Excesso de peso pré-gestacional e ácidos graxos poli-insaturados no leite humano: modelo teórico de causalidade / Pre-gestational overweight and polyunsaturated fatty acids in human milk: theoretical causality model

Resumo Inúmeros estudos têm se detido na avaliação da associação entre o excesso de peso pré-gestacional e os ácidos graxos poli-insaturados no leite humano. Todavia, diante da complexidade de fatores de risco potencialmente confundidores, é recomendável a utilização de ferramentas gráficas para identificar possíveis vieses. O objetivo deste artigo é propor um modelo teórico de causalidade utilizando o gráfico acíclico direcionado entre o excesso de peso pré-gestacional e os ácidos graxos poli-insaturados no leite humano. Foi realizada ampla revisão da literatura para identificar as variáveis com relações causais com a exposição e/ou desfecho. A escolha das variáveis para ajuste seguiu o algoritmo gráfico que compreende seis critérios para a seleção de um conjunto mínimo de variáveis potencialmente confundidoras. Condições socioeconômicas, intervalo interpartal, idade materna e padrão de consumo alimentar foram as variáveis ajustadas a fim de se estimar o efeito total do excesso de peso pré-gestacional sobre o conteúdo dos ácidos graxos poli-insaturados no leite humano. O conjunto mínimo de variáveis encontrado pelo presente estudo pode ser utilizado na análise de outros estudos que avaliem essa associação.

Abstract A number of studies have focused on the evaluation of the relationship between pre-pregnancy overweight and polyunsaturated fatty acids content in human milk. However, given the complexity of potentially confounding risk factors, the use of graphical tools is recommended to identify possible biases. This article aims to propose a theoretical model of causality using the directed acyclic graph between pre-pregnancy overweight and polyunsaturated fatty acids content in human milk. Methods: An extensive literature review was performed to identify variables with causal relationships with exposure and/or outcome. The choice of variables for adjustment followed the graphic algorithm that comprises six criteria for selecting a minimum set of potentially confounding variables. Socioeconomic conditions, interpartum interval, maternal age and food consumption pattern were the variables that would have to be adjusted in order to estimate the total effect of pre-pregnancy overweight on polyunsaturated fatty acids content in human milk. The minimum set of variables found in the present study can be used in the analysis of other studies that evaluate this association.

Correlación entre la adicción a la comida y niveles del ácido araquidónico en adultos con obesidad tras intervenciones nutricionales

Introducción: Los endocannabinoides son una diana en el tratamiento de la obesidad y se producen a partir de ácidos grasos esenciales, los derivados del ácido linoleico actúan como agonistas de los receptores cannabinoides tipo 1 (CB1), asimismo, los derivados del ácido linolénico ejercen efectos de antagonistas de dichos receptores, por lo cual se plantea que modificar el consumo dietario de los ácidos grasos omega 3 y 6 podría modular la activación del sistema endocannabinoide, lo que podría ser favorable para personas con adicción a la comida, considerando cómo este sistema promueve la actividad de las vías dopaminérgicas que se alteran en la adicción a sustancias psicoactivas. Objetivo: Analizar la correlación entre el puntaje de adicción a la comida por la escala mYFAS 2.0 y los niveles plasmáticos de ácido araquidónico en adultos con obesidad tras modular la ingesta de alimentos fuente de ácidos grasos esenciales. Metodología: Se desarrolló un estudio piloto con diseño de ensayo clínico cruzado en dos tiempos, en donde los participantes recibieron los tratamientos estándar y experimental, en estos se brindaron planes siguiendo recomendaciones para el manejo nutricional de la obesidad, adicionalmente, el tratamiento experimental contó con pautas para disminuir el consumo del Omega 6 y aumentar el consumo de Omega 3 para obtener una relación menor a 5:1 entre estos ácidos grasos. Resultados: Se observó una disminución significativa en el puntaje de adicción a la comida y los niveles plasmáticos de ácido araquidónico en los participantes tras recibir el tratamiento experimental, presentando una correlación directamente proporcional entre estas, por otro lado, el tratamiento estándar estuvo asociado a una correlación inversamente proporcional entre estos. Conclusiones: El descenso en las concentraciones plasmáticas del ácido araquidónico fue asociado a un menor puntaje en la escala mYFAS 2.0 de adicción a la comida en los participantes de este estudio tras su exposición al tratamiento experimental.

Introduction: Endocannabinoids are a target in obesity treatment and they are produced from the essential fatty acids, the metabolites of linoleic acid act as agonists of the cannabinoid receptors type 1 (CB1), likewise, the metabolites of the linolenic acid act as inverse agonists of such receptors, hence, it is proposed that modifying the dietary intake of the essential fatty acids (Omega 6 and 3) may modulate the activation of the endocannabinoid system, this could be favorable for people with food addiction, considering how this system promotes the activity of the dopaminergic pathways that are altered in the psychoactive substances addiction. Objective: To analyze the correlation between the food addiction score and plasmatic levels of arachidonic acid in adults with obesity following a modulation of the dietary intake of essential fatty acids n-6 and n-3 food sources. Methods: A pilot study was carried out with a two-period crossover clinical trial design, in which the participants received standard and experimental treatments, in these programs, plans were provided following guidelines for the nutritional management of obesity, in addition, the experimental treatment included recommendations to reduce the intake of linoleic acid and to increase the intake of linolenic acid to obtain a ratio lower to 5:1 between these fatty acids. Results: A significant decrease in the food addiction score and plasmatic levels of arachidonic acid was observed in the participants exposed to the experimental treatment, showing a directly proportional correlation, moreover, the standard treatment was associated to inverse correlations between these variables. Conclusion: The decrease in plasmatic arachidonic acid levels was associated with lower scores on the mYFAS 2.0 of food addiction in the participants of this study following their exposure to the experimental treatment.

