Effects of Naringin on neuronal apoptosis in mice with memory consolidation disorder / 国际中医中药杂志

Objective:To observe the effect of Naringin on neuronal apoptosis in mice with memory consolidation disorderinduced by sodium nitrite.Methods:Fifty mice were randomly divided into blank group, model group, standardized protocol group, high-dose Naringin group and low-dose Naringin group, with 10 mice in each group. The standardized protocol group was given Donepezil 1 mg/kg, the Naringin high and low dose groups were gavaged with Naringin solution 100 and 50 mg/(kg·d), blank group and model group were gavaged with equal volume of distilled water once a day for 21 days. The model was established on the 22nd day. The blank group was intraperitoneally injected with normal saline, and the other groups were intraperitoneally injected with 100 mg/(kg·d) sodium nitrite solution for 7 days. The cognitive ability of mice in each group was evaluated by platform jumping test, and the hippocampal synaptic structure was observed by electron microscope. The contents of acetylcholine (ACh), SOD, MDA and NO in hippocampus and the activity of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was detected by ELISA. The expression of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR), glutamine receptor 2 (GluR), calcium/calmodulin dependent protease Ⅱ (CaMK Ⅱ), Caspase-3, Bcl-2 and Bad proteins in hippocampus of model mice were detected by Western blot.Results:The number and morphology of hippocampal neurons were normal, nucleus, mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum and synaptic membrane of hippocampal neurons in high-dose Naringin group were clear. Compared with the model group, the latency of mice in the high-dose Naringin group was prolonged and the number of errors was reduced ( P<0.01). The levels of MDA and NO in hippocampus of mice in the high-dose Naringin group significantly decreased ( P<0.01), and the activity of SOD significantly increased ( P<0.01). The content of ACh (23.682 ± 2.835 μg/mg prot vs. 14.939 ± 2.901 μg/mg prot), ChAT (163.302 ± 21.278 U/g vs. 89.612 ± 11.497 U/g) increased, AChE (0.367 ± 0.015 U/mg prot vs. 0.471 ± 0.014 U/mg prot) activity decreased ( P<0.01); The expression of Bad (0.441 ± 0.010 vs. 0.633 ± 0.010), Caspase-3 (0.425 ± 0.036 vs. 0.537 ± 0.024) significantly decreased, and the expression of Bcl-2 (0.890 ± 0.014 vs. 0.727 ± 0.009) significantly increased ( P<0.01); The expression of CAMKⅡ (1.043 ± 0.037 vs. 1.475 ± 0.043) significantly decreased ( P<0.01), and the expression of NMDAR1 (0.407 ± 0.037 vs. 0.345 ± 0.012), GluR2 (1.125 ± 0.033 vs. 0.664 ± 0.023) significantly increased ( P<0.01). Conclusion:Naringin could play the role of protecing the neuron and improving the cognition of mice with memory consolidation disorder by regulating the balance of ACh and glutamate system and reducing neuronal apoptosis and antioxidant stress.

Study of clinical profile of organophosphorus poisoning with special reference to electrocardiographic changes and electrolyte derangement

