A comparative study on antidiarrheal effects of Mongolian medicines Holarrhena antidysenterica, Forsythia suspensa and Cynanchum thesioides / 中草药

Objective: To compare the antidiarrheal effects of Mongolian medicine, Holarrhena antidysenterica, Forsythia suspensa and Cynanchum thesioides on diarrhea model rats and investigate its effects on serum DAO (diamine oxidase), cAMP (cyclic adenosine phosphate), TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor-α), ATPase and calcium ions. Methods: The normal control group, model group, H. antidysenterica low-dose and high-dose groups, F. suspensa low dose and high-dose groups, C. thesioides low dose and high dose groups were set. Except the normal control group, the other groups were ig administrated water decoction of Cassia angustifolia to establish diarrhea model; After the success of the model, the rats in treatment groups were administrated by gastric drug for 7 d, the type mental state, diarrhea and body weight changes were observed. the abdominal aortic blood was obtained at the last day of fasting 12 h after the administration. DAO, cAMP, TNF-α, ATP enzyme, OD value of the calcium ions in serum were determined by using ELISA (enzyme-linked immune detection reagent) kits. Results: General status: except for the normal group, the mental state of the rats in the other groups was depressed after modeling, the fur color of them was significantly decreased and the body weight was decreased. The diarrhea rate was 100% on the 4th day after modeling. Compared with the model group, there were significant differences in the number of loose stools, grade of loose stools and diarrhea index (P < 0.05, 0.01) in each administration group. The serum DAO, TNF-α, ATPase, cAMP and calcium ion OD values were compared: the serum concentrations of DAO in H. antidysenterica low dose group, C. thesioides low dose group and F. suspensa high and low dose groups of rats were significantly lower than model group with significant differences (P < 0.05), and were significantly higher than normal group. The serum concentration of TNF-α in C. thesioides high and low dose groups were lower compared with model group (P < 0.05). The serum ATPase in C. thesioides high and low dose groups had significant difference (P < 0.05) compared with model group. The serum concentration of cAMP in H. antidysenterica high-dose group and F. suspensa low-dose group was significantly lower compared with model group with significant differences (P < 0.05). Serum Ca2+ concentration in the drug administration groups was significantly different from that in the model group (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The antidiarrheal effect of C. thesioides is better than that of H. antidysenterica and F. suspensa.

A new 8-O-4'-neolignan from twigs and leaves of Ervatamia hainanensis / 中草药

Objective: To study the chemical constituents in the twigs and leaves of Ervatamia hainanensis. Methods: The chemical constituents were isolated by silica gel, ODS, Sephadex LH-20 column chromatographies, and preparative HPLC. The structures were elucidated on the basis of physicochemical properties and spectral analysis. Results: Four lignans were isolated and identified as threo-7-O-ethylguaiacylglycerol-8-O-4'-(coniferyl alcohol) ether (1), threo-guaiacylglycerol-8-O-4'-(coniferyl alcohol) ether (2), erythro-guaiacylglycerol-8-O-4'-(coniferyl alcohol) ether (3), and dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol (4). Conclusion: Compound 1 is a new 8-O-4'-neolignan and named as hainanervaligan A (1), and compounds 2-4 are obtained from the plants of Ervatamia (A. DC.) Stapf for the first time.

Chemical constituents from rhizome of Smilax davidiana / 中草药

Objective: To study on the chemical constituents from the rhizome of Smilax davidiana. Methods: The compounds were separated and purified by sephadex LH-20 column chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography. Their structures were identified by spectroscopic analysis and comparison with literatures. Results: Twenty compounds were isolated and identified as aromadendrin7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (1), dalbergin (2), 3,5,7,4′-tetrahydroxyflavanone-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (3), kaempferol-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (4), quercetin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (5), quercetin-3-O-β-L-rhamnopyranoside (6), 4,6- dihydroxy-2-O-(β-D-glucopyranosyl)-acetophenone (7), 3,5-dihydroxy-4-O-(β-D-glucopyranosyl) acetophenone (8), 2,4,6- trihydroxy-acetophenone-4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (9), 2,4,6-trihydroxylacetophenone-2,4-di-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (10), epicatechin (11), latifolin (12), 3′-O-(E-4-coumaroyl)-quinic acid (13), 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid butyl ester (14), 5,5′- dimethoxylariciresinol 4′-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (15), 1-cerotoylglycerol (16), cinchonain Ib (17), adenosine (18), resveratrol (19), and 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl-1-β-D-glucopyranoside (20). Conclusion: Compounds 4—9, and 12—16 are isolated from Smilax genus for the first time, and compounds 1—3, 17, and 18 are from S. davidiana for the first time.

Determination of platycodin in Platycodi Radix from different habitats / 中草药

Objective: To establish a method of the determination of total platycodin and platycodin D; And to determine the contents of total platycodin and platycodin D in Platycodi RadiX from different habitats. Methods: The content of total platycodin was determined by 1ultrasonic extraction and weight method; And the content of platycodin D was determined by HPLC. The chromatographic conditions were Waters Symmetry-C18 column, mobile phrase of CH3CN-H2O (22:78), flow rate of 1.0 mL/min, detection wavelength at 210 nm and column temperature 30℃. Results: There was a greater difference between the contents of total platycodin and platycodin D in Platycodi Radix from different habitats. In measuring Platycodi Radix, the content of total platycodin in Platycodi Radix from Zhejiang Province was the highest, which was 12.03%; the contents in Platycodi Radix from Heilongjiang, Liaoning, Anhui, Shandong, and Jiangxi Provinces were more than 6%; However, the contents in Platycodi Radix from the other provinces were lower than 6%, and it was the lowest in Platycodi Radix from Henan province, which was 1.57%. The contents of platycodin D in Platycodi Radix from Yunnan province was the highest, and it was the lowest in Platycodi Radix from Hebei province. Conclusion: The methods could be used for the determination of total platycodin and platycodin D in Platycodi Radix because of theirs simple operations with accurate and reliable results. The contents of total platycodin and platycodin D are different obviously in Platycodi Radix from different habitats, and the contents of total platycodin and platycodin D in the same drug with the level of inconsistency don't show correlation.

A new monoterpenoid indole alkaloid from Winchia calophylla / 中草药

To investigate the alkaloid constituents from the trunk barks of Winchia calophylla. The constituents were isolated and purified by column chromatography over silica gel and Sephadex LH-20 columns. The structure of the isolated compound was elucidated by MS and NMR spectra, and then confirmed by a single-crystal X-ray crystallographic analysis. The isolated compound was also evaluated for its in vitro cytotoxicity against the proliferation of seven kinds of human cancer cell lines (lung cancer: A549, breast cancer: MCF-7, prostate cancer: PC-3, glioma: U87MG, multiple myeloma: U266, MM1. S, and MM1. R). A new monoterpenoid indole alkaloid, identified as calophyline B (1), was isolated from the ethanol extract of the trunk barks of W. calophylla. Compound 1 is a new compound, which shows no cytotoxicity against the proliferation of the above human tumor cells.

Synthesis and cytotoxic activities of ardipusilloside I derivatives / 中草药

Objective: To seek novel compounds with better antineoplastic activities by modifying the structure of ardipusilloside I (ADS I) isolated from Ardisia pusilla. Methods: A series of ADS I derivatives were synthesized through oxidation, reduction, and condensation on C-30 aldehyde group, and the antineoplastic activities of these compounds against nine kinds of human cancer cells were evaluated by MTT assay. Results: Four derivatives a, b, d, and c were respectively named as hydrogenated ardipusilloside I, ardipusilloside I oxide, ardipusilloside 4-benzyl-3-thiosemicarbazide, ardipusilloside methyl hydrazinecarbodithioate. Compound a and c had lower IC50 than the lead compound on nine kinds of human cancer cells (P < 0.05), which indicated that they could enhance the antineoplastic activities when compared with ADS I. Four derivatives of ADS I were synthesized, among which compounds a and c had lower IC50 than the lead compound (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Through structural modification of ADS I, the antineoplastic activities are enhanced.

Effects of different soaking treatments on seed germination and seedling growth of Platycodon grandiflorum / 中草药

Objective: To investigate the effects of different soaking treatments by KNO3, KMnO4, H2O2, GA3, and distilled water for different times on seed germination and seedling growth of Platycodon grandiflorum. Methods: Adopting a double-layer filter paper culture method, the seeds were cultured in the 12 h illumination light incubator at 25 °C, and the germination energy, germination percentage, germination index of the seeds, and the root length and the shoot height of the seedling were recorded. Then the data were analyzed. Results: The best soaking treatment to break seed dormancy, promote the seed germination, and improve the seedling growth of P. grandiflorum was with 0.150 g/L GA3 for 24 h. In addition, another effective soaking treatment is using 0.005 g/mL KNO3 for 12 h. Conclusion: The appropriate soaking reagent and time for the seed germination of P. grandiflorum are obtained, which could provide the guidance for seedling and artificial cultivating P. grandiflorum.

