Poor School Performance And Auditory Evoked Potential- A Review

Poor school performance, defined as a lower than expected academic achievement for a given age, cognitive abilities, and schooling, is complex and multifactorial. Poor school performance can result in child with low self–esteem and can cause significant stress to the parents. It is essential that cause for the poor school performance to be identified and appropriate strategy or treatment plan to be started early so that child can perform with full potential. Disorders of the auditory system affect academic performance are well known. Unlike speech and other behavioral auditory processing tests, auditory evoked potential (AEP) can be recorded regardless of a child’s developmental age or language, motivation or attention level. AEP can provide numerical data that can demonstrate central auditory nervous system maturation and, therefore can function as a biomarker of poor academic performance. Present study focuses on the researches that are done on the auditory evoked potential in poor school performance till recently

Effect of Lamotrigine on fetal rat brain morphology

Background and Objectives: Lamotrigine is a “second generation” anti-epileptic drug (AED) approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and is the first FDA-approved therapy after Lithium for maintenance treatment of bipolar I disorder. It crosses the placenta easily indicating that the maternal treatment leads to a considerable fetal exposure. This study is planned to study the morphological and histological changes induced by Lamotrigine in the fetal rat brain. Material and Methods: The morphological effect of lamotrigine on fetal rat brain was studied after giving four times its recommended therapeutic dose to 12 pregnant rats and placebo to 6 control rats during the period of organogenesis. The rats were sacrificed on the twentieth day of pregnancy. Body weight, body length, brain weight, brain volume, histological examination of the cerebral cortex and ventricular size of all the delivered fetuses were studied. Non-parametric Mann-Whitney test was used to compare the data. Results: There was no significant difference in mean body weight, mean body length, mean brain weight and mean brain volume in control and experimental rat fetuses. However one lamotrigine exposed rat fetus had exencephalic malformation and its histological study of the cerebral cortex revealed ill defined plexiform layer and dilated lateral ventricle. Conclusion: Probability that lamotrigine produces congenital malformation in fetal rats, when used during pregnancy, is low.

Correlation of AEP, BIS and OAA/S Scores Under Stepwise Sedation Using Propofol TCI in Orthopedic Patients Undergoing Total Knee Replacement Arthroplasty Under Spinal Anesthesia / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: We performed a prospective, randomized study to investigate the relations between BIS (bispectral index, BISTM monitor), AAI (mid-latency AEP, A-line ARX index) and depth of sedation, and assessed two different memory functions at OAA/S score 2 under spinal anesthesia. METHODS: 44 ASA physical status 1-2 patients, scheduled for elective total knee replacement arthroplasty were randomly allocated to either the BIS group (22) or the AEP group (22). Under spinal anesthesia, patients were sedated with propofol TCI to OAA/S score 2. BIS and AAI at each OAA/S score were measured and patients were maintained at an OAA/S score 2. A specific picture was shown during the operation. At PACU, an interview was done to determine whether patients recalled specific picture (picture recall) or any intra-operative noises or scenes (op recall). RESULTS: BIS decreased as OAA/S score reduced from 5 to 2 (P < 0.05), but AAI could not differentiate between an OAA/S score 3 and 2 (P = 0.0690). There were correlations of 0.827 and 0.610, respectively, (Spearman's rho) between BIS and OAA/S scores and between AAI and OAA/S scores. BIS was higher at all OAA/S scores (P < 0.05), and the standard deviations of BIS were smaller. There was a statistically significant difference between the recalls (P = 0.0253). CONCLUSIONS: Both BIS and AAI provided information about the depth of sedation, but BIS was more accurate. The difference between 'op recall' and 'picture recall' requires further investigation.

Evaluation of Auditory Evoked Potential and Bispectral Index in Patient-Controlled Sedation with Propofol / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: The auditory evoked potential (AEP) index and bispectral (BIS) index have been proposed as methods to measure the depth of sedation. A prospective study was designed to assess the performance of both these methods for measuring the depth of sedation induced by propofol patient-controlled sedation (PCS) under spinal anesthesia. METHODS: Forty ASA I and II adult patients under spinal anesthesia using 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine were studied. Group 1 (10 mg bolus, 30 mg loading) and Group 2 (20 mg bolus, 60 mg loading) received propofol and maintained PCS with 1min lockout interval and 100 mg/hr continuous infusion. AEP, BIS and Observer's assessment of alertness/sedation (OAA/S) scale were monitored during the operation. RESULTS: AEP and BIS decreased and increased following the changes on the patient's OAA/S scores and correlated with sedation significantly. There were no significant difference in mean AEP index (group 1; 13.4 +/- 8.4, group 2; 8.9 +/- 6.2), BIS index (group 1; 76.2 +/- 9.7, group 2; 71.2 +/- 9.8), and OAA/S scale (group 1; 3.8 +/- 1.3, group 2; 3.2 +/- 1.5) between the groups. Incidence of perioperative respiratory depression was significantly higher in group 2 (25%) than group 1 (5%), and incidence of involuntary movement was significantly higher in group 1 (20%) than group 2 (5%) (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Both AEP and BIS correlated well with the depth of sedation induced by propofol PCS under spinal anesthesia. AEP seems to be more valuable in measuring the change between consciousness and unconsciousness, and BIS seems to be more effective in measuring the depth of sedation.

A case of acute eosinophilic pneumonia / 천식및알레르기

Acute eosinophilic pneumonia(AEP) was first described in 1989 and represents a clinical entity distinct from chronic eosinophilic pneumonia. AEP is characterized by acute respiratory insufficiency, hypoxemia, fever, diffuse radiographic infiltrates, and eosinophilia in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid or lung biopsies in the absence of infection, atopy, or asthma. Rapid response to corticosteroids is characteristic. We experienced a 47-year-old metal driller presenting typical clinical and radiological characteristics of AEP. We confirmed eosinophilic pneumonia with brochoalveolar lavage analysis and transbronchial lung biopsy. We report a case of AEP diagnosed by clinical, radiographic, and histologic findings with a brief review of the literature.

Study on the model of acute pancreatitis induced by of twice intraperitoneal injection excessive doses of L-arginine in mice / 中国药理学通报

AIM To establish a new, simple, stable and classical experimental model of acute edematous pancreatitis. METHODS Male mice were injected intraperitoneally 2?200 mg?(100 g) -1 body weight of L-arginine in an 1 h interval, as a 20% solution in 0.15 mol?L -1 NaCl. Control mice received the same quantity of 0.15 mol?L -1 NaCl. The mice were killed at 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 h following L-arginine administration. The serum amylase level, wet/dry weight ratio of the pancreas, histologic were assessed. RESULTS The serum level of amylase was significantly elevated at 6 h,reached the peak level at 24 h, normalized at 72 h. Histologic examination revealed interstitial edema and inflammatory cell infiltration reached the peak level at 24 h and decreased at 48,72 h. The wet/dry weight ratio of the pancreas changed in accordance with the interstitial edema. CONCLUSIONS The present study has demonstrated that the administration of excessive doses of arginine induces a new, noninvasive experimental model of acute edematous pancreatitis.