Improvement of Na+-K+ ATPase Activity and Gene Expression Associated with Glomerular Ultrastructural Protection in Diabetic Nephropathy by Acacia senegal: Role of Oxidative Stress Disturbances / Mejora de la actividad Na+-K+ ATPasa y la Expresión Génica Asociada con la Protección Ultraestructural Glomerular en la Nefropatía Diabética por Acacia senegal: Papel de las Alteraciones del Estrés Oxidativo

SUMMARY: This study assessed the effects of Acacia Senegal (AS) combined with insulin on Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA) activity and mRNA expression, serum glucose, renal function, and oxidative stress in a rat model of diabetic nephropathy (DN). Sixty rats were equally divided into six groups: normal control, normal+AS, diabetic (DM), DM+insulin, DM+AS, and DM+insulin+AS groups. Diabetes mellitus (type 1) was induced by a single injection of streptozotocin (65 mg/kg), and insulin and AS treatments were carried until rats were culled at the end of week 12. Serum glucose and creatinine levels, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) were measured. Renal homogenate levels of NKA activity and gene expression, malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase and reduced glutathione (GSH) were evaluated as well as kidney tissue histology and ultrastructure. Diabetes caused glomerular damage and modulation of blood and tissue levels of creatinine, glucose, HbA1c, malondialdehyde, NKA activity and gene expression, SOD, catalase and GSH, which were significantly (p<0.05) treated with AS, insulin, and insulin plus AS. However, AS+insulin treatments were more effective. In conclusion, combined administration of AS with insulin to rats with DN decreased NKA activity and gene expression as well as oxidative stress, and improved glycemic state and renal structure and function.

Este estudio evaluó los efectos de Acacia senegal (AS) combinada con insulina sobre la actividad Na+/K+- ATPasa (NKA) y la expresión de ARNm, la glucosa sérica, la función renal y el estrés oxidativo en un modelo de nefropatía diabética (ND) en ratas. Sesenta ratas se dividieron equitativamente en seis grupos: control normal, normal+AS, diabética (DM), DM+insulina, DM+AS y DM+insulina+AS. La diabetes mellitus (tipo 1) se indujo mediante una única inyección de estreptozotocina (65 mg/kg), y los tratamientos con insulina y AS se llevaron a cabo hasta que las ratas fueron sacrificadas al final de la semana 12. Se midieron niveles séricos de glucosa y creatinina, hemoglobina A1c (HbA1c). Se evaluaron los niveles de homogeneizado renal de actividad NKA y expresión génica, malondialdehído, superóxido dismutasa (SOD), catalasa y glutatión reducido (GSH), así como la histología y ultraestructura del tejido renal. La diabetes causó daño glomerular y modulación de los niveles sanguíneos y tisulares de creatinina, glucosa, HbA1c, malondialdehído, actividad y expresión génica de NKA, SOD, catalasa y GSH, los cuales fueron tratados significativamente (p<0,05) con AS, insulina e insulina más AS. Sin embargo, los tratamientos con AS+insulina fueron más efectivos. En conclusión, la administración combinada de AS con insulina a ratas con DN disminuyó la actividad de NKA y la expresión genética, así como el estrés oxidativo, y mejoró el estado glucémico y la estructura y función renal.

Effects of scacia honey on serum uric acid level and renal injury in rats / 中国临床药理学与治疗学

AIM: To observe the effect ofacacia honey (AH) on serum uric acid level and renal function in potassium oxonate modelrats after drinking AH aqueous solution. METHODS: Sixty male SD rats were selected and randomly divided into control group (CON group), potassium oxonate model group (OA model group), 10% fructose group (10% F group) and different concentration honey groups (25%, 12.5% and 6.25% AH groups). All rats were fed with normal diet.The rats in CON group were subcutaneously injected with 5% sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC-Na) solution and drunk sterile water every day, while rats in other groups were injected with 100 mg / kg OA solution suspended with 5% CMC-Na subcutaneouslyand drunksterile water orfructose solution or AH solution of different concentrations every day. Before and during the 4-week test, rats were weighed and blood was taken once a week. At the end of test, urine and feces specimens or kidney tissues were collected and blood was taken from the abdominal aorta. The uric acid content in blood, urine, and feces and the levels of serum creatinine (Cre) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) or inflammatory factors in kidney tissues were measured. Renal function and histology were evaluated. RESULTS: Compared with CON group, AH could significantly reduce the body weight of rats (P<0.05), increase the kidney organ coefficient, the levels of serum uric acid, and uric acid in urine or feces, and reduce the level of fecal uric acid (FUA) in rats. AH can down regulate the level of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a) (P< 0.05) and up regulate the expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) and transforming growth factor β - 1 (TGF - β1) in rats kidneys; AH can cause slight to mild dilatation of renal tubules and mild to moderate basophilic lesions of renal rubules in rat kidney in a dose dependent manner. CONCLUSION: In the doses rang of present study, AH can cause hyperuricemia, renal tubular dilatation and basophilic lesions, and lead to renal function damage in rats.

