Prophylactic Impact of Beta vulgaris L in Ameliorating Cyclosporine A-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats

Background: Hepatotoxicity induced by Cyclosporine A (CsA) remains one of the major side effects. The aim of this studywas to determine the protective effects of beet root (Beta Vulgaris L) extract and silymarin against hepatotoxicity induced byCyclosporine A in rats. Methods: Sixty male albino rats, were divided into 6 groups (n=10). Group I control group. GroupII CsA-treated and received (50mg/kg weight, orally). Group III received (500mg/kg b.wt) beet root extract orally. Group IVreceived beet root extract and CsA as in group II and III. Group V was received (100 mg/kg b.wt) silymarin orally. Group VIreceived CsA and silymarin as in group II and V. Serum levels of (ALT, AST, ALP) and bilirubin (Total and Direct) weremeasured. Oxidative stress biomarkers, antioxidant status, damage to DNA, apoptosis and inflammatory mediators weremeasured in the tissues of the liver. Result: CsA administration significantly increased serum levels of the liver enzymesALT, AST, ALP and bilirubin. In addition, significant increase in MDA, Nitrite, 8-OHdG, caspase3, NF-κB, TNF-α andsignificant decrease of GST in liver tissues was noticed. Furthermore, histopathological changes occurred in CsA treatedrats exhibited disruption of normal liver architecture, congested central vein, vacuolated cytoplasm and inflammatory cellsinfiltration. Co-administration of beet root extract or silymarin +CsA ameliorated all these parameters. Conclusion: Thepresent study suggests that beet root extract and silymarin have beneficial effect in reducing hepatotoxicity induced by CsAvia decreasing oxidative stress, inflammation, DNA damage, apoptosis and repairing the histopathological changes.

Propiedades psicométricas: ADHD Rating Scale IV en formato autoreporte / Psychometric propertis: ADHD Rating Scale IV self-report

The ADHD Rating Scale IV (ADHD RS IV) is a questionnaire with 18 items which evaluates attention deficit, hyperactivity and impulsivity that make up the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The contribution of this study to the research of ADHD are two: the analysis of the psychometric properties of ADHD RS IV in an adaptation of self-report format and reporting a study in a context where there is not a previous research. Method: The research is based on a quantitative no experimental design, transactional court, in order to adapt an instrument in a new context. Data analysis was based on statistical processes Cronbach’s alpha, correlation of each item with the total scale, measures of central tendency and dispersion, comparison of means using Student’s t, Pearson correlation and confirmatory factor analysis. Results: We found adequate internal consistency coefficients for scales attention deficit, hyperactivity/impulsivity and total ADHD. Each of the scales were significantly correlated and they permit evaluate different aspects of human cognition and behavior. The goodness of fit of the model tested in confirmatory factor analysis allows us to replicate the scale in its classic composition. Conclusions: The ADHD RS IV has adequate psychometric properties to be administered in the form of self-reporting for the assessment of impulsivity/hyperactivity, attention deficit or a combination of both symptomatology in the Ecuadorian context.

El instrumento ADHD Rating Scale IV (ADHD RS IV) es un cuestionario de 18 ítems que permite valorar el déficit de atención, la hiperactividad e impulsividad que conforman el trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad (TDAH). El aporte del presente estudio a la línea de investigación del TDAH se basa en el análisis de las propiedades psicométricas del instrumento en una adaptación en formato de auto-reporte, además, se trata de un estudio no realizado previamente en el contexto ecuatoriano. Método: La investigación se basa en un diseño cuantitativo no experimental, de corte transeccional, con el fin de adaptar un instrumento en un contexto nuevo. El análisis de datos se basó en los procesos estadísticos Alfa de Cronbach, correlación de cada ítem con el total de la escala, medidas de tendencia central y dispersión, comparación de medias mediante t de Student, correlación de Pearson y análisis factorial confirmatorio. Resultados: Se encontraron coeficientes de consistencia interna adecuados para las escalas déficit de atención, hiperactividad/impulsividad y escala total TDAH. Cada una de las escalas se correlaciona significativamente, midiendo diferentes aspectos de la cognición y el comportamiento humano. La bondad de ajuste del modelo testeado en el análisis factorial confirmatorio permite replicar la escala en su composición clásica. Conclusiones: La ADHD RS IVposee adecuadas propiedades psicométricas para ser administrada en formato de auto-reporte, para realizar una valoración de la impulsividad/hiperactividad, déficit de atención o la combinación de ambas sintomatologías en el contexto ecuatoriano.