Effect of some fatty acids on apoptosis related genes in human breast cancer

Breast cancer, the second most common cancer after lung cancer, is the most common cancer type diagnosed in women. No definitive treatment has been established for breast cancer yet, but essential fatty acids offer a promising option. Omega fatty acids are classified in the essential fatty acids that the body cannot produce and, therefore, must be taken through the foods of animal or plant origin. Although in the literature the omega fatty acids have been shown to exhibit significant positive effects in inhibiting various tumor types, their mechanism of action, the apoptotic pathways they employ, and the genes they control have not been clarified yet. In this study, various doses and combinations of omega-3 [Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)] and omega-6 [Linoleic acid (LA)] fatty acids were administered to human breast cancer MCF7 cell line for 24 h, and using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method, the protein expression levels of the following apoptosis-related genes were determined: phospho-p53 (Ser15), p53, Bad, phospho-Bad (Ser112), cleaved Caspase-3 (Asp175), and cleaved PARP (Asp214). Even though there was no significant difference observed in the expressions of phospho-p53 (Ser15) and p53 at all doses, other protein expressions were found to increase significantly, suggesting that Omega-3 and -6 can mediate apoptotic pathway to induce cell death in breast cancer cells.

Causal Association Between Unsaturated Fatty Acids and Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Mendelian Randomization Analysis / 胃肠病学

Background: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic recurrent inflammatory disease of gastrointestinal tract including ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD). It is unclear whether there is a causal association between unsaturated fatty acids and IBD. Aims: A two⁃sample Mendelian randomization analysis was used to explore the causal association between unsaturated fatty acids and IBD. Methods: The data of the genome⁃wide association study (GWAS) of unsaturated fatty acids and IBD were obtained from web⁃based public databases. Two⁃sample Mendelian randomization analysis was performed by using inverse⁃variance weighted analysis, and weight median estimator and MR⁃Egger regression were conducted to validate the association of the causal effect. The causality of unsaturated fatty acids on the risk of IBD was evaluated by OR and 95% CI. Results: No direct causal association was found between ω⁃6 fatty acids and CD, and a direct causal association was found with UC. Inverse⁃variance weighted analysis showed a 16% increase in the risk of UC for each standard deviation increase in ω⁃6 fatty acid gene levels (OR=1.16, 95% CI: 1.00⁃1.36, P=0.04). However, no causal association was found between ω⁃3 fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids and IBD. Conclusions: ω⁃6 fatty acids may be only causally associated with UC, and no causal association is found between ω⁃3 fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids and IBD.

Ad libitum consumption of milk supplemented with omega 3, 6, and 9 oils from infancy to middle age alters behavioral and oxidative outcomes in male mice

We tested the hypothesis that administration of omega (ω)-9, ω-3, and ω-6 to mice can prevent oxidative alterations responsible for behavioral and cognitive alterations related with aging. Twenty-eight-day-old mice received skim milk (SM group), SM enriched with omega oil mixture (EM group), or water (control group) for 10 and 14 months, equivalent to middle age. Mice were evaluated for behavioral alterations related to depression and memory and oxidative status [brain levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), reduced glutathione (GSH), and myeloperoxidase (MPO)]. The 10-month EM group increased immobility time during the forced swimming test compared with control, indicating increased stress response. The 14-month SM- and EM-treated groups increased sucrose consumption compared with control, showing an expanded motivational state. The 14-month SM group decreased the number of rearings compared with the 14-month control and EM groups. The number of entries and time spent in the central square of the open field was higher in the 10-month EM group than in the control, revealing an anxiolytic-like behavior. TBARS decreased in the hippocampus and striatum of the 10-month EM group compared with the control. A similar decrease was observed in the striatum of the 10-month SM group. GSH levels were higher in all 14-month treated groups compared with 10-month groups. MPO activity was higher in the 14-month EM group compared with the 14-month control and SM groups, revealing a possible pro-inflammatory status. In conclusion, omega oils induced conflicting alterations in middle-aged mice, contributing to enhanced behavior and anxiolytic and expanded motivational state, but also to increased stress response and pro-inflammatory alterations.