The probable radioprotective role of Acacia nilotica L. against biochemical and cytogenetic disorders induced in gamma irradiated male rats

Gum Arabic (Acacia nilotica L.) is a respected plant that has many nutrients and curative practices. It hinders, improves, or manages many disorders. The radio-protective activity of Acacia nilotica was investigated against γ-rays-induced testicle damage in rats. Twenty-four rats were correspondingly distributed into 4 groups; control, Acacia nilotica (15mg/kg, daily for 30 days), γ-irradiated (5Gy γ-rays, single dose) and Acacia nilotica plus γ-rays treated groups. The plasma testosterone and total antioxidant status (TAS) were estimated. Lipid peroxidation; malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), also glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) with interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß), were determined in the testicle tissues. A testis weight, sperm count and motility, peripheral-blood and bone-marrow micronuclei (PMN and BMN), and frequency of chromosomal aberrations (CAs) were scored. A significant decline in the levels of plasma testosterone with TAS observed in the γ-irradiated rats. The results also showed significantly increased levels of testicle MDA, inflammatory markers, PMN, BMN and CAs frequencies and decrease in testes weight, sperm count and motility and levels of testicle antioxidants markers in gamma irradiated group. All these biochemical and fertility indices results were significantly enhanced in the Acacia nilotica plus γ-rays treated groups. However, the possible alleviate activity of Acacia nilotica on γ-rays-induced testicle injury in rats has not previously conversed, and this is the topic of this study.

Acacia senegal inhibits diabetic nephropathy ultrastructure alteration and renal biomarkers changes in rats / Acacia senegal inhibe la alteración de la ultraestructura de la nefropatía diabética y los cambios en los biomarcadores renales en rata

SUMMARY: Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the most common complication of diabetes. Several studies have been done in a trial to protect against this problem at the ultrastructure level. This study investigates the protective effect of oral administration of Acacia senegal (AS) against the development of DN. Sixty male albino rats were randomly divided into six groups: control, Acacia senegal control, Diabetic untreated, diabetic insulin-treated, Diabetic AS treated, and Diabetic insulin and AS combined treated groups. Plasma glucose, HbA1c, serum Albumin, creatinine, urine creatinine was measured using specific kits. Determinations of creatinine clearance and blood pressure were done. The renal tissues of both kidneys were prepared to investigate under both light (LM) and electron microscope (EM). Ultrastructure examination of renal rats tissue of diabetic untreated rats showed the destruction of the glomerular basement membrane and endothelial cells together with hemorrhage in glomerular capsules (Bowman's capsules). On the other side, both LM and EM revealed improving the endothelial cells and the other glomerular capsules structures, especially with the combined treated group, which confirmed the improvement of the biochemical investigation in the study. In conclusion, from the present study, using the oral AS together with SC insulin could be protected against the development of DN.

RESUMEN: La nefropatía diabética (ND) es la complicación más común de la diabetes. Se han realizado varios estudios de ensayo para abordar esta dificultad a nivel de ultraestructura. Este estudio investiga el efecto protector de la administración oral de Acacia senegal (AS) contra el desarrollo de la ND. Se dividieron sesenta ratas albinas machos aleatoriamente en seis grupos: control, control de Acacia senegal, diabéticos no tratados, diabéticos tratados con insulina, diabéticos tratados con AS y grupos tratados con compuesto de insulina diabética + AS. Se midieron utilizando kits específicos, glucosa plasmática, HbA1c, albúmina sérica, creatinina en sangre y en orina. Se registraron la creatinina y la presión arterial. Los tejidos renales de ambos riñones se prepararon para investigar tanto con microscopio óptico (MO) como electrónico (ME). El examen de la ultraestructura del tejido renal de ratas diabéticas no tratadas mostró la destrucción de la membrana basal glomerular y las células endoteliales junto con hemorragia en las cápsulas glomerulares (cápsulas de Bowman). Por otro lado, tanto MO como ME revelaron una mejora de las células endoteliales y las estructuras capsulares glomerulares, en el grupo tratado con el compuesto, lo que confirmó la mejora de la investigación bioquímica. En conclusión, el uso de AS oral en combinación con insulina podría proteger contra el desarrollo de ND.

