Exposure Assessment for Toxic Hepatitis Caused by HCFC-123

This case report attempts to present a case of acute toxic hepatitis in fire extinguisher manufacturing workers exposed to 2,2-dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoro-ethane (HCFC-123) in August 2017 in Korea. Twenty-two-year-old male workers were exposed to HCFC-123 for 1.5 hours one day and for 2.5 hours the other day, after which one worker died, and the other recovered after treatment. The workers were diagnosed with acute toxicity of hepatitis. However, exposure levels of HCFC-123 were not known with no work environment measurement done. Therefore, this study was conducted to estimate the exposure concentration of HCFC-123 via a job simulation experiment. In the simulation, the HCFC-123 exposure concentration was measured with the same working practice and working time as with the workers aforementioned. As a result, the workers who infused HCFC-123 into storage tanks were estimated to be exposed to HCFC-123 at a concentration of 20.65±10.81 ppm, and a mean concentration of area samples within a working radius were estimated as 70.30±18.10ppm. Valve assembly workers working on valves of a fire extinguisher filled with HCFC-123 were exposed to HCFC-123 at concentrations of 91.65±4.03ppm and 115.55±7.28 ppm, respectively, in the simulation, and area samples simulated within the working radius were also found to be high with concentrations of 122.75±91.15 ppm and 126.80±60.25 ppm, respectively. Nitrogen gas packing workers, who did not handle HCFC-123 directly, were exposed to the agent at a concentration of 71.80±8.49 ppm. These results suggest that exposure to HCFC-123 at high concentrations for 1.5–2.5 hours caused acute toxic hepatitis in two workers.

Assessment of the toxicity of waste water from a textile industry to Cyprinus carpio.

Static, short-term, acute toxicity tests were performed over a period of 96 hrs using different concentrations of influent and effluent of textile industry waste water with the objective of evaluating their acute toxicity on fresh water fish, Cyprinus carpio (common carp). The LC50 24, 48, 72 and 96 hr of influent and effluent were 25.9, 21.10, 15.66, 11.11% (v/v) and 63.18, 54.89, 48.62, 36.04% (v/v), respectively. The acute toxic unit TUa values for 24, 48, 72, 96 hr for influent and effluent are 3.85, 4.73, 6.38, 8.99 and 1.58, 1.82, 2.05, 2.77, respectively. Correspondingly, the TF was found to be 1, 1.22, 1.65 and 2.33 for influent, and for effluent 1, 1.15, 1.29 and 1.75. Total efficiency of the treatment was 69.16% and the safe concentration of effluent is set to be 3.60%. These data are highly useful in establishing limits of acceptability by the aquatic animals. The need to introduce toxicity evaluation assay for confirming the quality of effluent from the point view of effective environmental safe limits and to ensure integrity of aquatic environment, is stressed.

Experimental studies on acute toxicity of Achyranthes Aspera / 国际中医中药杂志

Objective To observe the acute toxicity of local achyranthes aspera, and its injury to major internal organs. Methods Estimated the dose before the experiment, then selected 40 mice and divided them into five groups randomly, namely 4 dose-groups and one control group. The doses used in the dose-groups were 400 g/kg, 300 g/kg, 225 g/kg and 169 g/kg respectively. Observed the symptoms and the death for successive 7 days and calculated LD (50)with statistic methods. Dissected the dead mice and observed the lesion of organs. Results The LD50 of acute toxicity test of achyranthes aspera was 309.21 g/kg, Sx=0.0359 g/kg. 95% of the limit of trust was 309.14～309.28 g/kg. According to the acute toxic standard, it belonged to non-toxicity. The specimen revealed that large dose administration caused coagulation of blood in both liver and spleen. Conclusion Local achyranthes aspera had little toxicity. Large dose administration affected heart function of mice.

Clasificación toxicológica aguda del fruto seco pulverizado de Morinda citrifolia L (NONI-C)® en ratas Cenp: SPRD / Acute toxicity classification of powdered dry fruit of Morinda citrifolia L. (NONI-C)® in Cenp:SPRD rats

INTRODUCCIÓN: Morinda citrifolia L. se ha usado en la medicina tradicional para reducir dolores crónicos, regular la presión arterial, aliviar dolores artríticos, eliminar tóxicos del organismo, estados de alergias y asma.OBJETIVOS: clasificar el polvo del fruto seco de M. citrifolia NONI-C® según el método de las clases de toxicidad aguda (CTA). MÉTODOS: se evaluó el NONI-C® mediante el ensayo de las clases de toxicidad, que permite clasificar la sustancia en un rango de toxicidad. Se utilizaron 6 hembras de la sublínea Cenp:SPRD, procedentes del Centro Nacional para la Producción de Animales de Laboratorio (CENPALAB). Se les administró una dosis única de 2 g de material vegetal seco/kg de peso corporal de NONI-C® por vía oral, previo ayuno. El período de observación fue de 14 d, en el cual se monitorearon las condiciones ambientales diariamente, la aparición de signos de toxicidad y muerte, así como el peso corporal en los días 0, 7 y 14 del ensayo. RESULTADOS: los animales alcanzaron 100 % de supervivencia. No se observaron signos de toxicidad, tras la administración de la sustancia ensayo en la dosis máxima de 2 g/kg. En la evaluación anatomopatológica no se observaron alteraciones macroscópicas en la superficie externa de los animales y en ninguna de sus cavidades, órganos y tejidos. CONCLUSIONES: de acuerdo con el método de toxicidad de clases, el producto NONI-C® resultó no clasificado, DL50 aguda es mayor que 2 g/kg.

INTRODUCTION: Morinda citrifolia L. has been used in the traditional medicine to reduce the chronic pains, to regulate the blood pressure, to relieve arthritic pains, to eliminate the toxic agents of organism, allergy states and asthma. OBJECTIVES: to classify the dry fruit powder of M. citrifolia NONI-C®according the different acute toxicity kinds. METHODS: we used 6 female rats of Cenp:SPRD subspecies from The National Center for the Production of Laboratory Animals (NCPLA). A 2 g single dose of dry vegetal material/kg of body weight of NONI-C® was administered per os before breakfast. Observation period was of 14 days to monitoring the daily environmental conditions, appearance of toxicity signs, and death, as well as the body weight at 0, 7 and 14 days from assay. RESULTS: animals had a 100 % survival. There were not toxicity signs after assayed substance administration it maximal 2 g/kg dose. In anatomical and pathological evaluation there were neither macroscopic alterations in external surface of animals nor in its cavities, organs and tissues. CONCLUSIONS: accordint to toxicity kinds method, NONI-C® was not classified, acute DL50 is higher than 2 g/kg.

Liver Transplantation for Acute Toxic Hepatitis due to Herbal Medicines and Preparations

PURPOSE: Acute toxic hepatitis is a common cause of acute liver failure (ALF). We investigated the causes, clinical manifestation, and outcomes of ALF patients who underwent liver transplantation due to acute toxic hepatitis caused by herbal medicines and preparations. METHODS: Between January 1992 and May 2008, we retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 24 patients who were transplanted due to acute toxic hepatitis caused by herbal medicines and preparations. We applied the RUCAM score to patients with acute toxic hepatitis and assessed the relationship between herbal preparations and liver injury. We studied the patients' medication history, liver function tests, and clinical outcomes. RESULTS: The type of liver injury was divided into three groups: hepatocellular type, 14 patients (58.3%); cholestatic type, 4 patients (16.7%); and mixed type, 6 patients (25%). Polygonum multiflorum Thunberg (3 cases) was the most common cause of acute toxic hepatitis, followed by Acanthopanax senticosus (2 cases), pumpkin juice (2 cases), Dictamnus dasycarpus Turcz (2 cases), Hovenia dulcis (1 case), Phellinus linteus (1 case), and Artemisia capillaries (1 case). One year survival after liver transplantation was 76%. CONCLUSION: We identified the herbal preparations leading to acute liver failure. Many patients consider herbal remedies to be completely free of unwanted side effects. However, we found that many herbal products have biological activities that can lead to severe hepatotoxicity.

Four Cases of Verapamil Deleterious Effects in Chronic Renal Failure / 대한신장학회잡지

Four hypertensive patients with chronic renal insufficiency who were treated with sustained release verapamil hydrochloride subsequently developed acute toxic effects. All four patients developed marked bradycardia, hypotension, hyperkalemia and metabolic aciodosis and were treated with atropine, fluid therapy, potasium lowing measure, dialysis, and temporary pacemaker, and were restored to the renal function and sinus rhythm after 12-24 hr. Patients with renal impairement who are treated with sustained release verapamil may accumulate verapamil or its metabolites and develop toxic side effects. We conclude that sustained release verapamil should be used with caution in chronic renal failure and that patients should be closely monitored for adverse cardiovascular, metaboic, and hepatic side effects.

Degradation, half-life and residual effects of pyrethroid impregnated nets on an.dirus

This study was performed at Hanoi University of Natural Sciences and National Institute of Malaria and Parasitology from April 2001 to May 2002. Biological trials on laboratory strains of An. dirus were carried out according to WHO/VCB/81.806; WHO/CDS/CPC/MAL/98.12 and WHO/VCB/89.981. Analyses were conducted by the method of fluid-fluid extraction with the solvent system of n-hexan. Fendona 10SC,Icon 2,5CS,K-othrin ISC, Imperator 50EC .soaked mosquito bednet had manifested insecticide effect. Their effect of killing An.dirus was maintained for 5 -6 months. The procedure of analysis of pyrethroide compounds in use for soaking mosquito bednet was established and the half live of 125-188 day long period for each compound was determined

Acute toxicity of trifluoropropyloxydihydroartemisinin (BB101) in monkey

Acute toxicity of injectable doses of 40mg/kg, 80mg/kg, 120mg/kg, 160mg/kg of BB101 (trifluoromethyl hydroartemisinine) corresponding to 1/10,1/5, 1/4, 1/3 of LD50 by injection on monkey was studied. With the doses of 40mg/kg and 80mg/kg, on monkey, normal living activity was still manifested except anorexia, weight loss, hair fall...Bad conditions had been aggravating with the increasing doses. At the dose of 120mg/kg, monkey died 2 days after interruption of toxic substance and at the dose of 160mg/kg, monkey died on the day N5.As regards biochemistry indices, BB101 in 5 consecutive days with the daily dose of 40mg/kg and 80mg/kg enhanced SGOT, SGPT, proteine and creatinine (in permitted intervals);with 120mg/kg and 160mg/kg enhanced SGOT and SGPT by 3-5 folds higher, other indices were in permissible intervals. As regards hematological indices; white blood count, red blood count and haemoglobine reduced

Two cases of acute toxic hepatitis and renal failure after ingestion of the extract of elm bark in lung cancer patients / 대한내과학회지

Traditional remedies, especially the extract of elm bark, are frequently used in Korea. But the exact efficacy and adverse effects are not known. Cancer patients are frequently recommended various traditional remedies by family members. However such remedies may lead to life-threatening complications. We observed two cases of severe hepatic and renal toxicities that developed after ingestion of elm extract. One patient was a 67-year-old man diagnosed with stage IV non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). He ingested the bark extract of elm for 2 weeks during routine work-up prior to chemotherapy. He abruptly showed acute toxic hepatitis with cardiac tamponade. The other patient was a 57-year-old woman diagnosed with extensive disease-small cell lung cancer (ED-SCLC). She consumed the extract of root bark of elm for 5 months during complete remission status and developed acute renal failure. These cases suggest that use of the extract of elm bark in cancer patients must be more careful.

Acute toxicity and acute skin stimulation of 250g/L potassium oxalate solution / 实用口腔医学杂志

?Objective:To study the toxicity of 250 g/L potassium oxalate solution.Methods:Acute toxicity test and acute skin stimulation test were carried out on Kunmin mice and rabbits.Results:Potassium oxalate solution at 250 g/L did not result in death of the mice even it had been administered at the dose of 10 000 mg/kg by stomach filling.The LD 50 was more than 5 475 mg/kg.The solution did not cause skin reaction in rabbits after application.Conclusion:250 g/L potassium oxalate solution is not toxic and not stimulative as a local applied drug.

Experimental Study on Hypoglycemic Action of Kangjixiaoke Granules(Red Radix Ginseng,Rhizoma Coptidis,etc.) / 中成药

Kangjixiaoke Granules was composed Red Radix Ginseng,Rhizoma Coptidis,Radix Rehmannia and Rhizoma Polygonati Odorati.The experimental result showed that it pos- sessed obvious hypoglycemic action on normal mice,alloxan diabetes mice and hyper- glycemia mice induced by adrenaline.No toxic response and side-effect were observed in acute toxic test.

ACUTE TOXIC RESPONSE OF METRONIDAZOLE DERIVATIVE IN MICE / 第二军医大学学报

Metronidazole derivative (CM) administered intraperitoneally or intravenously could cause a marked dose dependent neurotoxic response.The mean LD50 was 5034 mg/kg in the three batches of CM intraperitoneally administered and their effect was statistically identical, and the mean LD50 was 3186 mg/kg in the three baches of CM intravenously administered and their effect was same although there was a significant difference between 8638 and 8646 batches which was probably due to the individual difference in Sensitivity to intravenous injection.