A Comparative Study of Licochalcone A Moisturiser versus Topical Hydrocortisone in Treating Mild-to-Moderate Atopic Dermatitis

Background@#Topical corticosteroids are the mainstay of treatment for patients with atopic dermatitis. However, adverse effects associated with long-term steroid use often limit its use. This interventional study compared the efficacy of a proprietary moisturiser containing licochalcone A, omega-6 fatty acids, and ceramide 3 against 1% hydrocortisone cream in treating patients with mild-to-moderate atopic dermatitis.@*Methods@#Patients with mild-to-moderate atopic dermatitis affecting either the cubital fossa or popliteal fossa symmetrically were given twice-daily applications of the moisturiser and hydrocortisone on opposite sides of the body and monitored for a total of three weeks in a non-randomised half body, doubleblind study. Hydrocortisone was switched to aqueous cream after two weeks, whereas the application of the moisturiser continued until study completion. The assessment of SCORing Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD) index and Dermatology Life Quality index was performed at baseline and every subsequent follow-up visit to measure patients’ response to treatment. @*Results@#The licochalcone A (LA) moisturiser and 1% hydrocortisone (HC) cream both demonstrated significant reduction in sign and symptom scores after only 1 week of treatment (percentage of reduction in sign and symptom scores: 52.8% [LA] vs 58.5% [HC]). Further reduction in mean sign and symptom scores for both treatments was observed at week 2 (61.3% [LA] vs 56.8% [HC]) and also at week 3 when HC was switched to aqueous cream (70.5% [LA] vs 63.5% [HC→aqueous cream]) (p<0.001 vs baseline within the same treatment arm at weeks 1, 2 and 3). When comparing the mean difference in SCORAD index for both individual as well as total skin signs and symptoms between LA and HC (i.e. inter-arm comparison), there was no significant difference between the two treatments for all the assessed parameters. Patients reported improvements in itching, sleeplessness, and overall quality of life over the course of treatment.@*Conclusion@#The licochalcone A moisturiser can be considered as an effective steroid-sparing alternative to topical corticosteroids in managing mild-to-moderate atopic dermatitis.

Effect of long-term consumption of oxidized polyunsaturated fatty acids on atherosclerotic lesion in LDL receptor knockout mice / Efeito do consumo crônico de ácidos graxos poliinsaturados oxidados na aterosclerose em camundongos knockout para receptor de LDL

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are susceptible to enzymatic and non-enzymatic oxidation, leading to the production of secondary compounds that present different physiological effects. Among the PUFA, the products formed from Omega 6 (n-6 FA) and Omega 3 (n-3 FA) fatty acids oxidation can modulate inflammation, dyslipidemia and oxidative stress preventing or reducing the atherosclerosis progression. In fact, the effect of chronic intake of edible oils containing products of polyunsaturated fatty acids oxidation (POPs) on atherosclerosis is still controversial. In general POPs from n-6 FA have a more pro-inflammatory profile than POPs from n-3 FA. Thus, the objective of this study was to compare the chronic intake of partially oxidized n-6 FA and n-3 FA rich oils on atherosclerosis biomarkers. Initially, six edible oils containing a higher amount of n-6 and n-3 FA were submitted to oxidative conditions, simulating the steps of transport, storage and consume. It was observed that oxidative reaction started in all oils since the first step and at the moment of consumption, some oxidative chemical markers were out the legal range suggested by the Official Agencies. In addition, it was possible to identify the type of secondary product formed from each precursor oil, providing a better information for oils quality control. After this step, fish and soybean oils were chosen as n-3 FA and n-6 FA rich oils, respectively. Using LDLr(-/-) mice, the effect of three oxidative levels of soybean oil was evaluated after 24 weeks of supplementation. Animals fed with the oil with the highest level of oxidation (fried and reused oil) showed no body weight gain, suggesting that POPs from soybean oil at this level could promote a browning effect on white adipose tissue by increasing UCP-1 expression. This group also showed the highest concentration of lipoproteins in plasma. However, these metabolic differences did not accelerate atherosclerosis in the animals. Finally, the effect of POPs from n-3 FA and n-6 FA oxidation were compared also using LDLr(-/-) mice as model for experimental atherosclerosis. Some alterations observed after n-3 FA supplementation, such as the increase of liver weight, IL-6, SONPC, 8-HETE and 15-F2-Isop and the decrease of BAT and glucose, were reversed by their POPs. In addition, POPs from n-6 FA caused increased of LDL and 5-HETE. As observed in the previous study, these metabolic alterations were not enough to prevent or accelerate atherosclerosis, as measured by histological analysis of the lesion size in the aorta. These results suggest that although a significant amount of POPs are being consumed by diet, their metabolic effects did not influence atherosclerotic plaques in the animal model. However, besides lesion area in the aortas, new studies should also evaluate the plaques stability

