Acceso y adhesión a proceso de intervención psicosocial diferenciado para los servicios y sistemas de salud en varones gay adultos viviendo con el VIH, Paraguay, 2022 / Access and adherence to a differentiated psychosocial intervention process for health services and systems in adult gay men living with HIV, Paraguay, 2022

Introducción: el acceso a los servicios de salud en Paraguay, está determinado por varios tipos de barreras. Por ello, es preciso describir el impacto que tienen las políticas públicas y sus implicancias en la mitigación de las mismas. Objetivo: describir el acompañamiento diferenciado y su contribución al apoyo socio emocional, adhesión al tratamiento y acceso a servicios de salud en el área de atención a personas varones que viven con el VIH. Metodología: estudio de carácter cualitativo, descriptivo, con entrevistas semi estructuradas y muestra no probabilística, dirigida e intencional; Resultados: este estudio cualitativo exploró las experiencias de personas viviendo con VIH que recibieron acompañamiento psicosocial diferenciado en un servicio de atención integral. Los participantes destacaron la importancia del acompañamiento para afrontar la crisis posterior al diagnóstico. La orientación presencial, escucha empática y seguimiento facilitaron la vinculación y adherencia al servicio de salud y al tratamiento antirretroviral. El apoyo psicosocial fue clave para desmitificar ideas erróneas sobre el VIH/SIDA, empoderarse sobre su estado serológico y mejorar la calidad de vida. Se enfatizó el rol de los grupos de pares para brindar contención. Algunos participantes reportaron experiencias previas de revelación no consentida y vulneración de confidencialidad. El acompañamiento psicosocial diferenciado resultó fundamental para facilitar la inserción y permanencia de las personas con VIH en los servicios de atención integral (adhesión al tratamiento). Conclusiones: el acompañamiento psicosocial diferenciado resultó clave para facilitar la vinculación y adherencia en personas con VIH. La atención integral requiere identificar situaciones particulares, establecer relaciones de confianza y comunicación efectiva. El apoyo inicial es fundamental brindando contención ante el impacto emocional del diagnóstico. El seguimiento continuo es esencial dada la doble discriminación. La confidencialidad y capacidad de generar vínculos empáticos son elementos centrales. Los factores mencionados favorecen la adhesión al tratamiento. Los resultados sugieren que estas prácticas psicosociales pueden optimizar modelos de atención integral a personas con VIH.

Introduction: access to healthcare services in Paraguay is influenced by various barriers. Thus, it is essential to describe the impact of public policies and their implications in mitigating these barriers. Objective: to describe the differentiated support and its contribution to socio-emotional support, therapeutic adherence, and access to healthcare services in the area of care for males living with HIV. Methodology: a qualitative, descriptive study with semi-structured interviews and a non-probabilistic, directed, and intentional sample. Results: this qualitative study explored the experiences of individuals living with HIV who received differentiated psychosocial support in an integrated care service. Participants emphasized the importance of support in coping with the post-diagnosis crisis. In-person guidance, empathetic listening, and follow-up facilitated engagement and adherence to healthcare services and antiretroviral treatment. Psychosocial support played a critical role in debunking misconceptions about HIV/AIDS, empowering individuals regarding their serostatus, and improving their quality of life. The role of peer groups in providing emotional support was emphasized. Some participants reported previous experiences of non-consensual disclosure and confidentiality breaches. Differentiated psychosocial support was essential in promoting the integration and retention of people with HIV in integrated care services (therapeutic adherence). Conclusions: differentiated psychosocial support was crucial in facilitating the engagement and adherence of individuals with HIV. Comprehensive care necessitates identifying specific situations, establishing trust-based relationships, and effective communication. Initial support is vital for providing emotional support in the face of the diagnostic impact. Ongoing follow-up is essential due to the dual discrimination faced. Confidentiality and the ability to build empathetic relationships are central elements. The aforementioned factors favor adherence to treatment. The results suggest that these psychosocial practices can enhance models of comprehensive care for people with HIV.

