Judicialização do direito à saúde na encefalopatia crônica não progressiva no Rio de Janeiro / Judicialization of the right to health in chronic non-progressive encephalopathy in Rio de Janeiro

A Constituição Federal Brasileira de 1988 instituiu a saúde como direito de todos e dever do Estado na implementação de políticas econômicas e sociais que visem à redução de agravos na saúde da população. Nesse sentido, foi estabelecido o dever do Estado na formulação de políticas públicas para a garantia da provisão e da manutenção do acesso à saúde gratuita a todos que dela necessitem. Entretanto, observa-se no Brasil uma crescente demanda da judicialização do direito à saúde, a qual se configura pela necessidade de recorrer ao Poder Judiciário para garantir o cumprimento deste direito. Nesta perspectiva, o presente estudo delineou como objetivo geral analisar os processos judiciais relacionados ao tratamento por especialidade dos pacientes com encefalopatia crônica não progressiva. E como objetivos específicos caracterizar o perfil dos sujeitos envolvidos nas demandas judiciais relativas às pessoas com o diagnóstico de encefalopatia crônica não progressiva, identificar as razões que levaram às demandas judiciais da saúde relativas às pessoas como diagnóstico de encefalopatia crônica não progressiva, descrever o desfecho das demandas judiciais relacionadas à assistência em saúde dos indivíduos com encefalopatia crônica não progressiva, explicitar o momento que a decisão atendeu ao pedido da demanda judicial, identificar as possíveis violações aos princípios do SUS e bioéticos nas demandas judiciais em análise.Trata-se de uma pesquisa documental realizada em base de dados secundários, com uma abordagem analítica, descritiva e retrospectiva em que se analisaram os processos judiciais de inteiro teor do Tribunal de Justiça do Rio de Janeiro. Como resultado da pesquisa foram analisados 30 processos judiciais relativos ao tratamento por especialidade para a pessoa com diagnóstico de encefalopatia crônica não progressiva. Dentre os principais achados, averigou-se que a distribuição da amostra por sexo era majoritariamente masculina. Dentre os locais de residência dos demandantes havia diferentes municípios do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, entre eles Campos dos Goytacazes, Itaperuna, Rio das Ostras, São João da Barra, Volta Redonda, Rio de Janeiro, Teresópolis, Carmo, Casimiro de Abreu, Duque de Caxias, Iguaba Grande, Itaboraí, Itaguaí, Paracambi, Sapacuaia e Saquarema. Se constatou que 60% dos demandantes em questão possuíam algum outro diagnóstico além da encefalopatia crônica não progressiva. Em relação à distribuição dos serviços requeridos verificou-se que 67% deles estão disponíveis no SUS. Finalmente, notou-se que em 76% dos processos analisados houve violações nos princípios do SUS e nos princípios da Bioética sob a perspectiva de Beauchamp e Childress. Por derradeiro, concluiu-se que a judicialização da saúde é uma forma efetiva de exercer a cidadania na atualidade diante da omissão do Poder Executivo e Legislativo frente às demandas sociais sobre a saúde. Nota-se também que é preciso repensar o cuidado em saúde da pessoa com deficiência com encefalopatia crônica não progressiva e isso só será possível através da elaboração de novas políticas públicas para essa população.AU