Os ácidos graxos poliinsaturados (PUFA) são suscetíveis à oxidação enzimática e não enzimática, levando à produção de compostos secundários que apresentam diferentes efeitos fisiológicos. Entre os PUFA, os produtos formados a partir da oxidação dos ácidos graxos ômega 6 (n-6 FA) e ômega 3 (n-3 FA) podem modular a inflamação, dislipidemia e estresse oxidativo, impedindo ou reduzindo a progressão da aterosclerose. De fato, o efeito da ingestão crônica de óleos contendo produtos da oxidação de ácidos graxos poliinsaturados (POPs) na aterosclerose ainda é controverso. Em geral, os POPs dos n-6 FA têm um perfil mais pró-inflamatório do que os POPs dos n-3 FA. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a ingestão crônica de POPs provenientes de óleos ricos em n-6 FA e n-3 FA em biomarcadores de aterosclerose. Inicialmente, seis óleos ricos em n-6 FA e n-3 FA foram submetidos a condições oxidativas, simulando as etapas de transporte, armazenamento e consumo. Observou-se que a reação oxidativa iniciou-se em todos os óleos desde a primeira etapa e, no momento do consumo, alguns marcadores oxidativos estavam fora da faixa legal sugerida pelas agências reguladoras. Além disso, foi possível identificar o tipo de produto secundário formado a partir de cada óleo precursor, fornecendo melhores informações para o controle de qualidade dos óleos. Após esta etapa, os óleos de peixe e soja foram escolhidos como óleos ricos em n-3 FA e n-6 FA, respectivamente. Utilizando camundongos LDLr(-/-), o efeito de três níveis oxidativos de óleo de soja foi avaliado após 24 semanas de suplementação. Os animais alimentados com o óleo com maior nível de oxidação (óleo frito e de reuso) não apresentaram ganho de peso corporal, sugerindo que os POPs do óleo de soja nesse nível de oxidação pudessem promover um efeito de Browning no tecido adiposo branco, aumentando a expressão de UCP-1. Este grupo também mostrou a maior concentração de lipoproteínas no plasma. No entanto, essas diferenças metabólicas não aceleraram a aterosclerose nos animais. Finalmente, o efeito de POPs da oxidação de óleos ricos em n-3 FA e n-6 FA foi comparado também usando camundongos LDLr(-/-), como modelo para aterosclerose experimental. Algumas alterações observadas após a suplementação com óleo de peixe fresco, como aumento do peso hepático, IL-6, SONPC, 8-HETE e 15-F2-IsoP e diminuição da BAT e glicose, foram revertidas por seus POPs. Além disso, os POPs do óleo de soja causaram aumento de LDL e 5-HETE. Como observado no estudo anterior, essas alterações metabólicas não foram suficientes para prevenir ou acelerar a aterosclerose, medida pela análise histológica do tamanho da lesão na aorta. Esses resultados sugerem que, embora uma quantidade significativa de POPs esteja sendo consumida pela dieta, seus efeitos metabólicos não influenciaram as placas ateroscleróticas no modelo animal. Porém, além da área de lesão nas aortas, novos estudos também devem avaliar a estabilidade das placas

Reduction in Omega-6 to Omega 3 ratio and improvement in blood lipid profiles in flaxseed fed Hanwoo steer and human

Aim: To determine the effect of feeding flaxseed on Omega-6 to Omega-3 ratio (n-6/n-3) in Korean native steers (Hanwoo) and effect of flaxseed-fed beef consumption on reducing blood lipid profile and glucose in normal human. Methodology: A total of 60 Hanwoo steers (750 kg b.wt.) were assigned three treatments (20 per treatment). Each treatment group was divided into C (control, feeding basal diets without flaxseed for 40 days before slaughter), FS5 (feeding 5% flaxseed for 60 days before slaughter), and FS7.4 (feeding 7.4% flaxseed for 40 days before slaughter). Fatty acid composition from Hanwoow jugular vein and beef loin were analyzed. Clinical trials were carried out to investigate the effect of consumption of flaxseed-fed beef loin on blood lipid profile and glucose in twenty human subjects. Results: n-6/n-3 ratio in the blood and beef loin of Hanwoo steers were lowered to 2.26-2.27 and 3.67-3.71 in the FS group, respectively, compared with the other groups. Oleic acid level in the blood and beef loin of Hanwoo steers increased to 40.12-42.01 and 52.27-52.79%, respectively, compared with other groups. Blood triacylglycerol, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels in normal human fed with FS beef loin reduced by 25.35, 5.22, and 17.59%, compared to those before intake of beef loin. Blood high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) level in normal human fed with FS beef loin was increased by 6.07%. In human subjects fed with FS and C beef loin, blood glucose level was decreased by 6.42 and 11.82%, respectively. Interpretation: The results demonstrated that feeding 5 and 7.4% flaxseed to Hanwoo steers for 40 to 60 days before slaughter could lower n-6 to n-3 ratio and inhance oleic acid in the blood and beef loin. Further, consumption of flaxseed-fed beef loin by human subjects could improve blood lipid profile.

Caracterização do perfil lipídico de peixes e produtos derivados de pescado / Characterization of the lipid profile of fish and derivative products of fish

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o perfil lipídico de alguns peixes e derivados de pescado por meio de amostras de produtos comprados em estabelecimentos comerciais. Foram realizadas a extração dos lipídeos, esterificação e análise cromatográfica para a determinação do perfil de ácidos graxos. Houve diferença em relação à composição dos ácidos graxos (C14:0; C16:1; C18:3ω3; C22:0; C20:5ω3 (EPA) e C22:6ω3 (DHA)) e na relação ω6/ω3. Os produtos derivados de pescado possuem relação ω6/ω3 maiores que os peixes, devendo-se ao processo de beneficiamento a que foram submetidos. O ácido graxo eicosapentaenóico (EPA) apresentou maiores concentrações na sardinha, diferentemente do ácido docosahexaenóico (DHA) que está mais presente no atum, evidenciando que ambos os pescados são boas fontes para obtenção destes ácidos graxos ω3.

