Development of oral capsules from Enterica herbal decoction-a traditional remedy for typhoid fever in Ghana.

The study aimed to develop oral capsules from Enterica herbal decoction used in Ghana for the treatment of typhoid fever and produced by the Centre for Scientific Research into Plant Medicine (CSRPM). The amount of dry extract per dose (30ml) of Enterica and the wavelength of maximum absorption (λmax) of aqueous solutions of Enterica extract were determined. Light magnesium carbonate (LMC) and maize starch (MS) were employed as absorbents at various concentrations in the preparation of granules of the extract. The % loss in weight, size distribution and flow properties of the granules were evaluated. Enterica oral capsules were formulated using LMC at 22 mg/dose of extract and the dissolution properties of the granules and capsules were determined by UV-VIS spectrophotometry. The dry Enterica extract/dose was 190.1 ± 0.12 mg and λmax was 356 nm. The loss of granules was 2.07-7.31 %w/w for LMC and 2.73-7.81 %w/w for MS. LMC granules (22 mg/dose) prepared for encapsulation exhibited good flow properties. The granules for encapsulation exhibited optimal release of extract (86.08 ± 1.64 % at 45 min) in aqueous medium. The formulated capsules passed the British Pharmacopoeia uniformity of weight, disintegration and dissolution tests. Enterica oral capsules can be used as a substitute for Enterica decoction for the treatment of typhoid fever.

Terapia complementaria en diarrea aguda / Complementary therapy in acute diarrhea

El tratamiento complementario en la diarrea aguda está dirigido a disminuir el número de deposiciones y aumentar la consistencia de las mismas. Dentro de este grupo se incluyen los antidiarreicos, que comprenden a los absorbentes, cuyo mecanismo de acción es absorber toxinas, microorganismos e incrementar el volumen de las heces (no todos recomendados), los que afectan la motilidad (contraindicados en pediatría) y el antihipersecretor (bloquean el 2do. mensajero, sin afectar la motilidad). Otro grupo de medicamentos son los antieméticos, que se emplean bajo supervisión y una vez corregido el desequilibrio hidroelectrolítico. Los prebióticos no han demostrado efectividad, por lo que no se recomiendan; los probióticos, que incluyen una amplia variedad de microorganismos, con utilidad demostrada, cuya respuesta es dependiente de la cepa y la dosis. Por último, la vitamina A y el zinc, respaldados por OMS/UNICEF en la estrategia de prevención y tratamiento de la diarrea aguda.

Complementary treatment in acute diarrhea is directed to reduce number and increase consistency of stools. This group of drugs include absorbents, whose mechanism of action is the absorption of toxins, drugs that affect motility and are contraindicated in pediatrics , and antihipersecretory drugs which block the second messenger, without affecting motility. Other groups of drugs are those called antiemetic which are recommended under a supervision and after hydroelectrolitric imbalance is corrected. No utility has been demonstrated for prebiotics. Probiotics, including a great number of microorganisms, have shown species and dose dependent utility. Vitamin A and zinc are recommended by the WHO/UNICEF in prevention and treatment of acute diarrhea.

Vetiveria zizaniodes and terminalia chebula as alternative natural adsorbent for drinking water treatment.

Drinking water samples was collected from lake and silver cascade water falls in Kodaikanal were analyzed for physico- chemical characteristics. Vetiveria zizaniodes and Terminalia chebula plant extract were examined as natural alternative materials for drinking water treatment. The results was compared with the WHO standards of drinking water quality parameters namely pH, electrical conductivity, COD, magnesium, alkalinity, and sulfate, total dissolved solids and total hardness, dissolved oxygen, iron, fluoride. The result showed that, V. zizaniodes enhanced the water quality than T. chebula in terms of (denoted values). Therefore, the use of plant materials with low cost natural absorbents is recommended for eco-friendly, nontoxic, simplified water treatment.

Simultaneous Determination of Eleven Ulta-violet Absorbents in Cosmetics by High Performance Liquid Chromatography / 分析化学

An accurate, fast and sensitive method based on high performance liquid chromatography was established for the simultaneous determination of eleven ultra-violet absorbents in cosmetics. Eleven ultra-violet absorbents were baseline separated on an Acclaim C18 column within 11. 5 min using acetonitrile-0. 1%formic acid in water ( V/V) mobile phase, and detected at 361 nm with UV detection. Under the optimized conditions, the relative standard derivations ( RSDs) of the eleven ultra-violet absorbents were all less than 0. 1% for retention time, and less than 1. 2% for peak area; good linearity was obtained from 5 to and 500 mg/L with the correlation coefficients of above 0 . 9990 for these analytes; the recoveries spiked in a cosmetic sample were in the range of 77% -116%. Benzophenone-3, butylmethoxydibenzoylmethane, ethylhexylsalicylatec and homosalate were found in the detected cosmetic samples, and the concentration of homosalate was the highest. The results indicated that this method had potential for applications due to its convenience, accuracy and sensitivity. Oxybenzone, butylmethoxydibenzoylmethane, 2-ethylhexyl salicylatec and homosalate were found in the detected cosmetic samples, and the concentration of homosalate was the highest.

Compound A concentrations in breathing circuit with different carbon dioxide absorbents during low-flow sevoflurane anesthesia / 中华麻醉学杂志

Objective To investigate the influence of different carbon dioxide (CO2) absorbents (Dr(a)gersorb 800 plus , Sodasorb,Sodasorb LF) on the production of compound A during low-flow sevoflurane anesthesia.Methods Twenty-seven ASA Ⅰ or Ⅱ patients aged 20-64 years were randomly assigned to three groups according to different CO2 absorbents: Dr(a)gersorb 800 plus' group (group D, n = 10), Sodasorb group (group S, n = 10) and Sodasorb LF group (group LF, n = 7). Anesthesia was maintained with low-flow (500 ml/min) sevoflurane inhalation (with the end-tidal sevoflurane concentration of approximately 2% ). At 2 h after low-flow sevoflurane anesthesia, gas samples were taken from the expiratory limb of the circuit. Compound A was detected by gas chromatography. Serum alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), bilirubin (BR), urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (Cr) levels were measured before (T0 ) and 24 h after operation (T1).Results The three groups were comparable with respect to age, body weight and height. After 2 h of low-flow sevoflurane anesthesia, compound A concentrations in the expiratory limb of the circuit were 11.6 ± 5.8 (group D), 2.1 ± 1.9 (group S)and ＜ 0.1 ppm (group LF), respectively. There were no significant changes in the serum ALT, AST, BR, BUN and Cr levels at 24 h after operation as compared with the preoperative baseline values in the three groups.Conclusion After 2 h of low-flow (500 ml/min) sevoflurane anesthesia, compound A concentrations within the circuit with different CO2 absorbents ( Dr(a)gersorb 800 plus' , Sodasorb, Sodasorb LF) are less than 50 ppm, with the lowest in Sodasorb LF.However, they have no significant effects on hepatic or renal function.

Determination of Five Kinds of Ultraviolet Absorbents in Cosmetics by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography / 环境与健康杂志

0.999,the limits of detection of five ultraviolet absorbents were 4 to 6 mg/L and the minimum detectable concentration was 0.01%-0.015%.The rates of recovery for this method ranged from 98.35% to 102.75% and the relative standard deviations of this method were 0.44% to 1.73%.Conclusion The method is simple,rapid,accurate and applicable to simultaneous determination of the five ultraviolet absorbents in cosmetics.