Gene de virulência oipA de Helicobacter pylori como marcador molecular de gastropatias severas / Helicobacter pylori oipa virulence gene as a molecular marker of severe gastropathies

ABSTRACT Background: Helicobacter pylori is an etiologic agent of gastroduodenal diseases. The microorganism, considered a type I carcinogen, affects about 50% of the global population. H. pylori virulence factors are determinant for the clinical outcome of the infection. The outer inflammatory protein A (oipA) gene encodes an outer membrane adhesin and is related to severe gastropathies, such as gastric cancer. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of the oipA gene with the severity of gastroduodenal diseases in dyspeptic patients in region Central Brazil. Methods: The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to determine the presence of H. pylori. Samples positives were used for molecular screening of the oipA gene. Gastropathies were categorized as non-severe and severe diseases. Results: Approximately 68% of patients had H. pylori and 36% were infected with H. pylori oipA+ strains. Infection was significantly associated in patients aged over 44 years (P=0.004). However, there was no association between oipA and patients' age (P=0.89). Approximately 46% of patients infected with oipA+ strains had some severe illness. Gastric adenocarcinoma was the most frequent severe gastropathy. The H. pylori oipA genotype was inversely associated with the severity of gastroduodenal diseases (OR=0.247, 95%CI: 0.0804-0.7149 and P=0.007). Conclusion: The characterization of possible molecular markers will contribute to personalized medicine, impacting the prognosis of patients.

RESUMO Contexto: Helicobacter pylori é um agente etiológico de doenças gastroduodenais. O microrganismo, considerado cancerígeno tipo I, afeta cerca de 50% da população mundial. Os fatores de virulência do H. pylori são determinantes para o desfecho clínico da infecção. O gene da proteína inflamatória externa A (oipA) codifica uma adesina da membrana externa e está relacionado a gastropatias severas, como o câncer gástrico. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a associação do gene oipA com a gravidade das doenças gastroduodenais em pacientes dispépticos na região Brasil Central. Métodos: A reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) foi utilizada para determinar a presença de H. pylori. Amostras positivas foram utilizadas para triagem molecular do gene oipA. As gastropatias foram categorizadas como doenças não severas e severas. Resultados: Aproximadamente 68% dos pacientes apresentaram H. pylori e 36% estavam infectados com cepas H. pylori oipA+. A infecção foi significativamente associada em pacientes com idade superior a 44 anos (P=0,004). No entanto, não houve associação entre oipA e a idade dos pacientes (P=0,89). Aproximadamente 46% dos pacientes infectados com cepas oipA+ tiveram alguma doença severa. O adenocarcinoma gástrico foi a gastropatia severa mais frequente. O genótipo oipA de H. pylori foi inversamente associado à gravidade das doenças gastroduodenais (OR=0,247, IC95%: 0,0804-0,7149 P=0,007). Conclusão: A caracterização de possíveis marcadores moleculares contribuirá para a medicina personalizada, impactando no prognóstico dos pacientes.

Effect of electrochemically dealloying Ti6Al4V abutments on human gingival fibroblasts / 口腔疾病防治