Effects of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid intake on serum lipoprotein, C-reactive protein and homocysteine in patients with acute ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack / 国际脑血管病杂志

Objective To investigate the relationship between dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) intake and blood lipid,C-reactive protein (CRP) and homocysteine (Hcy) in patients with acute ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA).Methods Patients with acute ischemic stroke or TIA were enrolled consecutively from Nanjing Stroke Registry Program.The total dietary PUFA intake level was assessed by the food semi-quantitative frequency questionnaire.Venous blood samples were collected in the morning of the day after admission to the hospital to detect the levels of serum total cholesteroI,triacylglycerol,high-density lipoprotein cholesterol,low-density lipoprotein cholesterol,Hcy,and CRP.According to the median level of total PUFA intake,the patients were divided into low PUFA group and high PUFA group.The rehtionship between PUFA intake and blood lipid,CRP and Hcy was analyzed by Spearman correhtion analysis,and multiple linear regression analysis was used to determine the independent correhtion.Results A total of 170 patients (85.1％) with acute ischemic stroke and 31 patients with TIA (14.9％) were enrolled.Their age was 62.9 ± 14.1 years,143 were males (71.1％),and the median PUFA daily intake was 12.8 g (interquartile range:8.05-17.5 g).Compared with the high PUFA group (n =100),patients in the low PUFA group (n =101) were older,serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were lower,and CRP and Hcy levels were higher.The above differences were statistically significant (all P ＜ 0.05).Spearman correlation analysis showed that total dietary PUFA intake was significantly negatively correhted with the serum CRP (r =-0.24,P =0.001) and Hey (r =-0.17,P =0.013) levels,and there was no significant correlation with the blood lipid levels.Multiple linear regression analysis showed that CRP was significantly negatively correlated with PUFA intake after adjusting for confounding factors (B =-0.28,P =0.012).Conclusions Dietary PUFA intake in patients with acute ischemic stroke or TIA may affect blood metabolism index and oxidative stress index.It is necessary to adjust the dietary structure of patients with low PUFA intake to reduce the risk of stroke recurrence.

Validation of a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire for estimating dietary omega-3 fatty acids intake among urban Indonesian pregnant women

@# Introduction: Studies on the development and validation of semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaires (SQ-FFQ) for assessing omega-3 (Ω-3) long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) intake by pregnant women are few. This study aimed to determine the validity of a newly developed SQ-FFQ for assessing the LC-PUFA intake among Indonesian urban pregnant women. Methods: A cross- sectional study was carried out in 2015 on 100 Indonesian pregnant women who were in their late 3rd trimester, living in the urban setting of Jakarta. As a test tool, the SQ-FFQ was administered before the trained nutritionists executed the reference tool of non-consecutive two-day 24-hour dietary recalls (2DRs). The nutrients of interest were a total of Ω-3, eicosapentanoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), total Ω-6, linoleic acid (LA), arachidonic acid (AA), and LC-PUFAs. Statistical correlation, cross-classification and the Bland-Altman plot analysis were done to determine the agreement between tools. Results: Energy-adjusted correlation coefficients between SQ-FFQ and 2DRs were 0.385, 0.349, 0.352, 0.380, 0.338, 0.408, 0.409, 0.331, 0.341 and 0.341 for fat, total Ω-3, ALA, EPA, DHA, total Ω-6, LA, AA and LC-PUFAs, respectively and were statistically significant (p<0.05). Misclassification of these nutrients from SQ-FFQ and 2DRs was <6%. The Bland-Altman plots showed most of the points fell within the 95% limits of acceptable agreement for DHA, EPA, and LA. Conclusion: The newly developed SQ-FFQ of this study is a valid instrument for assessing of Ω-3 LC-PUFAs intake among Indonesian pregnant women living in urban area. Its further validation with relevant biomarkers is recommended.

Effects of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid intake on serum lipoprotein, C-reactive protein and homocysteine in patients with acute ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack / 国际脑血管病杂志

Objective@#To investigate the relationship between dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) intake and blood lipid, C-reactive protein (CRP) and homocysteine (Hcy) in patients with acute ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA).@*Methods@#Patients with acute ischemic stroke or TIA were enrolled consecutively from Nanjing Stroke Registry Program. The total dietary PUFA intake level was assessed by the food semi-quantitative frequency questionnaire. Venous blood samples were collected in the morning of the day after admission to the hospital to detect the levels of serum total cholesterol, triacylglycerol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, Hcy, and CRP. According to the median level of total PUFA intake, the patients were divided into low PUFA group and high PUFA group. The relationship between PUFA intake and blood lipid, CRP and Hcy was analyzed by Spearman correlation analysis, and multiple linear regression analysis was used to determine the independent correlation.@*Results@#A total of 170 patients (85.1%) with acute ischemic stroke and 31 patients with TIA (14.9%) were enrolled. Their age was 62.9±14.1 years, 143 were males (71.1%), and the median PUFA daily intake was 12.8 g (interquartile range: 8.05-17.5 g). Compared with the high PUFA group (n=100), patients in the low PUFA group (n=101) were older, serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were lower, and CRP and Hcy levels were higher. The above differences were statistically significant (all P<0.05). Spearman correlation analysis showed that total dietary PUFA intake was significantly negatively correlated with the serum CRP (r=-0.24, P=0.001) and Hcy (r=-0.17, P=0.013) levels, and there was no significant correlation with the blood lipid levels. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that CRP was significantly negatively correlated with PUFA intake after adjusting for confounding factors (B=-0.28, P=0.012).@*Conclusions@#Dietary PUFA intake in patients with acute ischemic stroke or TIA may affect blood metabolism index and oxidative stress index. It is necessary to adjust the dietary structure of patients with low PUFA intake to reduce the risk of stroke recurrence.

