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Objective: To compare the difference of volatile specific odor components of Angelicae Sinensis Radix (ASR) processed by different methods such as yellow wine washing, dipping and firing, so as to provide research ideas for establishing the identification methods of different processed products of ASR and further study the mechanism of ASR traditional methods. Methods: Gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS) was used to detect and compare the volatile components of ASR samples washed with different concentrations and processed by different methods, and compare the composition changes. PCA, partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) were used to analyze the differences in volatile components combined with SIMCA 14.1 software. Results: GC-IMS fingerprints showed that the volatile components of ASR at different concentrations were different. It was identified that the volatile components included 55 monomers and dimers and polymers of some substances. 2-Octanol, E-2-heptan aldehydes, acetone, 2-pentanone and 5-methyl-2-furan methanol could be used as the characteristic volatile substances of yellow wine washing of ASR. Ethyl acetate, 3-methyl-1-pentanol, 2-hexanol and ethyl 2-methylbutyrate could be used as characteristic flavor substances of yellow wine dipping of ASR. Furfural dimer, 3-methylbutanol and benzaldehyde could be used as characteristic volatile substances of yellow wine firing of ASR. The results of PCA showed that the resolution of each group of samples was good. PLS-DA analysis showed that 2-undecenal, 2-butanone, and acetone were different components with different concentrations yellow wine washing of ASR samples. OPLS-DA analysis showed that 2-undecenal, ethyl octanoate, dimer and acetone were the main components of ASR samples processed by different methods. Conclusion: The GC-IMS technology combined with stoichiometry proved that the volatile components of ASR processed by yellow wine washing, dipping and firing were different, which provided a reference for further research on traditional processing methods in classical prescription.
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Objective To investigate the chemical constituents from Disporum cantoniense. Methods Compounds were isolated and purified by macroporus resin, ods, Sephadex LH-20, MCI-gel CHP20 resin column chromatography and preparative HPLC. The structures were identified by spectral analysis. Results Twenty compounds were isolated and identified as 2-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (1), p-hydroxybenzaldehyde (2), 4-hydroxyacetophenone (3), 3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxy-benzaldehyde (4), 4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2- butanone (5), neoliquiritin (6), 2,3,5,4’-tetrahydroxy stilbene-2-Ο-β-D-glucoside (7), (E)-1-(4’-hydroxyphenyl)-but-1-en-3-one (8), isoquercitrin (9), 3-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxy-phenyl)-1-propanone (10), icariol A2 (11), ecdysterone (12), glansreginic acid (13), hesperidin (14), ononin (15), quercetin (16), isorhamnetin-3-O-β-D-glucoside (17), (E)-4-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) but-3-en-2-one (18), (-)-secoisolariciresinol (19), and luteolin (20). Conclusion Compounds 1, 3-8, 10-15, and 17-19 are isolated from the genus of Disporum for the first time.
RESUMO
Compostos α-aminocarbonilícos como ácido 5-aminolevulínico (ALA) e aminoacetona (AA) apresentam um grande potencial pró-oxidante, pois sofrem reações de enolização e subseqüente oxidação aeróbica, com a formação de espécies radicalares de oxigênio, íons NH4+ e α-oxoaldeídos potencialmente citotóxicos. A α-aminocetona 1,4-diamino-2-butanona (DAB), um análogo da putrescina, é um agente microbicida de vários parasitas incluindo Trypanosoma cruzi. Acredita-se que o mecanismo de morte desencadeado por DAB nos parasitas seja por meio da inibição competitiva da ornitina descarboxilase (ODC), importante enzima do metabolismo de poliaminas, muito embora tenha sido observado de igual forma danos oxidativos nestes parasitas quando tratados com DAB. O objetivo deste trabalho é esclarecer o mecanismo de oxidação química de DAB e sua ação pró-oxidante à cultura de células de mamíferos (LLC-MK2 e RKO), assim como sua atividade microbicida contra tripomastigotas de Trypanosoma cruzi. Demonstramos aqui que DAB, quimicamente similar ao ALA e AA, sofre reação de oxidação catalisada por íons fosfato, e por íons de metais de transição como Fe(II) e Cu(II), resultando na formação de radicais de oxigênio, H2O2, NH4+, 2-oxo-4-aminobutanal como produto principal da oxidação de DAB e de compostos ciclicos de caracter pirrólico. Danos oxidativos observados em ferritina, apotransferrina e liposomos de cardiolipina e fosfatidilcolina (20:80) contribuem para a nossa hipótese de ação pró-oxidante de DAB. O tratamento de células de mamíferos das linhagens LLC-MK2 (IC50 1,5 mM, tratamento de 24 h) e RKO (IC50 0,3 mM, tratamento de 24 h) com DAB levou à alteração do balanço redox celular, à ativação de resposta antioxidante e ao desencadeamento de morte celular via apoptose e parada de ciclo celular. Em culturas de tripomastigotas de T. cruzi o tratamento com DAB culminou na redução da motilitidade e viabilidade destes parasitas (IC50 0,2 mM, tratamento de 4 h), assim como depleção do...
α-Aminocarbonyl componds such as 5-aminolevunilic acid (ALA) and aminoacetone (AA) have been shown to exhibit pro-oxidant properties. These compounds undergo phosphate-catalyzed enolization in physiological pH and subsequent aerobic oxidation, yielding reactive oxygen species, NH4+ ions and an α-oxoaldehyde highly cytotoxic. The α-aminoketone 1,4-diamino-2-butanone (DAB) is a putrescine analogue and a microbicidal agent to various parasites including Trypanosoma cruzi. The mechanism of DAB toxicity to these parasites is attributed to DAB competitive inhibition of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), a key enzyme on polyamine biosynthesis, although it has also been shown DAB isto implicated in oxidative damage to these parasites. Our aim is to clarify the mechanism of DAB aerobic oxidation and of its putative pro-oxidant activity to mammalian cell cultures (LLC-MK2 and RKO cell linages) and to Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigotes. Here we show that, similar to ALA and AA, DAB undergoes aerobic oxidation in presence of phosphate ions and of transition metal ions such as Fe(II) and Cu(II), yielding oxygen radicals, H2O2, NH4+ and 2-oxo-4-aminobutanal accompanied by its condensation cyclic products displaying pyrrolic characteristics. Oxidative alterations to ferritin, apotransferrin and liposomes of cardiolipin and phosphatidylcholine (20:80) were observed under DAB treatment strongly supporting our hypothesis of DAB pro-oxidative activity. DAB treatment of mammalian cultured cells LLC-MK2 (IC50 1.5 mM, 24 h incubation) and RKO (IC50 0.3 mM, 24 h incubation) resulted in redox imbalance, induction of antioxidant response, activation of apoptosis pathway and cell cycle arrest. DAB is shown here to trigger Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigotes decreased parasite motility and viability (IC50 0.2 mM, 4 h incubation), as well as redox thiol imbalance parallel to increase TcSOD activity. In addition, DAB efficiently hampered host cell (LLC-MK2) invasion by trypomastigotes...