In vitroMeasurement of Anticoagulant Effect of Acacia Nilotica Aqueous Extract on Normal Human Plasma

Aims:To determine the anticoagulant effect of Acacia Nilotica aqueous extract on normal human plasma.Study Design:This is an experimental study.Place and Duration of the Study:Department of Haematology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory sciences, Alzaiem Alazhari, Khartoum –Sudan, during the period from July –August 2021. Methodology:A total of 20 human blood samples were collected for this study from apparently healthy subjects following ethical considerations. Samples were collected in tri-sodium citrate and platelets poor plasma (PPP) were immediately prepared by centrifugation. Aqueous solution of Acacia nilotica was prepared with distilled water (D.W), three concentrations of the solution (50%, 75% and 100%) were prepared. Prothrombin Time (PT) and Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) were tested by manual method before and after adding different concentrations of Acacia Nilotica solution. Statistical tests were performed by using SPSS version 16. Results:The results of study showed that Acacia Nilotica significantly prolonged the PT and APTT results of human plasma (Pvalues for 50%, 75% and 100% solutions were 0.000, 0.000 and 0.000 while for APTT 0.036, 0.000 and 0.000 for PT respectively). Also the study showed no significant correlation between control and A. nilotica concentrations among coagulation profile, except a significant positive correlation between control and 75% Acacia nilotica on APPT.Conclusion:Acacia Nilotica solutions had anticoagulant effect in human plasma, and could be nominated as a potential preventive agent for thromboembolic diseases

Suppression of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae biofilm formation by Acacia mangium methanol leaf extract / Supressão de Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae: formação do biofilme oryzae pelo extrato de folhas de metanol de Acacia mangium

Abstract Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), a pathogen responsible for rice bacterial leaf blight, produces biofilm to protect viable Xoo cells from antimicrobial agents. A study was conducted to determine the potency of Acacia mangium methanol (AMMH) leaf extract as a Xoo biofilm inhibitor. Four concentrations (3.13, 6.25, 9.38, and 12.5 mg/mL) of AMMH leaf extract were tested for their ability to inhibit Xoo biofilm formation on a 96-well microtiter plate. The results showed that the negative controls had the highest O.D. values from other treatments, indicating the intense formation of biofilm. This was followed by the positive control (Streptomycin sulfate, 0.2 mg/mL) and AMMH leaf extract at concentration 3.13 mg/mL, which showed no significant differences in their O.D. values (1.96 and 1.57, respectively). All other treatments at concentrations of 6.25, 9.38, and 12.5 mg/mL showed no significant differences in their O.D. values (0.91, 0.79, and 0.53, respectively). For inhibition percentages, treatment with concentration 12.5 mg/mL gave the highest result (81.25%) followed by treatment at concentrations 6.25 and 9.38 mg/mL that showed no significant differences in their inhibition percentage (67.75% and 72.23%, respectively). Concentration 3.13 mg/mL resulted in 44.49% of biofilm inhibition and the positive control resulted in 30.75% of biofilm inhibition. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) analysis of Xoo biofilm inhibition and breakdown showed the presence of non-viable Xoo cells and changes in aggregation size due to increase in AMMH leaf extract concentration. Control slides showed the absence of Xoo dead cells.

Resumo Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), um patogênico responsável pela influência bacteriana na folha do arroz, produz biofilme para proteger células Xoo viáveis de agentes antimicrobianos. Foi conduzido um estudo para determinar a potência do extrato de folha de Acacia mangium methanol (AMMH) como um inibidor de biofilme Xoo. Quatro concentrações (3,13, 6,25, 9,38 e 12,5 mg/mL) de extrato de folha de AMMH foram testadas quanto à sua capacidade de inibir a formação de biofilme Xoo em uma placa de microtitulação de 96 poços. Os resultados mostraram que os controles negativos tiveram o maior valor de OD do que os outros tratamentos, indicando a intensa formação de biofilme. Isso foi seguido do controle positivo (sulfato de estreptomicina, com concentração de 0,2 mg/mL, e extrato de folha de AMMH, com concentração de 3,13 mg/mL), que não apresentou diferenças significativas nos seus valores OD (1,96 e 1,57, respectivamente). Todos os outros tratamentos com concentrações de 6,25, 9,38, e 12,5 mg/mL não tiveram diferenças significativas nos seus valores OD (0,91, 0,79, e 0,53, respectivamente). Para percentagens de inibição, o tratamento com concentração 12,5 mg/mL apresentou o maior resultado (81,25%), seguido do tratamento em concentrações de 6,25 e 9,38 mg/mL, que não mostraram diferenças significativas na sua percentagem de inibição (67,75 e 72,23%, respectivamente). Concentração 3,13 mg/mL resultou em 44,49% de inibição do biofilme, e o controle positivo resultou em 30,75% de inibição do biofilme. Análise por microscopia confocal de leitura a laser de inibição e separação de biofilme Xoo revelou a presença de células Xoo não viáveis e alterações no tamanho da agregação por causa do aumento na concentração de extrato de folha de AMMH. Slides de controle mostraram a ausência de células Xoo mortas.