Objective@#To investigate the effects of electrochemically dealloying of Ti6Al4V abutments on human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) and to provide experimental evidence for surface modification of implant abutments.@*Methods@#The samples were divided into an NC group (negative control, no other treatment on a smooth surface), an NM-1 group (nanomesh-1, electrochemical dealloying treatment in 1 mol/L NaOH 1 h on 2 V voltage), and an NM-2 group (nanomesh-2, electrochemical dealloying treatment in 5 mol/L NaOH 1 h on 2 V voltage). The surface morphologies of the samples and the adhesion of HGFs on the sample surfaces were observed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The surface hydrophilicities of the samples were measured with a contact angle measuring instrument. The proliferation of HGFs on the different samples were evaluated with CCK-8, and the expression of adhesion-related genes, including collagen Ⅰ (COL1A1), collagen Ⅲ (COL3A1), fibronectin 1 (FN1), focal adhesion kinase (FAK), vinculin (VCL), integrin α2 (ITGA2), and integrin β1 (ITGB1), on the different samples was measured with qRT-PCR. The expression of vinculin on the surfaces of HGFs was observed via confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) after immunofluorescent staining. Collagen fiber secretion and syntheses of HGFs from different samples were evaluated via Sirius red staining.@*Results@#SEM revealed the formation of ordered and uniform three-dimensional mesh structures on the surfaces of the NM-1 and NM-2 groups, with grid diameters of approximately 30 nm for the NM-1 group and approximately 150 nm for the NM-2 group. Compared with that of the NC group, the water contact angles of the NM-1 group and NM-2 groups were significantly lower (P<0.000 1). Cell proliferation in the NM-1 group was significantly greater than that in the NC group (P<0.01). Moreover, there was no significant difference in the water contact angles or cell proliferation between the NM-1 group and the NM-2 group. SEM revealed that HGFs were adhered well to the surfaces of all samples, while the HGFs in the NM-1 and NM-2 groups showed more extended areas, longer morphologies, and more developed pseudopodia than did those in the NC group after 24 h. qRT-PCR revealed that the expression levels of the adhesion-related genes COL1A1, COL3A1, FN1, FAK and VCL in the NM-1 group were significantly greater than those in the NC and NM-2 groups (P<0.01). The expression of vinculin protein in the NM-1 group was the highest, and the number of focal adhesions was greatest in the NM-1 group (P<0.01). The results of Sirius red staining showed that the NM-1 group had the highest secretion and syntheses of collagen fibers (P<0.000 1).@*Conclusion@#The three-dimensional nanomechanical structure of Ti6Al4V modified by electrochemical dealloying promoted the adhesion, proliferation, collagen fiber secretion and syntheses of HGFs, and electrochemical dealloying of Ti6Al4V with a grid diameter of approximately 30 nm obviously promoted HGF formation.

Research progress on association between macrophages and ischemia-reperfusion injury / 器官移植

Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is an extremely complicated pathophysiological process, which may occur during the process of myocardial infarction, stroke, organ transplantation and temporary interruption of blood flow during surgery, etc. As key molecules of immune system, macrophages play a vital role in the pathogenesis of IRI. M1 macrophages are pro-inflammatory cells and participate in the elimination of pathogens. M2 macrophages exert anti-inflammatory effect and participate in tissue repair and remodeling and extracellular matrix remodeling. The balance between macrophage phenotypes is of significance for the outcome and treatment of IRI. This article reviewed the role of macrophages in IRI, including the balance between M1/M2 macrophage phenotype, the mechanism of infiltration and recruitment into different ischemic tissues. In addition, the potential therapeutic strategies of targeting macrophages during IRI were also discussed, aiming to provide reference for alleviating IRI and promoting tissue repair.

Research progress on dental materials for preventing root caries / 口腔疾病防治

@#The high incidence and untreated rate of root caries, a common and frequently occurring oral disease with challenging treatment in elderly individuals, is the main cause of tooth loss among elderly people, as rapid development results in pulpitis and periapical periodontitis or residual crown and root, which has been regarded as one of the common chronic oral diseases seriously affecting the quality of life of elderly people. Thus, early intervention and prevention are important. Traditional dental materials for preventing root caries have been widely used in clinical practice; however, they have the disadvantages of tooth coloring, remineralization and low sterilization efficiency. A series of new dental materials for preventing root caries have gradually become a research hotspot recently, which have the advantages of promoting the mineralization of deep dental tissue, prolonging the action time and enhancing adhesion. Future caries prevention materials should be designed according to the characteristics of root surface caries and the application population and should be developed toward simplicity, high efficiency and low toxicity. This review describes current research regarding anti-caries prevention material application, serving as a theoretical underpinning for the research of root caries prevention materials, which is important for both promotion in the effective prevention of root caries and improvement in the status of oral health and the quality of life among old people.