Background: Organophosphorus Compounds (OPC) are main cause of accidental and suicidal poisoning in agrarian countries like India. Aim was to study the clinical profile of OPC-Poisoning and correlate it with the electrocardiographic (ECG) changes and electrolyte abnormalities.Methods: Hundred consecutive cases admitted to Medicine Department underwent clinical examination, ECG, electrolytes, Acetyl Choline Esterase (AChE) estimation from time to time and Paradeniya Organophosphorus Poisoning (POP) score at the time of admission. All these parameter with duration of hospital stay and outcome were statistically analysed using X2 test, Fisher exact test, and inference was drawn.Results: In hundred OPC-Poisoning patients [Male (n=48), Female (n=52), M: F ratio 0.92:1] with mean age of 37.78�.95 years, commonest poison was cholropyrifos+cypermethrin and was mostly suicidal (96%). Common symptoms were sweating (48%), salivation, blurring of vision, breathlessness and signs were smell of poison (90%), tachypnea, altered sensorium, miosis and fasciculation. POP scoring found 41% of patients in mild, 26% in moderate and 33% in sever grade of poisoning. Hospital stay ranged from 4-18 days. Complications were pulmonary Edema (PE) in 28%, Respiratory Failure (RF) 18%, Aspiration Pneumonia (AP) 15% and Intermediate Syndrome (IS) 4%. 10 died out of 42 patients who had complications and the cause of death was RF in 4, Ventricular Fibrillation (VF) 2 and IS in 2. ECG finding showed sinus tachycardia (31%), prolonged corrected QT (QTc) interval (28%), sinus bradycardia (25%), ST-T changes (17%) and Premature Ventricular Contraction (PVC) in 4% which degenerated to VF in 2%. 24 patients were Hypokalemic from which 16 developed complications.Conclusions: Similar to earlier studies we observed poisoning which was suicidal. QTc prolongation and Hypokalemia are associated with high morbidity and mortality in OPC-Poisoning.

Past and Future of Drug Treatments for Alzheimer's Disease / 신경정신의학

This study reviews evidence for the use of acetyl-choline esterase inhibitors (AChEIs) in treating Alzheimer's patients for the past decades. Even though large number of clinical trials have been conducted to prove the efficacy of these drugs in various clinical situations, questions remain to be answered due to the use of heterogeneous subject population, trial designs, and measurement tools in these studies. Many drugs with unproven clinical benefits, including vitamins, ginko biloba extracts, anti-inflammatory agents, estrogen hormone, and statins, are commonly prescribed in real-world settings for dementia patients. Despite the lack of clinical benefits statistically proven by clinical trials or meta-analyses, anecdotal dramatic improvements in some patients may foster such practices. A further look into why some patients benefit from these medications, while other don't, may shed light on future individually tailored medicine for dementia patients. This study provides a brief review of currently existing immuno-therapeutics in the hope that we can learn from the failures of the amyloid-based active and passive immunization. Issues that we need to address for the successful development of new anti-AD drugs include : 1) the brain pathology precedes clinical symptoms by several decades, 2) we need biological markers that reliably reflect cognitive or functional impairment of AD patients, and 3) we need more detailed and plausible explanations for our brain immune responses and neurodegenerative changes.

Effects of Xiatianwu total alkaloids on learning and memory impairment and the central cholinergic function in amnesic rats / 中国药理学通报

Aim To observe the effects of Xiatianwu tota l alkaloids ( XA ) on learning and memory impairment and the central cholinergic f unction in rats with quinolinic acid microinjected into bilateral hippocampus. Methods Alzheimers disease (AD) rat models were made by damagin g bilateral hippocampus with quinolinic acid (150 nmol in 2 ?l for each hippoca mpus). XA 0.25, 0.5, 1 mg?kg -1 was administrated ig from 1 week before model established to 3 weeks after model established. Y-maze was used to measur e the learning and memory ability. The activity of the acetylcholinesterase ( AC hE ) in hippocampus and the contents of acetylcholine ( ACh ) was determined by spectrophotometry. Results Microinjection of quinolinic acid in to the rats hippocampus induced learning and memory dysfunction (P

Nutrients in the shadow-nutrients of substance.

While the dietary importance of proteins, essential fatty acids, vitamins and trace elements has been well recognised, the role of shadow nutrients, a class of metabolites, which are biosynthesized in the body and serve vital functions, such as lipoic acid, choline, inositol, taurine and carnitine, has not been adequately appreciated. There are reasons to believe that during infancy and in ageing, biosynthesis of these metabolites may be limited. The objective of this review is to highlight the essentiality of these nutrients and the need for their supplementation in the diets of infants and in elderly people. Provision of shadow nutrients where the necessary biosynthetic machinery might not have developed to full stature or might have slowed down, is a new concept in nutrition which needs attention.