Isolation, Identification and Antibacterial Activity of Endophytic Bacteria from Leaves of Acacia catechu

Drug resistance in bacteria is becoming an alarming problem in recent years. Post-antibiotic era is not so far. The need for novel antibiotics, chemotherapeutic agents and agrochemicals are utmost. Endophytes are microorganisms that reside in the tissues of living plants which are relatively unstudied and are potential sources of novel natural products for exploitation in medicine, agriculture and industry. The endophytes of medicinal plants participate in biochemical pathways and produce novel bioactive compounds. The aim of the study was to isolate, identify and to assess antibacterial activity of endophytic bacteria from leaves of Acacia catechu. 18 endophytic bacteria had been isolated and identified by sequencing 16S rRNA gene. The isolated endophytic bacteria were identified as Bacillus humi. Considerable in vitro antibacterial activities against a panel of human pathogenic microorganisms (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Bacillus cereus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella Typhimurium and Escherichia coli) were recorded. Among 18 isolates, 15 isolates had shown inhibitory activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella Typhimurium and 10 isolates had shown inhibitory activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae

Characterization of a novel antifungal protein from Acacia senegal seeds

Aim: The aim of the present study was to isolate antifungal protein from seeds of Acacia senegal in order to develop a new, effective and environmental friendly biofungicide.Methodology: Antifungal protein from A. senegal seeds was extracted and purified through ammonium sulphate precipitation, dialysis, ion exchange and gel filtration chromatography. The novel antifungal was characterized employing SDS-PAGE, chitinase activity and antifungal efficacy. The purified protein was also characterized through MALDI-TOF MS/MS. Results: The yield of purified antifungal protein was estimated to be 0.96 mg 25 g-1 seeds and its molecular mass determined by SDS PAGE was 52.9 kDa. The purified protein exhibited antifungal activity against phytopathogenic fungi viz., Macrophomina phaseolina and Fusarium oxysporum also possessed chitinase activity. The purified protein was characterized through MALDI-TOF MS/MS and its spectra revealed 14 peptides with their specific amino acid sequences. Interpretation: The antifungal protein isolated from A. senegal seeds has broad-spectrum antifungal activity with chitinase activity against pathogenic fungi that can be exploited for management of fungal disease as biopesticide to promote sustainable agriculture

Effect of Acacia catechu and alum hot sitzbath on post-operative pain in patients treated with herbal seton / Efeito do banho quente de assento com Acacia catechu e alume na dor pós-operatória em pacientes tratados com seton à base de plantas

ABSTRACT Background Post-operative pain is the major consequence of Ksarasutra, Seton technique employed in Ayurvedic management of Low anal fistula. Surgeons are forced to prescribe Opioids and NSAIDs with pronounced untoward effects. Non pharmacological measures like Balneotherapy are used to improve circulation and relieve spasm in contemporary sciences. Aim To compare the efficacy of Khadira (Acacia catechu) and Sphatika (Potash alum) hot sitzbath with plain hot sitzbath in patients of low anal fistula treated with Ksarasutra. Method The study was single blind, double armed; prospective, randomized control clinical trial in which 30 patients were randomly allocated into two groups of 15 each on the basis of inclusion and exclusion criteria. Group A received hot sitzbath using Acacia catechu and alum infusion twice daily for 21 days. Group B received hot sitzbath using warm water for 21 days. The assessments were made on pain, post-surgical satisfaction burning sensation, tenderness, discharge, constipation, itching and incontinence. Result The disease was prevalent in the 4th decade of life, more in males (86.67%) involved in sedentary work (53.33%) residing in urban domicile, consuming mixed diet (100%). Both groups showed statistically significant improvement in outcome measures like pain, burning sensation, tenderness, discharge, constipation and itching. Conclusion On comparative analysis Acacia and Alum hot sitzbath was more effective in outcomes like pain, surgical satisfaction, burning sensation and discharge. There was no difference in the effect of both interventions with respect to outcome measures like constipation, itching and incontinence.