Preparation of an amino hybrid mesoporous silica-based nanotopography protective coating on a titanium implant surface and evaluation of its osteogenic effect / 口腔疾病防治

Objective@#To deposit degradable amino-hybrid mesoporous silica (AHMS) in situ on the surface of titanium nanotube (TNT) and explore its protective effect on nanomorphology and osteogenesis.@*Methods@#TNT and TNT@AHMS were sequentially prepared via an anodizing method: the oil-water two-phase method (experimental group) and the acid-etched titanium method [control group (Ti)]. The parameters for synthesis were explored by changing the silicon source dosage ratio (3∶1, 1∶1, 1∶3); the surface morphology was observed by scanning electron microscope(SEM), hydrophilicity was detected by Water Contact Angle Tester, elemental composition was detected by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS); nanoindentation test and ultrasonic oscillator were used to observe the morphological holding effect as mechanical strength of TNT@AHMS in vitro; simulated immersion experiments in vitro was used to observe the degradation behavior of the material. the MC3T3-E1 cell line was used to observe the effect of cell adhesion, proliferation and differentiation on the material; and an SD rat femoral implant model and micro-CT were used to verify the protective effect and osseointegration effect of AHMS on TNT morphology.@*Results@#The morphologies of TNT and TNT@AHMS were successfully prepared, and the silicon source ratio was 1:3. SEM showed that the titanium nanotubes were uniformly covered with AHMS coating, and the mesoporous pore size was about 4 nm. After AHMS was incorporated, the surface of the material was hydrophilic (12.78°), the presence of amino groups (NH2-) was detected, the material was completely degraded within 12 h in vitro, and the active morphology of the TNT was re-exposed with a cumulative silicon release of 10 ppm. Nanoindentation test showed that TNT@AHMS exhibited more ideal surface mechanical strength. SEM revealed that TNT maintains its own morphology under the protection of AHMS, and the TNT group suffered severe exfoliation. In addition, the early adhesion and proliferation rates, ALP activity, and bone volume fraction of cells on the TNT@AHMS surface 4 weeks after implantation were significantly higher than those in the TNT group.@*Conclusion@#By depositing AHMS on the surface of TNT, the nanotopography can be protected. It not only prevents the active base topography from exerting subsequent biological effects but also further endows the material with the ability to promote bone regeneration, laying a foundation for the future development of nanotopography-modified titanium implants.

Caracterización y evaluación de adherencia al programa Get With The Guidelines en pacientes con insuficiencia cardíaca aguda en un hospital de Bogotá, 2016-2018: Cohorte HUN-ICA

Introducción: la adherencia a estándares de manejo en insuficiencia cardiaca como la iniciativa Get With the Guidelines (GWTG) de la AHA puede disminuir los reingresos y mortalidad. Objetivo: describir las características clínicas de pacientes hospitalizados por insuficiencia cardiaca aguda y evaluar la adherencia a estándares de práctica clínica del programa "Get With The Guidelines", en un hospital universitario de Bogotá. Materiales y métodos: estudio observacional de la cohorte retrospectiva HUN-ICA correspondiente a 493 pacientes adultos hospitalizados entre abril 2016 y diciembre 2018 por insuficiencia cardiaca aguda, se registraron variables clínicas, tratamiento, mortalidad, reingresos y se evaluó adherencia a estándares de calidad del programa GWTG. Resultados: 52,1 % de la población fueron mujeres con una media de edad 75 años y el 67,8 % con FEVI >40 %. La etiología más común fue hipertensiva 58,5 % y la mayor causa de descompensación infecciosa (28,8 %). Aumentó la adherencia al uso de betabloqueadores en pacientes con fracción de eyección reducida al egreso de 46 % respecto al ingreso y al uso de antagonistas de receptor mineralocorticoide en pacientes con FEVI reducida de 61,1 %. Discusión: la cohorte evaluada presentó un perfil hemodinámico, clínico y adherencia en el manejo similar a cohortes nacionales. Las dosis subóptimas de la medicación al egreso justifican la necesidad de clínicas ambulatorias de insuficiencia cardíaca. Conclusiones: Se encontró menor adherencia para uso y dosis óptimas de betabloqueadores y antagonista mineralocorticoide que la de la cohorte GWTG, con incremento del uso de terapia farmacológica entre el ingreso y el egreso hospitalario.