Comparison of Vasodilator Effects of Platycodin D and D3 in Rats

The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of platycodin D and D3, which are active components derived from the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum A. DC., on the contractile force of the i3olated rat aorta and blood pressure of the anesthetized rat, and also to elucidate its mechanism of action. Both phenylephrine (an adrenergic alpha1-receptor agonist) and high potassium (a membrane- depolarizing agent) caused great contractile responses in the isolated aortic strips. Platycodin D at high concentration (24microgram/ml) inhibited contractile responses induced by phenylephrine (10 (-5) M) and high potassium (5.6x10 (-2) M), while low concentrations of platycodin D (4~8microgram/ml) did not affect those responses. However, platycodin D3 (8~32microgram/ml) did not alter the contractile responses evoked by phenylephrine and high K+. Interestingly, the infusion of platycodin D3 (1.0 mg/kg/30 min) significantly reduced the pressor responses induced by intravenous norepinephrine. However, platycodin D3 (1.0 mg/kg/30 min) did not affect them. Taken together, these results show that intravenously administered platycodin D depresses norepinephrine-induced pressor responses in the anesthetized rat, at least partly through the blockade of adrenergic alpha1-receptors. Platycodin D also caused vascular relaxation in the isolated aortic strips of the rat via the blockade of adrenergic alpha1-receptors, in addition to an unknown direct mechanism. However, platycodin D3 did not affect both norepinephrine-induced pressor responses and the isolated rat aortic contractile responses evoked by phenylephrine and high potassium. Based on these results, there seems to be much difference in the mode of action between platycodin D and platycodin D3.

Cryopreservation of in vitro shoot-tips of Platycodon grandiflorum by vitrification and plant regeneration / 中草药

Objective To get a new approach to conserve the germplasm of Platycodon grandiflorum. Methods A method of vitrification was studied to cryopreserve in vitro shoot-tips of P. grandiflorum, and the regenerated plantlets were observed subsequently. Results Shoot-tips, 2—3 mm length, gotten from in vitro shoots of P. grandiflorum precultured on MS medium supplemented with 5% DMSO and 103 g/L sucrose for 3 d, were loaded with the 60% PVS_2 for 20 min at 20 ℃, and incubated in PVS_2 for 90 min at 0 ℃ prior to a direct plunging into liquid nitrogen (LN) and keeping for 1 d. After rapid thawing in water at 40 ℃, the shoot-tips were rinsed in the MS medium supplemented with 410 g/L sucrose for 20 min, and plated on the filter paper sustained by the MS regeneration medium supplemented with 0.6 mg/L KT, 0.2 mg/L BA, and 0.05 mg/L NAA for 1 d in dark and subcultured on the above regeneration medium for one week in dark prior to exposure to the light. The survival of shoot-tips was up to 80%, and they grew normally. Conclusion The method of vitrification to cryopreserve the germplasm of P. grandiflorum is simple in handling with high in survival and normal in regeneration and can be applied in practice.

Biotransformation of cantharidin by cell suspension cultures of Platycodon grandiflorus / 中草药

Object To investigate the biotransformation of cantharidin by cell suspension cultures of Platycodon grandiflorus (Jacq ) A DC Methods Cantharidin was added into cell suspension cultures of P grandiflorus and incubated for another six days The culture supernatant was extracted with EtOAc and then subjected to silica gel chromatography Results Two products were isolated as a mixture in a molar ratio of about 2∶1 Their structures were identified on the basis of spectroscopic data as 1? OH cantharidin (Ⅱa) and 1? OH cantharidin (Ⅱb) The relative configuration was elucidated according to NOESY spectrum Conclusion The two products were new cantharidin derivatives

Noninvasive monitoring technology and device for tissue blood oxygen content / 医疗卫生装备

The conventional invasive tissue blood oxygen content measurement is poor in continuity.The weakness of the signal,strong interference and random transmission of the photon in tissues make the measurement difficult.Recently,near infrared spectrum technology has been applied to tissue blood oxygen content measurement.This paper presents a hardware design method for tissue blood oxygen content measurement by near infrared spectrum technology.

Best harvest time of Platycodon grandiflorum A.DC from Changbai Mountains and its cluster analysis / 中成药

AIM: To research the development of the content of total saponin in Platycodon grandifloeum(Jacq.) A.DC.and Platycodon grandifloeum(Jacq.) A.DC.var.Hort so that the best harvest time was found. METHODS: Using the methods of cluster analysis and according to the examination method ruled in the 2005 version 〈The People's Republic of China Prarmacopoeia〉,the content of total saponin in Platycodon grandiflorum in different harvest time was compared. RESULTS: Platycodon grandifloeum(Jacq.) A.DC and Platycodongrandifloeum(Jacq.) A.DC.var.Hort respectively on September 20,September 30 are the largest yield and the largest content of total saponin in root,that time is the best harvest time. CONCLUSION: The method is simple,accurate and reliable.