The Brazilian Federal Constitution of 1988 established health as a right for all and a duty of the State in the implementation of economic and social policies aimed at reducing health problems for the population. In this sense, the State's duty was established in the formulation of public policies to guarantee the provision and maintenance of access to free healthcare for all who need it. However, in Brazil there is a growing demand for the judicialization of the right to health, which is configured by the need to resort to the Judiciary to guarantee the fulfillment of this right. specialty of patients with chronic non-progressive encephalopathy. And as specific objectives, to characterize the profile of the subjects involved in lawsuits related to people with a diagnosis of chronic non-progressive encephalopathy, to identify the reasons that led to the legal demands of health regarding people with a diagnosis of chronic non-progressive encephalopathy, to describe the outcome of the legal demands related to health care for individuals with chronic non-progressive encephalopathy, explain the moment that the decision met the request of the judicial demand, identify possible violations of the principles of the SUS and bioethics in the judicial demands under analysis.This is a documentary research carried out on a secondary data base, with an analytical, descriptive and retrospective approach in which the full content of judicial proceedings of the Court of Justice of Rio de Janeiro were analyzed. As a result of the research, 30 lawsuits related to the treatment by specialty for the person diagnosed with chronic non-progressive encephalopathy were analyzed. Among the main findings, it was found that the distribution of the sample by sex was mostly male. Among the places of residence of the plaintiffs were different municipalities in the State of Rio de Janeiro, including Campos dos Goytacazes, Itaperuna, Rio das Ostras, São João da Barra, Volta Redonda, Rio de Janeiro, Teresópolis, Carmo, Casimiro de Abreu, Duque from Caxias, Iguaba Grande, Itaboraí, Itaguaí, Paracambi, Sapacuaia and Saquarema. It was found that 60% of the applicants in question had a diagnosis other than chronic non-progressive encephalopathy. Regarding the distribution of required services, it was found that 67% of them are available in the SUS. Finally, it was noted that in 76% of the processes analyzed there were violations of the principles of the SUS and the principles of Bioethics from the perspective of Beauchamp and Childress. Lastly, it was concluded that the judicialization of health is an effective way of exercising citizenship today, given the omission of the Executive and Legislative branches in relation to social demands on health. It is also noted that it is necessary to rethink the health care of people with disabilities with chronic non-progressive encephalopathy and this will only be possible through the development of new public policies for this population.AU

Acceso a los dispositivos autoajustables para el tratamiento de apneas del sueño durante la pandemia por COVID-19 / Access to auto-adjustable positive airway pressure devices for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea during the COVID-19 pandemic

Resumen El empleo de presión positiva en la vía aérea es el tratamiento de elección en apneas obstructIvas del sueño. Desde el inicio de la pandemia por el virus SARS- CoV-2 las recomendaciones fueron evitar la administración en el laboratorio de sueño de estas terapias e iniciar tratamiento con equipos autoajus tables. El objetivo fue evaluar el acceso a los equipos autoajustables en el contexto epidemiológico actual. Se incluyeron 66 pacientes, la edad media fue de 50.7 ± 12.8, 44% hombres, con un IAH de 35.5 (22.7-64.2) y un IMC de 38.3 (32.8-46.1). El 45% tenía cobertura médica. De los 50 (74%) que tramitaron el equipo, 19 (29%) accedió al dispositivo. La cobertura médica fue la única variable significativa entre los que accedieron y los que no: 54% vs. 21% (p = 0.016). La demora entre el inicio del trámite y el del tratamiento fue 31 ± 21 días en los que tenían cobertura médica y 65 ± 35 días en aquellos sin cobertura (p = 0.008). El acceso a terapias autoajustables durante la pandemia por COVID estuvo por debajo del de nuestra experiencia previa y de lo descripto en otros trabajos con terapias fijas. Cabe plantearse si esta disminución es producto de la pandemia e independiente del tipo de terapia, o está en relación directa a los mayores costos de los equipos autoajustables o falta de convenio de los mismos por parte de los organismos proveedores.

Abstract The use of positive airway pressure is the treatment of choice for obstructive sleep apnea. Since the beginning of SARS-CoV-2 virus pandemic the recommenda tions were to avoid the administration of this therapy in the sleep laboratory and to start treatment with auto-adjustable continuous positive airway pressure devices. The objective was to evaluate access to these devices in the current epidemiological context. Sixty-six patients were included, the mean age was 50.7 ± 12.8, 44% men with an AHI of 35.5 (22.7-64.2) and a BMI of 38.3 (32.8-46.1). Forty-five percent had health insurance. Of the 50 (74%) who processed the device, 19 (29%) had access. Health insurance was the only significant variable between those who had access to the device and those who did not: 54% vs. 21% (p=0.016). The delay between the beginning of the procedure to access the device and the start of treatment was 31 ± 21 in patients who had medical insurance and 65 ± 35.2 in those who did not (p = 0.008). Access to auto-adjustable therapies during the COVID-19 pandemic was below our former experience and that described in other studies with fixed therapies. It is worth considering whether this decrease is a product of the pandemic and indepen dent of the type of therapy or is directly related to the higher costs of self-adjustable devices or to a lack of coverage from the healthcare providers.

Distribuição espacial e incidência de casos de HIV/aids em Santa Cruz do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, 2001 a 2020 / Distribución espacial e incidencia de casos de VIH/SIDA en Santa Cruz do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, 2001 a 2020 / Spatial distribution and incidence of HIV/AIDS cases in Santa Cruz do Sul, state of Rio Grande do Sul, 2001 to 2020

Objetivo: descrever a distribuição espacial, a situação do tratamento e as características dos casos de pessoas infectadas pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV), em Santa Cruz do Sul/RS, de 2001 a 2020. Métodos: estudo descritivo com dados de indivíduos em tratamento para HIV/aids, em Santa Cruz do Sul, diagnosticados no período de janeiro de 2001 a outubro de 2020. Resultados: foram analisados 708 (94,4%) casos, dos quais 58,2% eram do sexo masculino, com idade média de 39 anos. A taxa de incidência máxima foi registrada em 2019 (59,4/100 mil habitantes), e observou-se frequência elevada de casos nas regiões sul e central do município; 92,9% dos indivíduos continuavam em tratamento ativo, e a taxa de abandono alcançou 7,1% no período. Conclusão: observou-se uma maior incidência de HIV entre adultos do sexo masculino, das regiões central e sul da cidade, com uma taxa de tratamento próxima às metas da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) e baixa taxa de abandono.

Objetivo: describir la distribución espacial, estado del tratamiento y características de los casos de personas infectadas por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH), en Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, de 2001 hasta 2020. Métodos: estudio descriptivo con datos de individuos en tratamiento por VIH/SIDA, en Santa Cruz do Sul, diagnosticados de enero de 2001 a octubre de 2020. Resultados: se analizaron 708 (94,4%) casos, de estos (58,2%) eran del sexo masculino, con una edad promedio de 39 años, la tasa de incidencia máxima fue en 2019 (59,4/100.000 habitantes), hubo una alta frecuencia de casos en la región sur y central del municipio, el 92,9% de estos individuos seguían en tratamiento activo y la deserción fue del 7,1% en el período. Conclusión: se observó una mayor incidencia de VIH en personas del sexo masculino adultas, de las regiones central y sur de la ciudad, con una tasa de tratamiento cercana a las metas de la Organización Mundial de la Salud y una baja tasa de deserción.

Objective: to describe the spatial distribution, treatment status and characteristics of cases of people infected with the human immunodeficiency virus HIV in Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, 2001 to 2020. Methods: descriptive study with data from individuals undergoing treatment for HIV/AIDS, in Santa Cruz do Sul, diagnosed from January 2001 to October 2020. Results: 708 (94.4%) cases were analyzed, of these (58.2%) were male, with a mean age of 39 years, the maximum incidence rate was in 2019 (59.4/100,000 inhabitants), there was a high frequency of cases in the south and central region of the city, 92.9% of these individuals were still in active treatment and the dropout rate was 7.1% in the period. Conclusion: a higher incidence of HIV was observed in adult male, from the central and southern regions of the city, with a treatment rate close to the goals of the World Health Organization and a low dropout rate.

Barriers to malaria control in rural south-west Timor-Leste: a qualitative analysis.

Background: Malaria is an important health problem in Timor-Leste. Although funding has been provided to reduce the burden of this disease, few studies have investigated whether this has improved malaria-related knowledge, management of symptoms, and treatment in rural communities. The aim of this study was to explore the perceptions and practices undertaken in relation to all aspects of malaria control by members of two rural communities in Timor-Leste. Methods: A qualitative study was undertaken in two rural hamlets in Timor-Leste. Research methods included transect walks, focus groups and semi-structured interviews. Content analysis was used to identify themes. Results: The location of the hamlets near rice fields, leaking taps, inadequate water supplies and dumping of waste from the local hospital provided opportunities for mosquitoes to breed. Most participants were aware of the link between mosquitoes and malaria, but a lack of control over their environment was a major barrier to preventing malaria. The distribution of bed nets had occurred once, and was the only intervention undertaken by the National Malaria Control Programme. However, limiting the distribution of bed nets to pregnant women and children aged under 5 years had resulted in some focus group respondents believing that only those in these groups could be affected by malaria. Self-diagnosis and home treatment were common. Treatment for unresolved infections depended on access to transport funds, and belief in the power of traditional healers. Conclusion: Improvements in infrastructure, empowerment of rural communities, and better access to treatment are recommended if the incidence of malaria is to be reduced throughout the country.