Introduction: adherence to management standards in heart failure such as the AHA´s Get With the Guidelines-Heart failure initiative can reduce readmissions and mortality. Objective: To describe the clinical characteristics of patients hospitalized for acute heart failure and to assess adherence to program quality standards of the Get With The Guidelines Program in a university hospital in Bogotá. Methods: observational, descriptive and retrospective HUN-ICA cohort study. 493 adult patients hospitalized for acute heart failure, between April 2016 to December 2018. Clinical variables, treatment, mortality, readmissions and adherence to program quality standards defined by the GWTG program criteria were evaluated. Results: 52,1 % of the population were women, mean age was 75 years, (67,8 %) cases of heart failure with LVEF > 40 %. The most common etiology of heart failure was hypertensive (58,5 %). The most frequent etiology of decompen- sation was infectious (28,8 %). Adherence to beta-blockers use increased in patients with reduced ejection fraction at discharge of 46 %, and to the use of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists in 61,1 %, compared to admission. Discussion: the evaluated cohort presented a hemodynamic, clinical profile and adherence similar to colombian cohorts. Suboptimal doses of medication upon discharge justify the need for outpatient heart failure clinics. Conclusions: lower adherence for use and optimal doses of beta-blockers and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists than GWTG cohort was found, with increased use of guidelines recommended pharmacological therapy between hospital admission and discharge.

Bond strength comparison among 10-MDP-containing and non-10-MDP-Containing adhesives in different degrees of dental fluorosis / Comparación de fuerza de unión entre adhesivos que contienen y no contienen 10-MDP en diferentes grados de fluorosis dental

Dental fluorosis can cause changes in the enamel surface, conditioning its functionality and esthetics. The application of dental adhesives is a treatment option; however, their use on fluorotic teeth can result in limitations. The aim of this study was to compare the shear bond strength of two different adhesives, one with 10-MDP and one without 10-MDP, in different degrees of dental fluorosis.This is an in vitro study on dental enamel samples, a total of 180 samples with the inclusion criteria were treated, randomly divided into two groups of 90, according to the type of dental adhesive, where each group was again divided into three groups of 30 samples, representing different degrees of dental fluorosis according to the Thylstrup-Fejerskov index (Group I: TF1 and TF2; Group II: TF3; Group III: TF4). Normality tests, two-factor ANOVA, and post-hoc tests were used to determine differences between the groups, with a significance level of 95%. As results, a statistically significant difference was shown between the use of dental adhesive with 10-MDP and the three groups of dental fluorosis (p=0.011), in addition, a Tukey post-hoc test on the groups treated with 10-MDP adhesive revealed a statistically significant difference between group I versus group II, and group I versus group III, (p=<0.05). It is concluded that the use of adhesive systems with 10-MDP presents a better shear bond strength on enamel with dental fluorosis grades I and II in the Thylstrup-Fejerskov index.

