Placenta percreta com invasão de bexiga: um relato de caso / Percretal placenta with bladder invasion: a case report

O acretismo placentário consiste na aderência anormal da placenta na parede uterina. Ao aderir-se diretamente ao miométrio, denomina-se placenta acreta; ao estender-se mais profundamente, placenta increta, e ao invadir a serosa uterina ou órgãos adjacentes, percreta. O fator de risco mais frequente constitui cesarianas anteriores. Paciente 27 anos, G3P1CA1 (cesariana há 8 anos/ parto prematuro 25 sem há 4 anos), IG: 25sem3d; com alteração da vitalidade fetal e placenta prévia com sinais de acretismo (sugerindo placenta percreta). Foi indicada a interrupção da gestação com 27 semanas e 1 dia. No período intraoperatório foi evidenciada, por meio de ultrassom, presença de acretismo placentário com invasão miometrial e invasão de serosa vesical sendo posteriormente realizado a histerectomia subtotal e rafia das lacerações da mucosa vesical. A placenta percreta é mais frequente em grávidas com placenta prévia no local da cicatriz de cesariana e o órgão mais frequentemente acometido é a bexiga; estando associada a maior morbimortalidade materna. O diagnóstico definitivo é anatomopatológico, porém é presumível durante a cirurgia abdominal com a visualização da invasão placentária, devendo ser confirmado por Histopatologia.

Placental accretism consists of abnormal placental adherence to the uterine wall. When adhering directly to the myometrium it is called placenta accreta; when extending more deeply, placenta increta; and when invading the uterine serosa or adjacent organs, percrete. The most frequent risk factor is previous cesarean sections. The patient is 27 years old with altered fetal vitality and placenta previa with signs of accreation (suggesting percretal placenta). Pregnancy termination at 27 weeks and one day was indicated. In the intraoperative period, the presence of placental accretion with myometrial invasion and bladder serous invasion was evidenced by ultrasound, with subtotal hysterectomy and raffia of lacerations of the bladder afterwards. The percretal placenta is more frequent in pregnant women with placenta previa at the site of the scar of a cesarean section and the organ most frequently affected is the bladder; being associated with higher maternal morbidity and mortality. The definitive diagnosis is anatomopathological, but it is presumed during abdominal surgery with the visualization of the placental invasion and must be confirmed by Histopathology

Embarazo ístmico y acretismo placentario: diagnóstico en I trimestre: caso clínico / Isthmic pregnancy and placental accretism: clinical case

The diagnosis of placenta accreta is oftenmade during the second half of pregnancy, usually associated with previous placenta. Here we present acase of pregnancy implantation in the uterine isthmus diagnosed during the 8th week of gestation. Among the ultrasound findings to highlight we found isthmic bulging by the gestational sac with fetal heartbeats, empty uterine cavity and cervical canal, absence ofmyometrium along the vesico-uterine septum and posterior signs of early placental accretism. At thirteen weeks dilated vessels and irregularly shaped lacunae with turbulent blood flow were seen in the placenta. Expectant management was made confirming accretism with placenta percreta involving the parametrium and respecting the bladder. Cesarean section with hysterectomy was made at 34th weeks in conjunction with interventional radiology (Vascular ballooning of the internal and common iliac arteries) with good maternal and perinatal outcomes. Pathology analysis confirmed prenatal findings.

El diagnóstico de acretismo placentario se realiza en la segunda mitad del embarazo, asociado frecuentemente a placenta previa. Presentamos uncaso clínico en el que se observó una implantación ístmica en la semana 8, destacando los signos de abombamiento ístmico global con saco gestacionaly embrión vivo, cavidad corporal uterina vacía, canal cervical vacío, ausencia de miometrio en tabique vesico-uterino y posteriormente signos sugerentes deacretismo en semana 13 con desarrollo de vasculatura subplacentaria y luego lagunas vasculares de flujo turbulento.Se hizo un manejo espectante confirmando durante la evolución signos de acretismo y percretismo miometrial, extenso desarrollo vascular en parametrios y sin invasión vesical. Fue interrumpida con semanas, por cesárea-histerectomía, optimizada con técnica radiológica intervencional (oclusiónvascular intraoperatoria en secuencia de arterias ilíacas internas e íliacas comunes) con buen resultado materno y perinatal. La anatomía patológica confirmó diagnósticos ultrasónicos.

Oclusión temporal de arterias ilíacas internas en cesárea-histerectomía por placenta acreta: enfoque multidisciplinario / Temporary occlusion of internal iliac arteries in cesarean section-hysterectomy for placenta accreta: a multidisciplinary approach

OBJETIVO: Evaluar la eficacia y resultados del tratamiento de la placenta acreta previa central en un caso clínico. Durante el embarazo los métodos diagnósticos por imágenes (ultrasonido y resonancia nuclear magnética) precisaron la localización y penetración de la placenta en la pared uterina. En el período inmediato antes del parto, para disminuir la hemorragia, evitar la hipotensión materna y facilitar el procedimiento quirúrgico, se colocaron balones intraarteriales en ambas ilíacas internas por radiólogo intervencionista, catéteres para monitoreo hemodinámico invasivo por anestesiólogo y catéteres ureterales por urólogo. La resolución del parto fue por cesárea-histerectomía sin remoción de la placenta. El caso correspondió a una paciente de 32 años con cesárea en dos partos anteriores, metrorragia episódica y que fue interrumpida en la semana 36. Durante toda la intervención permaneció hemodinámicamente estable requiriendo 1 unidad de glóbulos rojos, 4 litros entre coloides y cristaloides y el posoperatorio fue sin incidentes. El examen histo-patológico demostró percretismo de la pared uterina sin invasión vesical, concordante con las imágenes de lagunas vasculares y la citoscopia. CONCLUSIÓN: El caso demuestra el beneficio del tratamiento especializado multidisciplinario de embarazos con complicaciones graves como la placenta previa con diferentes grados de acretismo.

OBJECTIVE: To report the treatment of a clinical case with central placenta previa accreta. During pregnancy image diagnosis (ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging) revealed localization and penetration of the placenta into the uterine wall. Just before delivery to reduce the bloss loss and avoid maternal hypotension and facilitate surgery, intra arterial balloons were placed on both hypogastric arteries by the radiologist; intravascular monitoring was installed by anesthesist and urologist put in ureteral catheters. The delivery was by cesarean section and followed by histerectomy leaving the placenta in situ. The case correspond to a woman of 32 years old that had 2 previous cesarean section. During this pregnancy bled a few times and was delivered at weeks 36th. During surgery she was stable, requiring one unit of red blood cells and four liters of coloids and crystaloids. Post-operative course was with no problems. The pathologist report a placenta percreta with no bladder involvement, agreeing with the vascular lakes image and the cystoscopy. CONCLUSION: This case reveals the benefits of multidisciplinary approach to manage severe complications of pregnancy such as placenta previa and the degree of accretism.