RESUMO Justificativa A dor pós-operatória é a principal consequência da técnica que utiliza seton de Ksarasutra no tratamento ayurvédico de fístula anal baixa. Os cirurgiões são impelidos a prescrever opiáceos e AINEs que possuem efeitos indesejáveis pronunciados. Medidas não farmacológicas como a balneoterapia são usadas nas ciências contemporâneas para melhorar a circulação e aliviar o espasmo. Objetivo Comparar a eficácia do banho quente de assento com Khadira (Acacia catechu) e Sphatika (Potash alum) com apenas banho de assento em pacientes com fístula anal baixa tratados com Ksarasutra. Método Estudo clínico prospectivo, cego e controlado de dois braços randomizados, no qual 30 pacientes foram alocados aleatoriamente em dois grupos de 15 pacientes cada com base nos critérios de inclusão e exclusão. O Grupo A recebeu banho de assento com Acacia catechu e infusão de alume duas vezes ao dia por 21 dias. O Grupo B recebeu banho de assento com água morna por 21 dias. Os desfechos avaliados foram dor, satisfação pós-cirúrgica, sensação de queimação, sensibilidade, corrimento, constipação, prurido e incontinência. Resultado A doença foi prevalente na 4ª década de vida, mais frequente no sexo masculino (86,67%), nos envolvidos em trabalho sedentário (53,33%), nos residentes em domicílios urbanos e nos que consumiam dieta mista (100%). Ambos os grupos apresentaram melhora estatisticamente significativa na avaliação dos resultados, tais como dor, sensação de queimação, sensibilidade, corrimento, constipação e prurido. Conclusão Na análise comparativa, o banho quente de assento com acácia e alume foi mais eficaz nos desfechos de dor, satisfação cirúrgica, sensação de queimação e corrimento. Não houve diferença em relação ao efeito de ambas as intervenções sobre os desfechos de constipação, prurido e incontinência.

Physico-chemical changes during vermicomposting of a terrestrial weed, Mikania micrantha and leaf litters of Acacia auriculiformis and Bambusa polymorpha mixed with cowdung

Aim: The aim of the present study was to understand the physico-chemical changes during vermicomposting of terrestrial weeds, Mikania micrantha and leaf litters of Acacia auriculiformis and Bambusa polymorpha mixed with cowdung.Methodology: Vermicomposting was done in 2.5 l earthen pot, each having 300 g waste materials [cowdung alone (300g) and different litter wastes mixed with cowdung in 7:3 ratio]. Based on our pilot study using cowdung and plant wastes in different ratios, it was observed that earthworm thrived well and acted better in 7:3 (plant wastes: cowdung) compared to other ratios. Each pot was inoculated with 30 adult earthworms, Perionyx excavatus [cumulative weight (g) 9.99±0.09] after 21 days of pre-composting of wastes. Samples from vermicomposting pots were collected on 0, 15, 30 and 45th day for physico-chemical analysis of wastes. Results: Vermicomposting brought about changes in pH values near to neutral at the end of the experiment in all the treatments. Significant increase (p<0.05) in the electrical conductivity, total nitrogen (%), available phosphorus (mg 100g-1), available potassium (mg 100g-1) and a significant decrease (p<0.05) in total organic carbon (%) and C:N ratios from initial feed mixtures to final product in all the vermicomposting treatments were observed. The maximum rise in electrical conductivity, nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium were recorded in the vermicompost obtained from Mikania-cowdung-mixtures. Interpretation: Vermicompost derived from Mikania-cowdung mixtures may be considered as suitable organic resource. Addition of carbonaceous materials such as leaf litters, sawdust, straw etc. with Mikania-cowdung mixtures is recommended for vermicomposting to increase the C:N ratio of vermicompost for slow release of nutrients.

antibacterial, antioxidant activities, and phytoconstituents analysis of medicinal plants used in Benin: Acacia macrostachya (Rchb