La fluorosis dental puede ocasionar cambios en la superficie del esmalte, condicionando su funcionalidad y estética, la aplicación de adhesivos dentales es una opción de tratamiento, sin embargo, su uso en dientes fluoroticos puede resultar en limitaciones. El objetivo de este estudio consistió en comparar la fuerza de adhesión a la cizalladura de dos diferentes adhesivos, uno con 10-MDP y otro sin 10-MDP, en diferentes grados de fluorosis dental. Se trata de un estudio in vitro en muestras de esmalte dental, un total de 180 muestras con los criterios de inclusión fueron tratadas, aleatoriamente divididas en dos grupos de 90, de acuerdo al tipo de adhesivo dental, donde cada grupo fue dividido nuevamente en tres grupos de 30 muestras, representando diferentes grados de fluorosis dental según el índice de Thylstrup- Fejerskov (Grupo I: TF1 y TF2; Grupo II: TF3; Grupo III: TF4). Para determinar diferencias entre los grupos se utilizaron pruebas de normalidad, ANOVA de dos factores, y pruebas post-hoc, con un nivel de significancia de 95%. Como resultados, se mostró una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre el uso de adhesivo dental con 10- MDP y los tres grupos de fluorosis dental (p=0.011), además, una prueba post hoc de Tukey sobre los grupos tratados con adhesivo 10-MDP revelaron una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre el grupo I frente al grupo II, y el grupo I frente al grupo III, (p=<0.05) Se concluye que el uso de sistemas adhesivos con 10-MDP presentan una mejor resistencia de adhesión al cizallamiento en esmalte con grados de fluorosis dental I y II en el índice de Thylstrup-Fejerskov

Revoluções na Odontologia / Revoluciones en la Odontología

Quais as mudanças e descobertas que revolucionaram a Odontologia ao longo do tempo? A adesão, osseointegração, ortodontia e a tecnologia CAD/CAM estão entre essas grandes mudanças. Neste primeiro editorial de 2023 trazemos essa reflexão para o período que se inicia.

What changes and discoveries have revolutionized dentistry over time? Adhesion, osseointegration, orthodontics and CAD/CAM technology are among these major changes. In this first editorial of 2023, we bring this reflection to the period that begins.

Construção e validação da escala de verificação da adesão às recomendações das Diretrizes Brasileiras de Ventilação Mecânica / Construction and validation of the scale for verifying adherence to the recom-mendations of The Brazilian Guidelines For Mechanical Ventilation / Construcción y validación de la escala para verificar la adherencia a las recomenda-ciones de Las Directrices Brasileñas Sobre Ventilación Mecánica

Objetivo: construir e validar uma escala de verificação da adesão às recomendações das Diretrizes Brasileiras de Ventilação Mecânica por profissionais da saúde. Método: estudo metodológico, conduzido no período entre setembro e dezembro de 2019 em um hospital público com 87 pacientes. Para a validação de conteúdo, adotou-se o Índice de Validação de Conteúdo; para a validade de critério, o Coeficiente de Correlação de Pearson; para a consistência interna, o alfa de Cronbach; e, para a confiabilidade interobservador, o Coeficiente Kappa e o Coeficiente de Correlação Intraclasse. Resultados: a escala identificou uma validade de conteúdo e consistência interna aceitável. A correlação de Pearson indicou uma correlação do escore de adesão com a saturação (r = 0,31; p≤0,005), o escore médio para o observador A e B resultou, respectivamente, em 88,89(±5,23) e 88,86(±5,34), e o intervalo de confiança foi de 0,96. Conclusão: a escala apresentou validade e confiabilidade para verificar a adesão às Diretrizes Brasileiras de Ventilação Mecânica dos profissionais.(AU)

Objective: to construct and validate a scale for verifying adherence to the recommendations of the Brazilian Guidelines for Mechanical Ventilation by healthcare professionals. Method: methodological study, conducted between September and December 2019 in a public hospital with 87 patients. For content validation, the Content Validation Index was adopted; for criterion validity, Pearson's Correlation Coefficient; for internal consistency, Cronbach's alpha; and, for interobserver reliability, the Kappa Coefficient, and the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient. Results: the scale identified acceptable content validity and internal consistency. Pearson's correlation indicated a correlation between adherence score and saturation (r = 0.31; p≤0.005), the average score for observer A and B resulted, respectively, in 88.89(±5.23) and 88.86(±5.34), and the confidence interval was 0.96. Conclusion: the scale showed validity and reliability to verify adherence to the Brazilian Guidelines for Mechanical Ventilation by professionals.(AU)