The serum arachidonic acid/eicosapentaenoic acid ratio in children with healthy weight and obesity

The western diet is characterized by a high consumption of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and reduced n-3PUFAs, this phenomenon has been parallel to the increase in the prevalence of obesity. The studies that have analyzed the association between serum PUFAs and the influence on the development of adiposity in children is limited and the findings are controversial. The present study compared the ARA/EPA (arachidonic/eicosapentaenoic) PUFA ratio in children with healthy weight vs. obesity in a cross-sectional study. Thirty children were diagnosed with obesity and 32 children with healthy weight determined through the age-specific body mass index (BMI) Z score, according to the WHO. The variables included were weight, BMI, waist circumference (WC), and the serum ARA/EPA ratio. The Student's t test and Pearson correlation were performed and statistical significance was set at a p <0.05. The project was approved by the local ethics committee of the hospital Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social. The serum ARA/EPA ratio was significantly higher in children with obesity compared with healthy weight (9.0 vs 5.4; p = 0.012). A statistically significant difference was observed between healthy weight boys and obese boys (p=0.003). Furthermore, the ARA/EPA ratio correlated positively with weight (r=0.336; p=0.008), BMI (r=0.373; p=0.003), WC (r=0.319; p=0.012) and cardio-metabolic risk (r=0.302; p=0.017). When performing a multivariate regression analysis, we identified that BMI was the only variable that remained significant and predicted the ARA/EPA ratio. In conclusion, the serum ARA/EPA ratio differed significantly in relation to weight and was higher in the obese children(AU)

La dieta occidental se caracteriza por un alto consumo de ácidos grasos poliinsaturados n-6(AGPI) y AGPIn-3 reducidos, fenómeno que ha sido paralelo al aumento en la prevalencia de la obesidad. Los estudios que han analizado la asociación entre AGPN en suero y adiposidad en niños son limitados y con hallazgos inconsistentes. El presente estudio comparó la relación ARA/EPA (ácido araquidónico/eicosapentaenoico) AGPI en niños con peso normal vs. obesidad. Es un estudio transversal donde treinta niños fueron diagnosticados con obesidad y 32 niños con peso normal determinado mediante el puntaje z del IMC para la edad, de acuerdo a la OMS. Las variables incluidas fueron peso, IMC, circunferencia de cintura (CC) y la relación ARA/EPA en suero. Se realizó prueba de t de Student y correlación de Pearson, la significación estadística se estableció en p <0,05. El proyecto fue aprobado por el comité de ética local del Hospital del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social. La relación ARA/EPA en suero fue significativamente mayor en niños con obesidad en comparación con el peso normal (9,0 frente a 5,4; p = 0,012). Además, la relación ARA/EPA se correlacionó positivamente con el peso (r = 0.336; p = 0.008), IMC (r = 0.373; p = 0.003), CC (r = 0.319; p = 0.012). Al realizar un análisis de regresión multivariable, identificamos que el IMC fue la variable predictora que permaneció significativa. En conclusión, la relación de suero ARA/EPA fue significativamente mayor en los niños con obesidad(AU)

Insufficient intake of alpha-linolenic fatty acid (18:3n-3) during pregnancy: and associated factors / Ingestão insuficiente de ácido graxo alfa-linolênico (18:3n-3) durante a gestação: e fatores associados

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze alpha-linolenic fatty acid intake in two cohorts of pregnant women, and to identify factors associated with alpha-linolenic acid intake. Methods: This is a cohort study involving pregnant women with low obstetric risk (N=353) in public health system from a municipality of São Paulo state, Brazil. In each trimester, two 24-hour food recalls were collected. Descriptive analyses of dietary lipid profiles were performed, followed by a multiple comparison test. According to the trimester of pregnancy, differences were assessed using the mean difference test. To evaluate the adequacy of linoleic fatty acid and alpha-linolenic acid intake, the adequate intake test was used. The association between alpha-linolenic acid intake adequacy and maternal characteristics was investigated using a binary logistic regression model. Results: Total lipids intake and the percentage contribution to dietary energy met recommended levels. One-third of the diets demonstrated a lower than daily recommended intake of alpha-linolenic acid. Overweight pregnant women were twice as likely to have inadequate alpha-linolenic acid intake. Pregnant women from a more disadvantaged socioeconomic situation had greater risks of inadequate intake. Conclusion: Over-intake of lipids is not problematic, but quality is an issue, with one third of the pregnant women and their fetuses exposed to adverse effects due to low intake of omega-3 fatty acids, indicating important nutritional vulnerability in this population.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar a ingestão ácidos graxos alfa-linolênico e identificar fatores associados à ingestão inadequada em duas coortes de gestantes acompanhadas trimestralmente. Métodos: Estudo de coorte com gestantes de baixo risco obstétrico (N=353) representativas das usuárias da rede pública de saúde de um município paulista. Nos três trimestres gestacionais foram coletados dois recordatórios alimentares de 24 horas. Análises descritivas do perfil lipídico da dieta foram processadas seguidas do teste de comparações múltiplas. As diferenças, segundo trimestre gestacional, foram avaliadas pelo teste de diferença de médias. Para avaliação da adequação do consumo foi utilizada a ingestão recomendável. A associação entre a adequação da ingestão de ácido alfa-linolênico e características maternas foi investigada por meio de modelo de regressão logística binária. Resultados: A contribuição percentual de lipídeos totais mostrou-se adequada;1/3 das gestantes não alcançou a recomendação de ingestão diária de ácido alfa-linolênico. Gestantes com excesso de peso apresentam o dobro de chances de consumo inadequado de ácido alfa-linolênico. Comparadas às gestantes das classes D/E, as pertencentes a classe C têm menores chances de consumo inadequado. Conclusão: Não há um problema de excesso de consumo de lipídeos e sim da qualidade destes, cerca de 1/3 das gestantes acompanhadas e seus conceptos estão expostos aos efeitos adversos do baixo consumo de ácidos graxos de cadeia ômega-3 na gestação, indicando importante vulnerabilidade nutricional nessa população.

Net energy levels on the lipid profile of pork / Níveis de energia líquida no perfil lipídico da carne suína

ABSTRACT: This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of net energy levels on the lipid profile of adipose tissue and muscle of swines. A total of 90 animals, with initial weight of 71.94±4.43kg, were used, and distributed in a randomized block design in five net energy levels (2,300, 2,425, 2,550, 2,675, and 2,800Kcal kg-1 feed), with nine replicates and two animals per experimental unit. Lipid profiles of adipose tissue and muscle were analyzed using gas chromatography. Increasing the levels of net energy using soybean oil, improved the lipid profile of adipose tissue and muscle, increased linearly (P<0.05) the concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially linoleic and α-linolenic acid, reduced linearly (P<0.05) the monounsaturated and saturated fatty acids and omega 6: omega 3. In adipose tissue was observed linear reduction (P<0.05) of atherogenic and thrombogenic indexes. In conclusion, increasing the level of net energy of the diet using soybean oil improved the lipid profile of adipose tissue and muscle.

RESUMO: Este estudo foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito dos níveis de energia líquida no perfil lipídico da gordura e carne suína. Foram utilizados 90 animais, com peso inicial de 71,94±4,43kg, distribuídos em delineamento de blocos ao acaso em cinco níveis de energia líquida (2.300, 2.425, 2.550, 2.675 e 2.800Kcal kg-1 de ração), com nove repetições e dois animais por unidade experimental. Foram analisados os perfis lipídicos da gordura subcutânea e da carne por cromatografia gasosa. O aumento do nível de energia líquida usando óleo de soja melhorou o perfil lipídico da gordura subcutânea e da carne, aumentando linearmente (P<0,05) a concentração dos ácidos graxos poli-insaturados, especialmente ácido linoleico e α-linolênico, reduzindo linearmente (P<0,05) os ácidos graxos monoinsaturados e saturados e ômega 6: ômega 3. No tecido adiposo foi observado redução linear (P<0,05) dos índices aterogênico e trombogênico. Em conclusão, o aumento do nível de energia líquida da dieta, com a utilização do óleo de soja, melhora o perfil lipídico da gordura subcutânea e da carne suína.

Role of diets rich in omega-3 and omega-6 in the development of cancer / Papel de las dietas ricas en omega-3 y omega-6 en el desarrollo del cáncer

Abstract: Over the past decade, some studies have addressed the therapeutic effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs) and the opposite effects of omega-6 (ω-6) PUFAs on several diseases, including cardiovascular disorders, diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer. Research demonstrates the safety of these naturally occurring ingredients. Of particular interest, several studies have shown that ω-3 PUFAs possess a therapeutic role against certain types of cancer. It is also known that ω-3 PUFAs can improve the efficacy and tolerability of chemotherapy. Previous reports have indicated that suppression of nuclear factor-κB, activation of AMPK/SIRT1, modulation of cyclooxygenase (COX) activity, and up-regulation of novel anti-inflammatory lipid mediators such as protectins, maresins, and resolvins, are the main mechanisms of the antineoplastic effect of ω-3 PUFAs. In contrast, several studies have demonstrated that ω-6 PUFAs induce progression in certain types of cancer. In this review, we discuss epidemiological and experimental studies addressing the relationship between the development of some types of cancer, including colon and colorectal carcinoma, breast cancer, prostate cancer, lung cancer and neuroblastoma, and the ingestion to ω-3 and ω-6 (PUFAs). We also discuss the clinical data, addressing the therapeutic role of omega-3 PUFA against different types of cancer.

Resumen: Durante las últimas décadas algunos estudios se han enfocado en los efectos terapéuticos de los ácidos grasos poliinsaturados (AGPI) omega-3 (ω-3) y los efectos contrarios de los AGPI omega-6 (ω-6) en diversas enfermedades, incluyendo enfermedades cardiovasculares, diabetes, enfermedades neurodegenerativas y cáncer. Las investigaciones han mostrado la seguridad de estos lípidos naturales. En particular, varios estudios han mostrado que los AGPI ω-3 poseen un efecto terapéutico contra ciertos tipos de cáncer. También se sabe que los AGPI ω-3 pueden mejorar la eficacia y tolerancia de la quimioterapia. En publicaciones anteriores se ha indicado que la supresión del factor nuclear κB, la activación de AMPK/SIRT1, la modulación de la actividad de la ciclooxigenasa (COX) y la regulación positiva de nuevos mediadores lipídicos antiinflamatorios como las protectinas, maresinas y resolvinas, son los principales mecanismos del efecto antineoplásico de los AGPI ω-3. En contraste, otros estudios han demostrado que los AGPI ω-6 inducen la progresión de ciertos tipos de cáncer. En esta revisión se discuten algunos estudios experimentales y epidemiológicos que abordan la relación entre el desarrollo de algunos tipos de cáncer, como carcinoma de colon y colorrectal, cáncer de mama, próstata y pulmón, así como neuroblastoma, y la ingestión de AGPI ω-3 y ω-6. Así mismo, se discuten los datos clínicos sobre el papel terapéutico del AGPI ω-3 contra diferentes tipos de cáncer.