Microbial infections remain public health problems because of the upsurge of bacterial resistance. The presentstudy aimed to evaluate the anti-quorum sensing, antimicrobial activities, and chemical compositions ofAcacia macrostachya. Total phenolic, flavonoid, and condensed tannin content were determined according toFolin–Ciocalteu, aluminum chloride, and Broadhurst methods, respectively. The microdilution method usingp-iodonitrothétrazolium was used to evaluate the antibacterial activity. Inhibition of pyocyanin and violaceinproduction by extract and fraction was used to evaluate anti-quorum sensing activity. The antioxidant activitywas evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl, Ferric reducing, and hydrogen peroxide scavengingmethods. The minimum inhibitory concentration of the extracts and fractions ranged from 0.312 to 5 mg/ml.At 100 µg/ml, ethyl acetate fraction significantly inhibited the production of violacein (56.45%) and pyocyanin(48.88%). The total phenolic, flavonoids, and condensed tannin contents ranged from 31.85 ± 0.31 to 21.26± 0.67 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/100 mg, 26.35 ± 0.71 to 25.42 ± 0.36 mg quercetin equivalent (QE)/100mg, and 18.24 ± 0.12 to 15.9 ± 0.17 mg Catechin equivalent (CE)/100 mg, respectively. The antioxidantactivity correlates with phenolic, flavonoids, and tannin contents. High Pressure Liquide Chromatography(HPLC) analysis of the ethyl acetate fraction allowed to identify three phenolic acids and five flavonoids. Theresults described here could justify the use of A. macrostachya by traditional healers to treat infections, andparticularly, gastrointestinal disorders.

Medicinal Properties Of Different Parts Of Acacia Nilotica Linn (BABUL), Its Phytoconstituents And Diverse Pharmacological Activities

Acacia nilotica Linn commonly known as Babul is a multipurpose tree. As the world is turning back towards the herbal drug, it is the need of the hour to re-evaluate the knowledge of traditional medicine through vast review. In the Unani traditional system of medicine, all parts of the plant have been used as a remedy for various diseases and are imputed for their medicinal properties. Hence, this review presents an overview of the medicinal properties of different parts of A. nilotica L. used in Unani medicine, its phytochemical constituents, and diverse pharmacological activities. The information related to this drug was retrieved using the classical Unani sources viz., Al-Qanun fi’l Tibb (Canon of Medicine), Iksir-i-A‘zam, Al Hawi fi’l Tibb (Continens Liber), Tarjuma Kamil al-Sana‘a al-Tibbiyya, Dhakhira Khawarizm Shahi, Biyaz-i-Kabir and Tibb-i-Akbar for medicinal properties used in Unani Medicine. Further for other traditional uses, phytoconstituents and pharmacological activities, different search engines like PubMed, Medline, Google Scholar, Ovid, Science Direct and Scopus were also browsed. A. nilotica possesses various medicinal properties as per classical Unani texts such as astringent, tonic, wound healing, aphrodisiac, expectorant, resolvent, and antispasmodic. In vivo, in vitro, and clinical studies from the published articles validate the fact that A. nilotica is a potential source of various bioactive compounds having various pharmacological properties and therapeutic uses. The various pharmacological activities are anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antibacterial, anticancerous, antidiabetic and antihypertensive properties. This review concludes that the Unani medicinal effects of A. nilotica are proven by scientific studies.

A Structure Based Molecular Docking Of Acacia Catechu Againstcontractile Protein Plasmodium Falciparum – A Malarial Disease

The bioactive compounds of Acacia catechu using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy and the inhibitory activity against contractile protein Plasmodium falciparum against protozoan disease were studied. This research mainly focuses on finding of novel drug screening against malarial enzyme. The compounds of Acacia catechu are screened using Lipinski rule of five with ADMET properties in which the character as well as behaviour of the drug compound is known. The compounds were checked for its dosage level in human and rat as well as distribution properties in blood brain barrier and central neuro system. The compounds 9,12,15- Octadecatrienoic acid has higher affinity with -7.95 Kcal/mol followed by Pthalic acid, butyl 2- pentyl ester -7.35 Kcal/mol and Furo[2,3-d] Pyrimidine-4,6 [5H,7H]-dion -6.24 Kcal/mol were docked using Autodock software. the compound 9,12,15- Octadecatrienoic acid, Pthalic acid butyl 2- pentyl ester, Furo[2,3-d] Pyrimidine-4,6 [5H,7H]-dion has higher affinity such as -7.95 Kcal/mol , -7.35 Kcal/mol and -6.24 Kcal/mol respectively. Thus this research proves that the drug compounds of Acacia catechu have novel therapeutic drug activity against virulent enzymes.

Tolerance evaluation of Jatropha curcas and Acacia burkei to acidic and copper/nickel-contaminated soil

Aim: To evaluate tolerance of two tree species, Jatropha curcas and Acacia burkei, to an acidic and highly Cu/Ni-contaminated soil. Methodology: Above-ground growth of Jatropha and Acacia were monitored for six months in two different soil types; a typical field soil (FS) and acidic and Cu/Ni-rich soil (ACNS), the latter containing 58- and 14-fold higher levels of Cu and Ni, respectively, than FS. Results: Growth of Acacia was markedly inhibited in ACNS, as evidenced by low number of petioles and branches, thinner stem diameter, and low chlorophyll content compared with plants grown in FS. In contrast, tree height, stem diameter and length of emerged branches of Jatropha showed no significant differences between growth in FS and ACNS. In Jatropha, foliar Cu content grown in ACNS was not statistically different from that in FS whereas a small increase in foliar Ni content was observed in ACNS. Interpretation: These observations suggested that Jatropha possess strong resistance to acidic and Cu/Ni-enriched soil. This trait might be advantageous for dual-purpose, utilization of Jatropha for renewable energy production and afforestation of Cu/Ni-polluted wastelands.

Immunomodulatory activities of Acacia catechu, a traditional thirst quencher of South India

Background: Acacia catechu has been widely used in Ayurveda for treating many diseases. Its heartwoodextract is used in asthma, cough, bronchitis, colic, diarrhea, dysentery, boils, skin afflictions, sores and forstomatitis. The decoction of heartwood is used for drinking purpose in southern part of India especiallyin Kerala.Objective: The current study was carried out to evaluate immunomodulatory effects of heartwood extracts of A. catechu in Swiss albino mice.Material and methods: In vivo immunomodulatory activity was analyzed by hemagglutinating antibody(HA) titer, plaque forming cell assay and delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH). In vitro immunomodulatory potential of the extracts was studied using peritoneal macrophages and splenocytes from mice.Effect of extracts on phagocytic activity of macrophages was analyzed by nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT)reduction assay and cellular lysosomal enzyme assay. Anti-inflammatory activity was studied by nitricoxide (NO) assay and production of TNF-a and IL-10.Results: A dose dependent increase in antibody titer was observed with extracts treatment. Treatmentwith extracts produced an enhancement in the number of antibody producing cells in the spleen. DTHreaction was significantly decreased with extracts treatment. An increased phagocytic response wasshown by peritoneal macrophages on treatment with the extracts as evidenced by its effect on NBTreduction and cellular lysosomal enzyme activity. The extracts inhibited the release of pro-inflammatorycytokine TNF-a and the production of NO. IL-10 production was significantly increased after extracttreatment.Conclusion: The results of the present study indicate the immunomodulatory effects of A. catechu extracts on humoral, cell mediated and non-specific immune functions.© 2017 Transdisciplinary University, Bangalore and World Ayurveda Foundation. Publishing Services byElsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Antibacterial Activity of Acacia nilotica Stem-Bark Fractions against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli

Aims:This research was carried out to determine the antibacterial activity of Acacia nilotica stem bark extract and bioactive fractions against the test bacteria (Staphylococcus aureusand Escherichia coli). Place and Duration of Study:Acacia niloticawas collected within Aliero town, Kebbi State, Nigeria between April and September, 2017. Methodology:The crude and bioactive fractions were obtained using soxhlet extraction and column chromatographic methodrespectively. The qualitative phytochemical screening was conducted to detect the presence of some phytochemical constituents in the crude extract and fractions. The antibacterial activity was determined at various concentrations (10, 50, 100, 150 and 200mg/ml) using disc diffusion method Results:The crude antibacterial activity indicated that ethanol extract showed higher activity than the n-hexane extract with 14.0±0.00 and 12.0±0.00 mm zones of inhibition compared with the control drug (10μg Ciprofloxacin drug), which showed 14.0±0.00 and 13.0±0.00 mm zone of inhibition against the test bacteria. The MIC and MBC values determined for ethanol extracts against the test bacteria was 12.5 mg/ml and 25 mg/ml, while the MIC and MBC values obtained for n-hexane extracts were 25 and 50 mg/ml against the test bacteria. The bioactive fractions (Yellow, Purple and Blue Black Fractions) tested against the test bacteria showed higher activity compared with the crude extract. The phytochemical properties of the plant crude extract and the bioactive fractions indicated the presence of phenol, tannins, alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids and glycosides and this attributed to the high antibacterial activities of 17.0±0.00and 16.0±0.00mm showed by the fractionsagainst Staphylococcus aureus and 15.67±and 14.0±0.00mm against Escherichia coli respectively. Conclusion:Acacia niloticacrude extract and fractions exhibited antibacterial activity which was comparable to the standard drug ciprofloxacin. This validates the folkloric medicinal use of this plant by the indigenous people of Aliero, Kebbi State

Inhibitory effects of methanolic Olea europaea and acetonic Acacia laeta on growth of Babesia and Theileria

Objective: To evaluate the antipiroplasmic activities of methanolic extract of Olea europaea (MOE) and acetonic extract of Acacia laeta (AAL) against Babesia and Theileria parasites in vitro and evaluate the chemotherapeutic effects of these extracts against Babesia (B.) microti in vivo. Methods: Fluorescence assay using SYBR Green 1 nucleic acid stain was used to detect inhibitory effects of the two extracts as well as the combination effects of the two extracts with diminazene aceturate and atovaquone on four Babesia species and Theileria equi in vitro while for in vivo experiments, 8-weekold female BALB/c mice were injected intraperitoneally with 1 × 107B. microti-iRBCs and treated orally at a dose of 150 mg/kg of both extracts. Results: The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of AAL against B. bovis, B. bigemina, B. divergens, B. caballi, and Theileria equi were lower than those of MOE extracts. Toxicity assay on Madin-Darby bovine kidney, mouse embryonic fibroblast (MH/3T3), and human foreskin fibroblast cell lines showed that MOE and AAL affected only the viability of Madin-Darby bovine kidney cell line with half maximal effective concentrations (EC50) of (794.7±41.9) and (873.9±17.5) μg/mL, respectively. The oral treatments of MOE and AAL at 150 mg/kg inhibited the growth of B. microti in mice by 80.4% and 64.4%, respectively. The MOE and diminazene aceturate combination showed a higher chemotherapeutic effect than that of monotherapy. Conclusions: MOE and AAL have the potential to be an alternative remedy for treating piroplasmosis. Furthermore, the combination therapy of MOE + DA was more potent against B. microti infection in mice than their monotherapies.

A comprehensive review on phytopharmacological investigations of Acacia auriculiformis A.Cunn.ex Benth

Acacia auriculifornis A.Cunn.ex Benth.is a perennial shrub having a wide range of medicinal potentials and is widely distributed throughout the world.It is being used traditionally to overcome various medical complications like sore eyes,aches,rheumatism,allergy,itching,and rashes.Besides,Acacia auriculifromis has been proven for many pharmacological activities like central nervous system depressant activity,antioxidant,antimicrobial,antimalarial,anti-filarial,cestocidal,antimutagenic,chemopreventive,spermicidal,wound healing,hepatoprotective and antidiabetic activity due to its low toxicity (LD50 =3 741.7 mg/kg) and high efficacy.In addition,various phytochemical investigations reveal the presence of chief constituents as flavonoids (Auriculoside) and triterpenoid saponin glycosides (acaciasides-acaciaside A & B) in different parts of this plant.Since many years researchers have been carrying out various studies on this medicinal important shrub to elicit the various biological activities.This review attempts to highlight the pharmacognostical,phytochemical and pharmacological observations from 1965 to 2018 retrieved from SciFinder,Scientific journals,books,Google Scholar,and botanical electronic database websites.The various plant extracts evaluated for different pharmacological activities showed significant efficacy.Bioactive phytoconstituents isolated from various parts of the plant are highlighted.Pharmacognostical standardization of the plant done with various standard parameters is also reported.The low toxicity of this plant and the presence of major bioactive phytoconstituents like flavonoids and triterpenoid saponin glycosides are responsible for a therapeutic remedy for various diseases and pharmacological activities respectively.This review provides exhaustive information about the pharmacognostical,phytochemical,and pharmacological investigations of Acacia auriculiformis till date.

Inhibitory effects of methanolic Olea europaea and acetonic Acacia laeta on growth of Babesia and Theileria

Objective: To evaluate the antipiroplasmic activities of methanolic extract of Olea europaea (MOE) and acetonic extract of Acacia laeta (AAL) against Babesia and Theileria parasites in vitro and evaluate the chemotherapeutic effects of these extracts against Babesia (B.) microti in vivo. Methods: Fluorescence assay using SYBR Green 1 nucleic acid stain was used to detect inhibitory effects of the two extracts as well as the combination effects of the two extracts with diminazene aceturate and atovaquone on four Babesia species and Theileria equi in vitro while for in vivo experiments, 8-weekold female BALB/c mice were injected intraperitoneally with 1 × 10

A comprehensive review on phytopharmacological investigations of Acacia auriculiformis A.Cunn. ex Benth

Acacia auriculiformis A.Cunn. ex Benth. is a perennial shrub having a wide range of medicinal potentials and is widely distributed throughout the world. It is being used traditionally to overcome various medical complications like sore eyes, aches, rheumatism, allergy, itching, and rashes. Besides, Acacia auriculiformis has been proven for many pharmacological activities like central nervous system depressant activity, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antimalarial, anti-filarial, cestocidal, antimutagenic, chemopreventive, spermicidal, wound healing, hepatoprotective and antidiabetic activity due to its low toxicity (LD