Objetivo: construir y validar una escala para verificar la adherencia a las recomendaciones de las directrices brasileñas sobre ventilación mecánica por parte de los profesionales de la salud. Método: estudio metodológico, realizado entre septiembre y diciembre de 2019 en un hospital público con 87 pacientes. Se adoptó el Índice de Validación de Contenido para la validación de contenido, para la validez de criterio, el Coeficiente de Correlación de Pearson, para la consistencia interna, el alfa de Cronbach y, para la fiabilidad interobservador, el Coeficiente Kappa y el Coeficiente de Correlación Intraclase. Resultados: la escala presentó una validez de contenido y una consistencia interna aceptables. La correlación de Pearson indicó una correlación de la puntuación de adherencia con la saturación (r = 0,31; p≤0,005), la puntuación media para el observador A y B resultó de 88,89(±5,23) y 88,86(±5,34), respectivamente, y el intervalo de confianza fue de 0,96. Conclusión: la escala presentó validez y confiabilidad para verificar la adherencia a las Directrices Brasileñas de Ventilación Mecánica de los profesionales.(AU)

Biomimetics and the restoration of the endodontically treated tooth / Biomimética e a restauração do dente tratado endodonticamente

Although much progress has been obtained in terms of the Endodontic treatment, the literature shows that true success can be only achieved with adequate coronal seal to avoid bacterial contamination, and protect the tooth structure from fracture. There are many options available to the clinician to restore the endodontically treated tooth; however, there is not much evidence available on what alternative is better than another. This review will critically present the current knowledge on restorative choices, including posts and endocrowns, showing advantages and disadvantages of different treatment forms. With this knowledge, we will also introduce the concept of biomimetics to endodontically treated teeth, and how the nature of their remaining tooth structure can benefit from this approach. This concept entails the use of mechanisms and biologically produced materials to restore a tooth in a way that would mimic its natural structure, with the purpose of achieving better long-term prognosis (AU)

Embora tenha se obtido progresso em relação ao tratamento endodôntico, a literatura mostra que o sucesso real só pode ser atingido com o selamento coronal adequado, para evitar-se a contaminação bacteriana e proteger-se a estrutura dental de fraturas. Há muitas opções disponíveis para o clínico para a restauração do dente tratado endodonticamente; entretanto, não há muita evidência disponível sobre qual alternativa é melhor que a outra. Esta revisão apresentará criticamente o conhecimento atual sobre opções restauradoras, incluindo retentores intraradiculares e endocrowns, mostrando vantagens e desvantagens das diferentes formas de tratamento. Com esse conhecimento, também introduziremos o conceito de biomimética, uma vez que dentes tratados endodonticamente, devido a natureza de sua estrutura dental remanescente, podem se beneficiar desta abordagem. Esse conceito envolve o uso de mecanismos e materiais produzidos biologicamente para restaurar um dente de forma a imitar a estrutura natural, com o objetivo de alcançar melhor prognóstico de longo-prazo.(AU)

A novel homozygous nonsense mutation in NECTIN4 gene in a Pakistani family with ectodermal dysplasia syndactyly syndrome 1

Abstract Background Ectodermal dysplasia syndactyly syndrome 1 (EDSS1) is a rare hereditary disorder characterized by defects in teeth, hair, and nails in association with a fusion of the digits. Genetically, the disease phenotypes are caused by homozygous and compound heterozygous variants in NECTIN4 gene. Objective The main objective of the study was to identify the pathogenic sequence variant(s) for family screening and identification of carriers. