Solution thermodynamics and preferential solvation of 3-chloro-N-phenyl-phthalimide in acetone + methanol mixtures / Termodinámica de soluciones y solvatación preferencial de 3-cloro-N-fenil-ftalimida en mezclas acetona + metanol

The thermodynamic properties of the 3-chloro-N-phenyl-phthalimide in acetone + methanol cosolvent mixtures were obtained from solubility data report in literature. The solubility was higher in near acetone and lower in pure methanol at all temperatures studied. A non-linear plot of ∆solnH° vs. ∆solnG° shows a negative slope from pure acetone up to x1 = 0.691. Beyond this composition, a variable positive slope is obtained with the exception of mixtures with x1 = 0.121, x1 = 0.272 and x1 = 0.356 which is a not common trend in these systems. The preferential solvation of 3-chloro-N-phenyl-phthalimide by the components of the solvents was estimated by means of the inverse Kirkwood-Buff integral method, showing the 3-chloro-Nphenyl-phthalimide is preferential solvated by methanol in more polar mixtures and by acetone in less polar ones.

Las propiedades termodinámicas de 3-cloro-N-fenil-ftalimida en mezclas cosolventes acetona + metanol fueron obtenidas a partir de los datos de solubilidad reportados en la literatura. La mayor solubilidad se presentó en acetona y la menor en metanol puro en todas las temperaturas estudiadas. La grafica ΔsolnH° vs. ΔsolnG° presenta una tendencia no lineal, con una pendiente negativa desde la acetona pura hasta x1 = 0,691 a partir de esta composición hasta el metanol puro se obtiene una pendiente positiva variable con la excepción de las mezclas con x1 = 0,121, x1 = 0,272 y x1 = 0,356, la cual es una tendencia poco común en estos sistemas. La solvatación preferencial de 3-cloro-N-fenil-ftalimida por cada uno de los solventes de la mezcla se estimó por medio del método de las integrales inversas de Kirkwood-Buff mostrando que la 3-cloro-N-fenil-ftalimida se solvata preferencialmente por metanol en las mezclas más polares y por acetona en las menos polares.

Construcción y aalibración de un equipo isopiésico para la determinación de cooeficientes osmóticos y coeficientes de actividad / Construction and calibration of n isopiestic apparatus for determination of osmmotic and activity coefficients

Se describe un equipo isopiéstico para la determinación de los coeficientes osmóticos de soluciones acuosas, usando cloruro de sodio como sustancia de referencia a temperaturas de 288,15 K, 293,15 K y 298,15 K. Los tiempos de equilibrio estuvieron entre 12 y 20 días para concentraciones de 0,1 a 0,6 m. Los coeficientes osmóticos de las soluciones acuosas de KCl obtenidos a partir del método isopiéstico y los coeficientes de actividad calculados fueron comparados con datos de literatura.

An isopiestic apparatus for determination of osmotic coefficients of aqueous solutions using NaCl reference solutions is described. Measurements were made at 288,15 K, 293,15 K and 298,15 K. Equilibrium times between 12 and 20 days were required for molalities between 0,1 and 0,6 m. Osmotic coefficients of aqueous KCl solutions obtained by the isopiestic method and calculated activity coefficients are compared with literature data.

A Survey on Weight Control Diets Practiced by College Women in Taegu and Kyung Buk

Most of college women are interested in their appearances, and those whose body weights are normal or even underweight try to lose weight. Many methods for weight control diets practiced by college women are unsound and irrational so that some side-effects should be watched out. The present study was aimed to investigate methods of diets, food habits, behaviors, and side effects of weight control and to suggest sound weight loss schemes for college women. The subjects were 353 college women living in Taegu and Kyung Buk area, comprising 178 women who have tried weight control diets and 175 women who have not tried diets. The items included in questionnaires were food habits, food behavoirs, food frequency, physical activity status, 24-hour daily activity record, height, weight, etc., and the survey was conducted in September 1997. There was no difference in body mass index between college women who have tried diets(20.1+/-2.26) and women who have not tried diets(19.3+/-1.58), and 24.2% of those who have tried diets had body mass index under 19. The leading reason for diets was to make better fitting for costumes(67%). While women who have tried diets also tried to exercise more, they tended to overeat than women who have not tried diets. Mean of food habit scores(9.33 vs 9.32) which corresponded to "poor" habit and food frequencies were not different with or without experiences of diets. This indicated that diets were not related to actual changes of food habits and food intakes. Diet methods used frequently by college women were relying on special diet foods(25.4%), fasting(24.9%) and exercise(22.6%). Trying both exercise and diet was practiced by only 5.1% of the subjects who have tried diets. The duration time of diets was mostly in the range of 1 week to 1 month, and the longer diet period was, the more weight loss was. The frequent side effects due to diets were anemia(41.8%) and enervation(23.7%). Activity coefficients were lower in those who have tried diets(1.38+/-0.13) than those who have not tried diets(1.41+/-0.19). Women who have tried diets spent more time on reading newspapers and magazines and on watching TV. This study indicates that college women who have tried diets practiced irrational diets for weight reduction and experienced undesirable side-effects. Therefore scientific and systematic weight reduction programs accompanying balanced diets and proper exercise with behavior changes should be developed.