Factors Related to the Self-Rated Health Status among Korean Elderly: Analysis of the 2016 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

This study examined the sociodemographic factors, health-related habits, chronic diseases, dietary habits, and nutrient intake according to the self-rated health status in a group aged over 65 years by analyzing the nationally representative Korean survey data. A total of 1,510 subjects were analyzed among the participants of the 2016 Korean National Health and Examination Survey (KNHANES). Statistical analyses for complex samples were performed using the SPSS software package (version 19.0) The study subjects were divided into two groups (healthy group vs. unhealthy group) based on their self-rated health status. The percentage of the healthy group was 66.5%. Gender, age, education level, household income, job (P < 0.001, respectively), marital status, and basic living allowance (P < 0.05, respectively) were significant sociodemographic variables of the self-rated health status. Alcohol consumption (P < 0.01), aerobic physical activity, stress, quality of life, not feeling very well, depression and activity restriction (P < 0.001, respectively) were also significant health-related variables of the self-rated health status. Blood glucose, anemia (P < 0.05, respectively), and chewing problems (P < 0.001) were significant chronic disease-related variables of the self-rated health status. Adequate intakes of protein, dietary fiber, phosphorus, thiamin, niacin, vitamin C (P < 0.001, respectively), calcium, sodium, potassium (P < 0.01, respectively), iron, vitamin A, and riboflavin (P < 0.05, respectively) were also significant variables of the self-rated health status. In complex samples multiple logistic regression analysis, the self-rated health status was influenced significantly by the aerobic physical activity (P < 0.01), stress level (P < 0.05), depression (P < 0.001), quality of life (P < 0.001), not feeling very well (P < 0.001), activity restriction (P < 0.001), chewing problem (P < 0.05), and adequate intake of iron (P < 0.05). These results suggest that activity restriction, mental health, adequate iron intake, and physical activity may be associated with the self-rated health status in the elderly.

Valores de referencia de hierro, yodo, zinc, selenio, cobre, molibdeno, vitamina C, vitamina E, vitamina K, carotenoides y polifenoles para la población venezolana / Reference values of iron, iodine, zinc, selenium, copper, molybdenum, vitamin C, vitamin E, vitamin K, carotenoids and polyphenols for the Venezuelan population

Esta revisión de las recomendaciones de energía y nutrientes para la población Venezolana presenta los valores de hierro, yodo, zinc, selenio, cobre, molibdeno, vitamina C, vitamina E, vitamina K, carotenoides y polifenoles. Se adoptan definiciones internacionales de Ingestas Dietéticas de Referencia (DRIs por Dietary Reference Intakes) que incluyen: Ingesta Dietética Recomendada (RDA), Requerimiento Promedio Estimado (EAR), Ingesta Adecuada (AI) y Niveles de Ingesta Máximos Tolerables (UL). Las RDA para hierro: 11 mg/día para < 1 año, 7-10 mg/día niños, 8-11 mg/día para hombres, 8-18 mg/día para mujeres y 27 mg/día para embarazadas. RDA Yodo: 110-130 mg/ día recién nacidos, 90-120 mg/día niños y adolescentes y 150 mg/ día adultos, 220 mg/día embarazo y 290 mg/día lactancia. RDA Zinc: 2-3 mg/día < 1 año, 3-5 mg/día niños, 8-11 mg/día adolescentes y hombres, 8-9 mg/día adolescentes y mujeres, 12 mg/ día para embarazadas y 13 mg/día durante la lactancia. RDA Vitamina C: 40-50 mg/día recién nacidos, 15-45 mg/día niños, 75 mg/día adolescentes masculinos, 65 mg/día adolescentes femeninas, 90 mg/día hombres y 75 mg/día mujeres, 80-85 mg/día embarazadas y lactancia 115-120 mg/día. También se presentan valores de cobre, selenio, molibdeno, vitaminas E, K, carotenoides y polifenoles. Estas recomendaciones contribuirán al diseño de políticas adecuadas y eficientes que puedan ayudar a evitar o a tratar las consecuencias derivadas de la deficiencia o el exceso de estos nutrientes.

The review on iron, iodine, zinc, selenium, copper, molybdenum, vitamin C, vitamin E, vitamin K, carotenoids and polyphenols recommendations for Venezuela comprise the definitions adopted worldwide known as Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) that include Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA), Estimated Average Requirement (EAR), Adequate Intake (AI) and Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (UL). The RDA for iron: 11 mg/day for infants < 1 year of age, 7 - 10 mg/day for children, 8-11 mg/day for males, 8-18 mg/day for females and 27 mg/day during pregnancy. RDA for iodine: 110-130 mg/day for infants, 90-120 mg/ day for children and adolescents, 150 mg/day for adults, 220 mg/ day for pregnancy and 290 mg/day during lactation. RDA Zinc: 2-3 mg/day for infants, 3-5 mg/day for children, 8-11 mg/day for male adolescents and adults, 8-9 mg/day for female adolescents and adults, 12 mg/day during pregnancy and 13 mg/day for lactation. RDA Vitamin C: 40-50 mg/day for infants, 15-45 mg/ day for children, 75 mg/day for male adolescents, 65 mg/day for female adolescents, 90 mg/day for adult males, 75 mg/day for adult females, 80-85 mg/day during pregnancy and 115-120 mg/ day during lactation. Recommendations for copper, selenium, molybdenum, vitamins E, K, carotenoids and polyphenols are also presented. These recommendations will help to design adequate and efficient policies that could help to avoid or to treat the consequences derived from the deficiency or the excess of these nutrients.

Valores de referencia de ácido fólico para la población venezolana / Reference values of folic acid for the Venezuelan population

En esta revisión de las recomendaciones de ácido fólico para Venezuela, se presentan las definiciones adoptadas a nivel mundial conocidas como Ingestas Dietéticas de Referencia (DRIs por Dietary Reference Intakes) que incluyen: Ingesta Dietética Recomendada (RDA), Requerimiento Promedio Estimado (EAR), Ingesta Adecuada (AI) y Niveles de Ingesta Máximos Tolerables (UL). En contraste con la situación en algunos países, donde se comienza a considerar un ajuste en las políticas de fortificación de alimentos con ácido fólico para evitar su exceso, en Venezuela varios estudios muestran una elevada prevalencia de deficiencia de este nutriente. Los datos nacionales no son suficientes para establecer los requerimientos, por lo tanto, al igual que en la revisión del año 2000, las recomendaciones actuales se basan en las definidas para la población de Estados Unidos. Las Ingestas Dietéticas Recomendadas (RDA) para Venezuela son: menores de 1 año 65-80 μg/día, niños 150- 300 μg/día, adolescentes y adultos 400 μg/día, embarazadas 600 μg/día y lactancia 500 μg/día. El Requerimiento Promedio Estimado (EAR) es: niños 120-250 μg/día, adolescentes 330 μg/ día y adultos 320 μg/día, embarazadas 520 μg/día y lactancia 450 μg/día. Los Niveles de Ingesta Máximos Tolerables (UL) son: niños 300-600 μg/día, adolescentes 800 μg/día y adultos 1000 μg/día, embarazadas y madres entre 14 y 18 años 800 μg/ día y para embarazadas y lactantes mayores 1000 μg /día. Es importante seguir evaluando la situación de este nutriente, con la finalidad de diseñar políticas adecuadas y eficientes que puedan controlar en ciertos grupos de la población tanto la deficiencia como el exceso.

The review on folic acid requirements for Venezuela comprise the definitions adopted worldwide known as Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) that include Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA), Estimated Average Requirement (EAR), Adequate Intake (AI) and Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (UL). In contrast with the situation in some countries, that required adjustments in fortification policies in order to avoid excessive folic acid consumption, in Venezuela several studies show an elevated prevalence of deficiency. National evidence at this point is insufficient to establish the recommendation, and as in the 2000 review of the Venezuelan RDAs, the actual recommendations are based on the reported for the United States population. The Recommended Dietary Allowances for Venezuela are 65-80 μg/day for infants less than 1 year old, 150-300 μg/day for children and 400 μg/day for adolescents and adults, increasing to 600 μg/day during pregnancy and to 500 μg/day during lactation. The estimated average requirement is 120-250 μg/day for children, 330 μg/day for adolescents, 320 μg/day for adults, 520 μg/day for pregnancy and 450 μg/day during lactation. The tolerable upper intake levels for folic acid are 300-600 μg/day for children, 800 μg/day for adolescents and 1000 μg/day for adults. During pregnancy and lactation the UL is 800 μg/day for pregnant and lactating women between 14 and 18 years of age, and 1000 μg /day for older pregnant and lactating women. The continuous evaluation of folic acid status is important to design adequate and efficient policies to control both, the deficiency and the excess of folic acid consumption.

Valores de referencia de vitamina A para la población venezolana / Reference values of vitamin A for the Venezuelan population

La deficiencia de vitamina A es uno de los problemas de salud pública mas prevalentes a nivel mundial, principalmente a los países menos desarrollados, afectando especialmente a mujeres y niños. La causa más común de deficiencia de vitamina A es la ingesta inadecuada, sobre todo en presencia de infección. Las consecuencias de la deficiencia son xeroftalmia, ceguera nocturna, anemia, mayor susceptibilidad a infecciones y el aun controversial aumento de la mortalidad neonatal. Los datos nacionales no son suficientes para establecer los requerimientos, por esto, igual que en la revisión del año 2000, las recomendaciones actuales se basan en las definidas para la población de Estados Unidos. La Ingesta Dietética Recomendada (RDA) para Venezuela es: menores de 1 año 400-500 ER/día, niños 300-400 ER/día, adolescentes 600 ER/día y para adultos 900 ER/día para hombres y 700 ER/día para mujeres, aumentando a 750 ER/día por embarazo y a 1200-1300 ER/día por lactancia, dependiendo de la edad. El Requerimiento Promedio Estimado (EAR) es 210 a 275 ER/día para niños, 445 ER/día para adolescentes varones, 420 ER/día para adolescentes hembras, 630 ER/día para hombres y 485 ER/día para mujeres, aumentando a 530-550 ER/día por el embarazo y a 885-900 ER/día durante la lactancia, dependiendo de la edad. Los Niveles de Ingesta Máximos Tolerables (UL) para vitamina A son 600 ER/día para niños, 1700 a 2800 ER/día para adolescentes y 3000 ER/día para adultos, hombres y mujeres.

Vitamin A deficiency is one of the most prevalent nutritional deficiencies worldwide, mainly affecting children and women. The cause of vitamin A deficiency is insufficient intake, especially in presence of infection and the consequences of the deficiency are xerophthalmia, night blindness, anemia, increased susceptibility to infections and the still controversial increase in infant mortality. National evidence at this point is insufficient to establish the recommendation, and as in the 2000 review of the Venezuelan RDAs, the actual recommendations are based on the reported for the United States population. The Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) for Venezuela are 400-500 RE/day for infants, 300-400 RE/day for children 600 RE/day for adolescents, 900 RE/day for men and 700 RE/day for women, increasing to 750 RE/day for pregnancy and to 1200-1300 RE/day during lactation, depending on the age. The estimated average requirement (EAR) is between 210 and 275 RE/day for children, 445 RE/day for male adolescents, 420 RE/day for female adolescents, 630 RE/day for men and 485 RE/day for women, increasing to 530-550 and 885-900 RE/ day during pregnancy and lactation, respectively. The tolerable upper intake levels (UL) for vitamin A are 600 RE/day for children, 1700 a 2800 RE/day for adolescents and 3000 RE/day for adults, males and females.

The estimated daily manganese intake of Korean children aged 11-12

The purpose of this study was to estimate the daily manganese (Mn) intake of Korean children. This study was done using a three-day dietary intake survey of 257 Korean children (boys 123; girls 134). The Mn intake values were calculated based on a database that provides the Mn content of the frequently consumed Korean foods, alongside the food composition table provided by the Korean National Rural Living Science Institute. The average age, height, weight and body mass index of our subjects were 11.9 years, 155.4 cm, 48.9 kg and 20.2 kg/m2 in boys and 11.9 years, 154.1 cm, 43.5 kg and 18.3 kg/m2 in girls. The average daily energy intakes were 2,249.2 kcal in boys and 2,044.5 kcal in girls. Boys consumed significantly more Mn than girls, based on intake estimates of 4,585.3 microg (117.6% of adequate intake) and 4,029.3 microg (117.1% of adequate intake), respectively (P < 0.001). Boys had a Mn intake of 2,041.1 microg per 1,000 kcal of energy consumption, whereas for girls this was at 1,983.9 microg per 1,000 kcal. Neither group exceeded the tolerable upper intake level for Mn. The major food groups which contributed to Mn intake in our subjects were cereals (50.8%), vegetables (21.0%), seasonings (8.9%), and pulses (7.7%). Notably, boys derived a higher Mn intake through cereals and vegetable than did girls (P < 0.001, P < 0.05). The key food sources of Mn, in descending order, were rice, soybean curd, kimchi, black rice and cereals. We propose that the results of our study may be used as a basis for follow-up studies that examine the Mn intake of children.

Estimation of manganese daily intake among adults in Korea

The purpose of this study was to estimate daily intake of manganese in Korean adults. Manganese intake was estimated through the use of the database of manganese content in frequently consumed Korean foods after first conducting anthropometric measurement and a survey on dietary intake with 354 Korean adults. Average age, height, weight and body mass index were 54.6 years, 165.7 cm, 67.2 kg and 24.5 kg/m2 in males and 53.8 years, 153.7 cm, 59.1 kg and 24.9 kg/m2 in females. The daily energy intakes of subjects were 1740.1 kcal in males and 1432.6 kcal in females. Male and female subjects recorded, respectively, 5.2 mg and 4.1 mg in manganese intake indicating that the male subjects consume more manganese (p<0.001). And they posted, respectively, 3.0 mg and 2.9 mg in manganese intake per 1000 kcal of energy consumption; it turned out that there was no significant difference. Daily manganese intake of both males and females posted, respectively, 148.8% and 135.2% of the adequate intake, and 8 males and 3 females surpassed the tolerable upper intake level. It is suggested that the study for accurate determination of manganese consumption needs to be more diversified based on the database of manganese content in Korean foods.

Dietary Choline Intake of Korean Young Aldults

This study was conducted to investigate the choline intake of Korean adults for the purpose of preparing a basal data required for the establishment of choline adequate intake (AI). The subjects of 56 Korean young adults were recruited from college students of 20 to 30 years old in Daejeon city. The aliquots of foods that the subjects ate for one day were collected with use of duplicate food collection method and choline content of one day meal directly was analyzed with the use of enzymatic method. Choline intakes of male subjects were in the range of 353.5 ~ 1222.5 mg and those of female subjects were in the range of 213.1 ~ 722.3 mg. Mean intakes of choline were 658.2 +/- 243.9 mg/day in male subjects and 423.3 +/- 133.6 mg/day in female, therefore choline intake of men was about 200mg higher than that of women. Median value in total subjects was 496 mg, male's median was 608.8 mg, female's median was 419.9 mg. When the subjects were devided into 4 groups by choline intake, as less than 75%, 75 ~ 100%, 100 ~ 125% and over 125% based on choline AI of USA (males: 550 mg, females: 425 mg), there was no significant difference between men (64.3%) and wemen (67.9%) in the distribution of the subjects whose choline intake is under the range of 75 ~ 125% AI of USA. However, 10.7% of men and 21.4% of female had choline intake less than 75% AI of USA while the cases of choline intake higher than 125% AI were 25% in male and 10.7% in female. Thus, it is assumed that female case in choline-deficient state would be two times more than male. When adjusted by body weight, choline intake was 9.5 +/- 3.4 mg/kg in men, 8.1 +/- 3.1 mg/kg in women and 8.8 +/- 3.3 mg/kg in total subjects. And choline intake per 1,000 kcal of men, women and total subjects were 277.1 +/- 78.4 mg, 275.9 +/- 62.1 mg and 276.5 +/- 70.1 mg respectively. From these results, it is suggested that these levels of 276.5 +/- 70.1 mg/ 1,000 kcal or 8.8 +/- 3.3 mg/kg B.W. can be used as a reference value for the establishment of AI of choline for Korean, because overall choline intake of these subjects was not in lower state compared to other nutrients intakes obtained from calculation of the food the subjects had taken.