinámica permaneció estable, por lo que recibió el alta hospitalaria a las 72 horas. Conclusiones. Debido a la alta mortalidad asociada a las laceraciones traqueales, se requiere un alto índice de sospecha clínica, en particular en pacientes con factores de riesgo para este tipo de lesiones y en casos de intubación difícil, para no demorar el inicio de medidas diagnósticas y terapéuticas oportunas, disminuyendo así las posibles complicaciones y mejorando el pronóstico. Además, estas lesiones requieren un manejo individualizado por parte de un equipo multidisciplinario.

A rare presentation of low-grade appendiceal mucinous neoplasm within an amyand’s hernia: a case report

An Amyand’s hernia is characterised as the presence of the appendix in an inguinal hernial sac. During laparoscopic cholecystectomy for gallbladder polyps, an incidental Amyand’s hernia was discovered in a 75-year-old female patient. On examination, the hernia contained an appendiceal mucocele but no evidence of perforation. An open appendicectomy with tension-free mesh repair was performed for the hernia. The histopathological report of the appendix was a low-grade appendiceal mucinous neoplasm (LAMN), an entity that is just as rare as an Amyand’s hernia. The patient had the right inguinal swelling for over 10 years but it was thought to be an inguinal intramuscular cyst as reported on a previous abdominal ultrasound. Mucocele of the appendix may have a benign or malignant appendiceal progress, leading to individualised diagnosis and treatment. We review an Amyand’s hernia with LAMN and discuss the asymptomatic tendency yet malignant potential of appendiceal mucoceles along with treatment strategies.

Simultaneous laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair and cholecystectomy: does it cause mesh infection? / Colecistectomia e herniorrafia inguinal laparoscópica simultâneas: causa infecção de tela?

ABSTRACT Background: Repair of inguinal hernia concomitant with cholecystectomy was rarely performed until more recently when laparoscopic herniorrhaphy gained more adepts. Although it is generally an attractive option for patients, simultaneous performance of both procedures has been questioned by the potential risk of complications related to mesh, mainly infection. Aim: To evaluate a series of patients who underwent simultaneous laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair and cholecystectomy, with emphasis on the risk of complications related to the mesh, especially infection. Methods: Fifty patients underwent simultaneous inguinal repair and cholecystectomy, both by laparoscopy, of which 46 met the inclusion criteria of this study. Results: In all, hernia repair was the first procedure performed. Forty-five (97,9%) were discharged within 24 h after surgery. Total mean cost of the two procedures performed separately ($2,562.45) was 43% higher than the mean cost of both operations done simultaneously ($1,785.11). Up to 30-day postoperative follow-up, seven (15.2%) presented minor complications. No patient required hospital re-admission, percutaneous drainage, antibiotic therapy or presented any other signs of mesh infection after three months. In long-term follow-up, mean of 47,1 months, 38 patients (82,6%) were revaluated. Three (7,8%) reported complications: hernia recurrence; chronic discomfort; reoperation due a non-reabsorbed seroma, one in each. However, none showed any mesh-related complication. Satisfaction questionnaire revealed that 36 (94,7%) were satisfied with the results of surgery. All of them stated that they would opt for simultaneous surgery again if necessary. Conclusion: Combined laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair and cholecystectomy is a safe procedure, with no increase in mesh infection. In addition, it has important advantage of reducing hospital costs and increase patient' satisfaction.

RESUMO Racional: Reparo da hérnia inguinal concomitante à colecistectomia era raramente realizado até mais recentemente, quando a herniorrafia laparoscópica ganhou mais adeptos. Embora geralmente seja opção atraente para pacientes, a realização simultânea tem sido questionada pelo risco potencial de complicações relacionadas à tela, principalmente infecção. Objetivo: Avaliar uma série de pacientes submetidos a colecistectomia e herniorrafia inguinal laparoscópica simultâneas, com ênfase no risco de complicações relacionadas a tela, em especial infecção. Métodos: Cinquenta pacientes foram submetidos a herniorrafia e colecistectomia simultâneas por videolaparoscopia, dos quais 46 atenderam aos critérios de inclusão. Resultados: Em todos, a herniorrafia foi realizada inicialmente. Quarenta e cinco (97,9%) tiveram alta em 24 h. O custo médio total dos dois procedimentos realizados separadamente ($2.562,45) foi 43% maior do que o custo médio das duas operações feitas simultaneamente ($1.785,11). Após 30 dias de acompanhamento pós-operatório, sete (15,2%) apresentaram complicações menores. Após três meses, nenhum necessitou de readmissão hospitalar, drenagem, antibioticoterapia ou sinal de infecção de tela. No seguimento em longo prazo, média de 47,1 meses, 38 (82,6%) foram reavaliados. Três (7,8%) relataram complicações: recorrência de hérnia; desconforto crônico; reoperação por seroma não reabsorvido. No entanto, nenhum apresentou qualquer complicação relacionada à tela. Questionário de satisfação revelou que 36 (94,7%) ficaram satisfeitos com o resultado da operação. Todos afirmaram que optariam pela ela simultânea novamente se necessário. Conclusão: O reparo da hérnia inguinal concomitante com colecistectomia por laparoscopia é procedimento seguro, sem aumento de infecção da tela. Além disso, tem a vantagem importante de reduzir custos hospitalares e aumentar a satisfação do paciente.

Management of infections with Mycobacterium other than tuberculosis as a complication of surgical procedures

Background: Atypical Mycobacterium other than tuberculosis (MOTT) have emerged as significant human pathogens, causing post-surgical wound infections. The aim of this study is to assess the causative organisms of such infection and their treatment response.Methods: After matching the criteria, 28 cases, were taken for this prospective, single center, observational study. The diagnosis was confirmed by bacterial culture.Results: Among 28 patients, 16 were females (median age of 45.5 year). Patients had undergone laparoscopic cholecystectomy (n=13), laparoscopic appendicectomy (n=3), laparoscopic hernioplasty (n=2), open appendicectomy (n=2), open mesh hernioplasty (n=7), exploratory laparotomy (n=1). No major comorbidities or immunosuppression was identified. All patients were initially treated with repeated incision and drainage and started conventional antibiotics until culture and sensitivity report was available. All except one patient had culture confirmed MOTT infection. Combination antibiotics (clarithromycin, linezolid and ofloxacin) given for initial 3 months. 12 well responded within 3 months. 9 required additional few months to get complete cure. 4 patients cured after 6 months of treatment and 3 patients did not come for follow up.Conclusions: Delayed onset chronic wound infection by atypical mycobacteria is preventable. These organisms are not responsive to conventional antitubercular drugs but to specific drug regimens.

Morgagni hernia a case report and a review of the literature

Introduction: Herniation through right sternocostal hiatus called Morgagni hernia [MH], constitutes about 3% of all cases of congenital diaphragmatic hernias. It is diagnosed with a lateral chest X-ray and confirmed with a barium enema or computed tomography. The defect can be repaired by a transabdominal, transthoracic approach, or via minimal invasive surgery

Case presentation: An 81-year-old female with a history of cholecystectomy presented to our center with nausea and vomiting for the last two weeks

Surgical technique: The laparoscopic repair of the MH was carried out under general anesthesia, and the patient was positioned in supine position. A segment of transverse colon with omentum, the round and the falciform ligament, the antro-pyloric region along with the first portion of the duodenum were seen herniating into the hernia sac and were easily reduced without significant adhesion to the sac. The defect was closed with non-absorbable 1-0 suture, using transfascial sutures with the knots residing in the subcutaneous plane. A polypropylene mesh of 20 x 15 cm was inserted into the abdominal cavity through 10 mm port, and fixed to the anterior abdominal wall and edge of the diaphragmatic defect with tackers

Discussion : There is no guidelines to date on the optimal surgical approach since open abdominal, open thoracic as well as minimal invasive techniques have all been practiced. In our patient we did not resect hernia sac as we judged that excision was difficult and could have led to damage to the pericardium or mediastinal structures. Closure of the edges of the hernia was done with extracorporeal knots in the subcutaneous plane and we consider the transfascial sutures to be a practical and reliable way to close the defect. Fixation of the mesh was done using tackers. We think that this technique should be the approach of choice for the treatment of MH

Agenesis of the gallbladder and choledocholithiasis. case report

ABSTRACT Introduction. The most frequent elective surgery in General Surgery is the gallbladder surgery (cholecystectomy) in General Surgery in adults. There are many abnormalities of the gallbladder and the common bile duct. The most uncommon case is gallbladder agenesis. It could be difficult even for a experimented surgeon. It's the most erratic biliar duct malformation, and there are near 500 cases reported.(l) Case presentation. We present a case report of a 44 years old female patient, with abdominal pain in right superior quadrant, history of jaundice and acholia, with higher hepatic enzymes and direct bilirubin, with high probability of Choledocholithiasis. The images had not finding of the gallbladder (ultrasonography, Magnetic Resonance). The endoscopic retrograde colangiopancreatography (ERCP) was done, without removal of lithiasis and it used stent. Finally we did laparoscopy common bile duct exploration, and the surgery confirmation of agenesis of the gallbladder, with mecanic lithotripsy, and the success with total resolution of the patology in the posterior medical control. Conclusion. Agenesis of the gallbladder is a rare pathology that not many surgeons have the opportunity to treat. However, a surgeon must be prepared for any malformation and anatomical variant.

RESUMEN Introducción. Una de las cirugías electivas que más desarrolla el cirujano general en adultos, es la colecistectomía. Sin embargo, el cirujano debe estar preparado para múltiples hallazgos, entre ellas las malformaciones. El caso más exótico que puede encontrar el mismo, es la agenesia de la vesícula biliar, el cual puede desorientar completamente a un cirujano incluso experimentado, debido a que es la malformación con más baja incidencia de las vías biliares y sólo hay cerca de 500 casos reportados en la literatura.1 Presentación del caso. Se presenta el caso de una paciente de 44 años, con cuadro clínico de dolor abdominal en cuadrante superior derecho, historia clínica de ictericia y acolia, con elevación del perfil hepático (hiperbilirrubinemia directa) y alta probabilidad de coledocolitiasis. En los estudios imagenológicos (Ultrasonografia y Resonancia Nuclear Magnética de Vías biliares), no hubo hallazgo de vesícula biliar. Por ende, se realizó la colangiografía pancreática retrograda endoscópica (CPRE) en la cual no se logró la extracción de cálculos, y requirió uso de Endoprótesis. Finalmente, el tratamiento derivó a exploración de Vías biliares por laparoscopia, en dónde se confirmó el hallazgo de agenesia de vía biliar sospechado por la Resonancia Magnética y ecografías previas, se realizó entonces litotripsia mecánica dirigida con resolución completa del cuadro clínico. Y seguimiento posterior exitoso, con mejoría de la sintomatología inicial de la paciente. Conclusión. La agenesia vesicular una patología extraordinaria que incluso el cirujano general no se pueda encontrar alguna vez en su vida. Sin embargo, este debe estar preparado para todas las malformaciones y variantes anatómicas.

Morbilidad en pacientes pediátricos sometidos a colecistectomía laparoscópica / Morbidity in pediatric patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Introduction: Cholelithiasis is a prevalent disease in Chile. Therefore, there is sufficient evidence regarding the results of cholecystectomy in adults; however, information in pediatric population is scarce. The aim of this study is to report the results of a series of pediatric patients undergoing surgery for cholelithiasis, in terms of postoperative morbidity (POM). Material and Methods: Retrospective case series. All patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy for cholelithiasis in the period 2004 to 2013, in the Department of Surgery of Hospital de Puerto Montt, Chile, were included. The main outcome variable was POM. Other variables of interest were cause of consult, coexistence of choledocholithiasis, concomitant diseases, nature of surgery, hospital stay and mortality. Descriptive statistics were used to calculate percentages, measures of center tendency and dispersion. Results: 71 patients, with a median age of 13 years, 84.5 percent female, were operated. POM was 1.4 percent (one case of hemoperitoneum that required reoperation, Dindo-Clavien IIIb). The most frequent cause of consultation was biliary colic (95.8 percent of cases). Coexistence of choledocholithiasis was determined in 6 cases (8.5 percent). The most common concomitant disease was familiar microspherocytosis (4 cases, 5.6 percent). The surgery was elective in 62 patients (87.3 percent). Median hospital stay were 2 days. The serie has no mortality. Conclusion: The observed results are comparable with those from other series of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in pediatric patients.

Introducción: La colelitiasis es una enfermedad prevalente en Chile; por ende, existe suficiente evidencia respecto de los resultados de la colecistectomía en población adulta; sin embargo, la información en población pediátrica es escasa. El objetivo de este estudio, es reportar los resultados de una serie de pacientes pediátricos, intervenidos quirúrgicamente por colelitiasis, en términos de morbilidad postoperatoria (MPO). Material y Método: Serie de casos retrospectiva. Se incluyeron todos los pacientes pediátricos colecistectomizados vía laparoscópica en el Servicio de Cirugía del Hospital de Puerto Montt, Chile; en el período 2004 y 2013. La variable resultado fue MPO. Otras variables de interés fueron causa de consulta, coexistencia de coledocolitiasis, enfermedades concomitantes, carácter de la cirugía, estancia hospitalaria y mortalidad. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva con cálculo de porcentajes, medidas de tendencia central y dispersión. Resultados: Se intervinieron 71 pacientes, con una mediana de edad de 13 años; 84,5 por ciento de sexo femenino. La MPO fue de 1,4 por ciento (un caso de hemoperitoneo que requirió reoperación; Dindo-Clavien IIIb). La causa de consulta más frecuente fue el cólico biliar (95,8 por ciento de los casos). Se determinó coexistencia de coledocolitiasis en 6 casos (8,5 por ciento). La enfermedad concomitante más frecuente fue microesferocitosis familiar (4 casos; 5,6 por ciento). La cirugía fue electiva en 62 pacientes (87,3 por ciento). La mediana de la estancia hospitalaria fue 2 días y no se reporta mortalidad. Conclusión: Los resultados observados son comparables con los de otras series de colecistectomía laparoscópica en pacientes pediátricos.

Port Site Infection in Laparoscopic Surgeries.

Background/Aims: As the surgeries undertaken by laparoscope are increasing, complications are also increasing. In light of the explosive increase in laparoscopic surgery, there is concern about the effectiveness of sterilizing reusable laparoscopic instruments which might be a potential source of infection if not properly sterilized. Our study explains port site infection, its diagnosis and management with review of literature. Setting and Design: This study was carried out in a tertiary care setting and was an outcome study. Material and Methods: All five patients in the study were operated (April 2008-2010) elsewhere and came to us for management of non healing sinuses. Result: Amongst operated cases of laparoscopic cholecystectomy one healed by irrigation with superoxide, two cases healed with sinus exploration and wound debridement while one case required extensive wound debridement requiring temporary mesh repair of the abdominal wall with removal of the mesh (due to persistence of sinus) six months later following complete healing, no residual hernia. One operated case of laparoscopic incisional hernia repair with laparoscopic Cholecystectomy healed after removal of mesh with sinus exploration. Conclusion: The present study is an attempt to make surgeons aware about the complications which occur due to improper sterilisation of laparoscopic instruments ending into increased morbidity of patients.

Estrategias intaaoperatorias para evitar la lesón de vía biliar durante la reaalización de una colecistectomía laparoscópica / Intaoperative sttrategies to avoid ile duct injury during laparosccopic cholecystectomy

Objetivo: Identificar las estrategias intraoperatorias para evitar las lesiones de la vía biliar en el curso de una colecistectomía laparoscópica. Diseño: Revisión Sistemática de la Literatura. Población: Búsqueda sistemática en el medline usando términos Mesh y Multi: [bile duct injury Multi], [laparoscopic cholecystectomy Mesh] Resultados: Se han identificado 7 técnicas intraoperatorias para evitar la lesión del ducto biliar durante la colecistectomía laparoscópica. La Visión Crítica de Seguridad (VCS) no solo es la mas usada, sino es parte de todas las guías clínicas y aceptada en la mayor parte de los cirujanos. La Colangiografía intraoperatoria (CIO) se asocia a menor lesión de vía biliar, pero su uso sistemático es bajo, aumenta el tiempo quirúrgico y los costos y requiere entrenamiento para su interpretación. La Ecografía laparoscópica intraoperatoria (ELI) aun es poco disponible y tienen una curva de aprendizaje muy larga. Otros sistemas de imágenes son poco prácticos y aún en periodo de prueba. Conclusión: La VCS es la forma más segura y difundida para disminuir la probabilidad de lesión de vía biliar durante la colecistectomía laparoscópica y debe ser asumida en forma sistemática y rutinaria.

Aim: Identify strategies to prevent intraoperative bile duct injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Methodological disegn: Sistematic review of the literature. Population: Sistematic search of medline using Mesh and Multi terms: [bile duct injury Multi], [laparoscopic cholecystectomy Mesh]. Results: We have identified 7 methods to avoid intraoperative bile duct injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Critical View of Safety (CVS) is not only the most used, is part of all clinical guidelines too and the method accepted for most of the surgeons. The intraoperative cholangiography (IOC) is associated with lower bile duct injury, but it is not use routinely, it increases operating time and costs and training required for their interpretation. The laparoscopic intraoperative ultrasonography (LIU) is still little available and have a long learning curve. Other imaging systems are impractical and still on probation. Conclusion: The CVS is the safest and released to reduce the chance ofbile duct injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy and should be done and undertaken systematical and routinely.

Reparación de hernia incisional por vía laparoscópica: resultados iniciales / Laparoscopic repair of incisional hernias: experience in 21 patients

Background: Ventral hernias are one of the most common complications of open abdominal surgery and can be repaired laparoscopically. Aim: To assess the feasibility, safety and efficacy of the laparoscopic repair of incisional hernias. Patients and Methods: Retrospective study of the patients undergoing laparoscopic ventral hernia repair from march 2006 to october 2008 at a surgical department of a clinical hospital. We analyzed patient's characteristics, surgical variables, perioperative results, complications and short term follow up. Results: Twenty-one patients aged 54 +/- 14 years (16 females) underwent laparoscopic ventral hernia repair during this period. Their mean body mass index was 32.2 +/-6.5 kg/m². One patient was converted to open surgery. The mean hernia ring diameter was 8.4 +/- 3.9 cm (range 3-17). Median operative time was 92 minutes (range 45-300). Mean hospital stay was 3.0 +/-1.6 days. During the procedure, two patients were simultaneously subjected to a sleeve gastrectomy and cholecystectomy, respectively. Apulmonary atelectasis and a seroma occurred in two patients (10 percent) as early minor complications. As late complications, two patients (10 percent) experienced continuing pain in the area in both operations. No patient died. Follow up was 100 percent with a mean of 14 months (range 4-36), without hernia recurrence during this period. Conclusions: Laparoscopic incisional hernia repair is a feasible technique to perform, without serious complications.

Introducción: La hernia incisional (HI) es una de las complicaciones más frecuentes en cirugía abdominal abierta, siendo una alternativa para su corrección la hernioplastía por vía laparoscópica. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la factibilidad y eficacia de la reparación laparoscópica de la HI con seguimiento a corto plazo, dando a conocer nuestra experiencia inicial. Material y Método: Estudio retrospectivo de pacientes sometidos a hernioplastía incisional laparoscópica entre marzo de 2006 y octubre de 2008 en el Hospital Clínico de la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Se evaluó variables demográficas, perioperatorias, morbilidad y recidiva. Resultados: Fueron operados 21 pacientes en este período, 16 de género femenino, con un promedio de edad e índice de masa corporal de 54 +/- 13 años y 32,2 +/- 6,5 kg/m², respectivamente. Uno de ellos se convirtió a cirugía abierta. El diámetro mayor del anillo hemiario fue en promedio 8,4 +/-3,9 cm (rango 3-17) y la mediana de tiempo operatorio fue de 92 minutos (rango 45-300). La estadía hospitalaria fue 3,0 +/-1,6 días, en promedio. Durante la misma cirugía se realizó en dos pacientes gastrectomía en manga y colecistectomía. Se presentaron complicaciones precoces menores en dos pacientes (10 por ciento), una atelectasia pulmonar y un seroma, y complicaciones tardías menores en otros dos pacientes (10 por ciento), que correspondió a dolor prolongado en la zona operatoria en ambos. No hubo mortalidad en la serie. El seguimiento fue 100 por ciento, con un promedio de 14 meses (rango 4-36), sin recidiva en este período. Conclusiones: La hernioplastía incisional laparoscópica es una técnica factible de realizar en nuestro medio, sin complicaciones mayores en esta serie y buenos resultados a un a±o de seguimiento.

Is repair of incisional hernias by polypropylene mesh a safe procedure?

The aim of our study was to evaluate the safety of the intraperitoneal mesh repair procedure and to assess the complications that develop after the procedure. We reviewed the records of 25 patients who underwent intraperitoneal mesh repair procedures. Data on age, sex, size and cause of the hernia, postoperative mortality, and morbidity with special attention to complications were obtained from the medical records. Of the 25 patients [7 males, 18 females], the original operation was cholecystectomy in 15 cases [60%], gynaecological surgery in 2, gastric surgery in 2, and umbilical hernia in 2. Incisions were midline in 20 cases [80%], transverse in 2 and laparoscopic port sites in 3 patients. The average size of the hernia was 150 cm[2]. Local complications occurred in 4 [16%] patients. Postoperative complications included wound infection in 3 patients and haematoma in 1 patient. Postoperative hospital stay ranged from 3 to 25 days with a mean of 6 days. No recurrence developed during 28-month follow-up. The tension-free repair of incisional hernia with polypropylene mesh in intraperitoneal position is a safe and easy procedure with acceptable morbidity and no recurrence

Reparación laparoscópica de hernia de Morgagni: reporte de dos casos / Laparoscopic repair of Morgagni hernia: report of two cases

Presentamos dos pacientes con tratamiento laparoscópico de una hernia de Morgagni. Este es un defecto congénito en el diafragma anterior poco frecuente, que puede ser asintomático o causar síntomas dependiendo del contenido hemiario. El tratamiento quirúrgico puede ser a cielo abierto por vía torácica o transabdominal, pero el abordaje laparoscópico también permite su reparación, tanto cuando es simple como cuando requiere la colocación de una malla. Por el hecho de evitar el trauma quirúrgico y permitir una pronta recuperación del paciente lo creemos actualmente el tratamiento de elección.

Morgagni hernia is an uncommon congenital defect of the anterior diaphragm that can be asymptomatic or cause symptoms, depending of the contents of the hernia sac. It is treated with open surgery, but laparoscopic surgery is also an alternative for a simple repair or mesh placement. We report two patients. A 62 years old female subjected to an elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy. During the procedure a Morgagni hernia was detected and repaired. A 72 years old female with a herniation of transverse and ascending colon into the thorax that was operated, repairing the hernia with suture and mesh placement. Both patients had an uneventful postoperative outcome.

Efectividad de la profilaxis antibiótica en el curso de la colecistectomía laparoscópica electiva: revisión sistemática de la literatura / Systematic review on the effectiveness of antimicrobial prophylaxis in elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Introducción: El uso de la profilaxis antibiótica (PA) es una práctica común en cirugía, sin embargo, su indicación en la colecistectomía laparoscópica electiva (CLE) es controversial. El objetivo de este estudio es determinar la efectividad de la PA en CLE en relación a incidencia de infección del sitio operatorio (ISO). Material y método: Se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura (RS), analizando ensayos clínicos aleatorios (ECA) y estudios de cohortes (EC), cuya población fueran sujetos mayores de 18 años sometidos a CLE en quienes se comparara el uso de un esquema de PA vs. placebo. Se consultaron las bases de datos Cochrane, MEDLINE, SciELO y LiLACS, a través de términos MeSH, palabras libres y términos booleanos. La calidad metodológica de los estudios fue valorada mediante la aplicación del escore MINCIR cuya puntuación fluctúa entre 6 y 36 puntos. Se aplicó estadística descriptiva, meta-análisis para la comparación de grupos y análisis de sensibilidad. Resultados: Se analizaron 10 artículos que generaron 11 estudios comparativos (9 ECA y 2 EC). La mediana de la calidad metodológica de los estudios analizados fue de 18,5 puntos. La población de los estudios es de 2271 pacientes (1196 con PAy 1077 con placebo). No se verificaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en las variables edad, peso, tiempo quirúrgico ni estancia hospitalaria en los grupos en estudio. El meta-análisis dio un odds ratio final de 0,726 (IC de 95 por ciento de 0,429 -1,226); y el análisis de sensibilidad excluyendo los EC, un OR de 0,954 (IC de 95 por ciento de 0,480 - 1,897); es decir que, en ambas situaciones, no se estableció un efecto protector del uso de PA sobre el desarrollo de ISO en pacientes sometidos a CLE. Conclusión: La evidencia encontrada en esta RS no sustenta el uso de PA en CLE.

Background: Antimicrobial prophylaxis is a common practice in surgery. However its indication in elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy is controversial. Aim: To determine the effectiveness of antimicrobial prophylaxis in elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Material and methods: Systematic literature review of clinical trials and cohort studies in subjects over 18 years of age, comparing the effect antimicrobial prophylaxis versus placebo in the incidence of operative site infections. Cochrane, MEDLINE, Scielo and LiLACS databases were consulted. The methodological quality of studies was assessed using the MINCIR store, that ranges from 6 to 36. Results: Nine clinical trials and two cohort studies were analyzed. The mean MINCIR score of the studies was 18.5. The total population of all studies were 2271 patients (1196 receiving antimicrobial prophylaxis and 1077 receiving placebo). Both groups were comparable in age, weight, surgical time and length of hospital stay. The meta analysis gave a final odds ratio for the risk of infection of 0.73 (95 percent confidence interval 0.43-1.23). Sensitivity analysis, excluding cohort studies gave an odds ratio of 0.95 (95 percent confidence interval 0.48-1.9). Thus, in both situations no protective effect of antimicrobial prophylaxis on operative site infections was demonstrated. Conclusions: This systematic review does not support the use antimicrobial prophylaxis in elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy accompanied by simultaneous umbilical hernia repair: a retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: Umbilical defects may cause technical problems for general surgeons in patients during laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) operations and may increase the incidence of incisional hernia. AIM: The objectives of this study were to determine the optimal repair method for umbilical hernias that already exist or are encountered incidentally and to present data regarding potential problems that may occur during LC. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: Medical records of patients who had received simultaneous umbilical hernia repair (UHR) with LC were investigated retrospectively. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cholelithiasis was accompanied by umbilical hernia in 64 (8.6%) out of 745 patients who underwent LC and UHR simultaneously in our hospital between 2000 and 2004. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: The Mann-Whitney U, Chi-square, One-Way Anova, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, the log-rank test and t test were used for statistical analyses. RESULTS: LC was followed by UHR using primary suture (Group 1), Mayo repair (Group 2) and flat mesh-based repair (Group 3) in 32 (50%), 18 (28.1%) and 14 (21.9%) patients, respectively. Mean body mass indexes (BMI) of patients were 26.6 kg/m 2, 29.2 kg/m 2 and 39.9 kg/m 2 in Groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Recurrence rates were 9.4%, 5.6% and none (0%) in Groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Recurrence was observed in three (7.0%) out of 43(67.2%) patients with BMI > or = 30 kg/m 2 while umbilical hernia recurred in one (4.8%) out of 21 (32.8%) patients with BMI < 30 kg/m 2. Overall morbidity and mortality rates were 14.1% and 0%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The outcomes of the UHR with mesh after laparoscopic surgeries appear to be better for either obese or non-obese patients than primary suture techniques in recurrence rates.

Modified mesh rectopexy: a prospective study of 37 patients

The objective of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity of criteria used for predicting bile duct stones and their endoscopic removal before laparoscopic cholecystectomy [LC] We conducted a prospective preoperative study on 250 patients with symptomatic gallstones who underwent LC at Ain Shams University hospitals From April 1998 to April 2002. endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography [ERCP] was performed in 54 patients. . Six indicators-jaundice, acute biliary pancreatitis, stones in common bile duct [CBD] on sonography, dilated [CBD] >7 mm on ultrasonography, dilated [CBD] with deranged liver function tests, and deranged liver function tests without jaundice-were used for suspecting choledocholithiasis and endoscopic removal before LC. Results: There were 194/250 patients [77.6%] who had a LC without the need for preoperative ERCP. 56/250 patients [22.4%] were thought likely to have stones on clinical, laboratory and Ultrasound [US] findings as part of their initial evaluation, and were referred for preoperative ERCP for removal of CBD stones. US correctly predicted bile duct stone in 91.6% [11/12 patients],followed by dilated CBD with deranged liver function test 66.6% [6/9 patients],.Followed by biliary pancreatitis 57% [4/7 patients], and jaundice50% [4/8 patients]. Sensitivity of dilated CBD on ultrasonography in predicting duct stone was only 40% [4/10 patients]. Deranged liver function without jaundice was the least sensitive of the predictors 37.5%[3/8 patients]. Overall, these indicators correctly diagnosed CBD stones in 59.2%[32/54 patients] before LC. Using selected criteria to select patients for preoperative ERCP can avoid operative cholangiography and unnecessary ERCP. As soon as postoperative patients have clinical signs or symptoms, endoscopic treatment should be performede of premature or retrograde ejaculation. The complications included prolonged ileus [3 patients], faecal impaction [1 patient], partial mucosal prolapse [2 patients] and post-operative obstruction [1 patient]. There was no recurrence. the mean follow up period was 9 +/- 1.8months ;range[5-15]months. This technique aligns the rectum, avoids excessive mobilisation and division of lateral ligaments thus preventing constipation and preserving potency. We recommend this technique for patients with complete rectal prolapse with up to grade 1, 2 and 3 incontinence based on Browning and Parks classification