Borage oil attenuates progression of cardiac remodeling in rats after myocardial infarction

ABSTRACT PURPOSE: To investigate the effects of Borage oil on cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction (MI). METHODS: Male Wistar rats underwent ligation of the left coronary artery and divided into three groups: MI (control), BO-18 (18 mg/kg of borage oil) and BO-180 (180 mg/kg of borage oil). After seven days, heart was arrested in diastole and processed for histological evaluation of: MI size, LV dilation, myocyte hypertrophy, inflammatory infiltration and fibrosis in MI region and in remote region. The relative weight of the lung was used as a marker of heart failure. The MI size was comparable among groups. RESULTS: Compared to control, BO treated groups showed lower weight of heart and lungs, reduced LV dilation and myocyte hypertrophy. Hemodynamic measurements were comparable. The treatment attenuated the inflammatory infiltration and fibrosis in remote myocardium. CONCLUSION: Borage oil attenuates progression of cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction and congestive heart failure.

Influencia de los ácidos grasos poliinsaturados omega-3 y omega-6 de la dieta y de sus metabolitos en la respuesta inmune de tipo alérgico / Influence of dietary polyunsaturated omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids and from its metabolites in the immune allergic response

Las tasas de prevalencia para las enfermedades alérgicas han incrementado en gran medida en los últimos cincuenta años, tanto en países desarrollados como en vías de desarrollo. En estos últimos, dicho incremento está representado principalmente por la población de niños y adolescentes; un evento que a su vez se concibe como un problema relevante de salud pública mundial. Varios factores han sido propuestos para explicar las causas de esta problemática, entre los que destaca la hipótesis de la dieta, señalando que componentes específicos de la alimentación y cambios en los patrones del mismo propiciarían el desarrollo de las alergias e influirían en el incremento de su prevalencia. En apoyo de lo anterior, la hipótesis de las grasas expone que paralelo al aumento de las alergias a nivel global, ha existido también un consumo excesivo de alimentos con alto contenido de ácidos grasos omega-6 y bajos en omega-3, principalmente en dietas occidentales y como resultado de intervenciones en prevención del riesgo cardiovascular, lo que en conjunto pudiera explicar parte de este fenómeno mundial. La evidencia a nivel epidemiológico y experimental muestra que ambas series de lípidos y varios de sus metabolitos ejercen un importante papel modulador en la patología alérgica, aspectos que serán abordados en la presente revisión temática.

The prevalence rates for allergic diseases has increased markedly in the last fifty years, both in developed and developing countries, in which, such increase is mainly represented by the population of children and teens, an event which in turn is conceived as a major public health problem worldwide. Many factors have been proposed trying to explain the causes of this problematic, among which highlights the diet hypothesis, pointing that specific components of feeding and changes in the patterns of the same, would promote the development of allergies and will influence the increase from its prevalence. In support of which, the fat hypothesis, showing that parallel to the rise in allergies worldwide, also has been an excessive consumption of foods with high content of omega-6 fatty acids and low in omega-3, mainly in western diets and as result of interventions in cardiovascular risk prevention, which together could explain part of this global phenomenon, aspects will be to board in the present thematic review.

Relación de ácidos grasos omega 6/omega 3 / Omega 6/omega 3 fatty acid ratio

La relación de ácidos grasos (AG)ω6/ω3 de la dieta contemporánea favorece a los AG ω6. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el efecto de dietas con cantidades crecientes de aceite de pescado (AcP), rico en AG ω3, sobre el crecimiento y las variables hematológicas de ratas macho recien destetadas de la cepa Sprague-Dawley. Los animales consumieron por un período de 31 días dietas que contenían AcP o aceite de ajonjolí (AcA) incorporado a 5, 10 ó 15% (pxp). Se observó un déficit del crecimiento como de la ingesta de alimento en los grupos que consumieron AcP. La concentración de hemoglobina (Hb) disminuyó en relación al incremento (>5% pxp) del AcP dietario. Siendo el AcP una fuente pobre de AG ω6, planteamos que la deficiencia parcial de la serie polienoica ω6 que resultó al incrementar las cantidades de AcP dietario pueden afectar el crecimiento y la eritropoyesis(AU)

The ω6/ω3 fatty acid (FA) ratio of our contemporary diet favors ω6 over ω3 FA. The object of the study was to evaluate the effect of increasing amounts of dietary fish oil, rich in ω3 FA, on growth and hematological variables of the weanling male Sprague-Dawley rat. Animals were fed diets containing either fish oil (FO) or sesame oil (SO) at 5, 10 or 15% (w/w) for 31 d. Growth retardation and reduced food intake was observed in groups fed FO. Hemoglobin (Hb) concentration diminished when the dietary FO was above 5% (w/w). FO is a poor source of ω6 fatty acids. We postulate that a partial deficiency in ω6 polyenic family, is a consequence of the increasing amounts of FO in the diets, that may affect growth and erytropoiesis. In this report we show evidence supporting the hypothesis that diets enriched with fish oil can alter normal growth and induced hematological changes in the male weanling rat(AU)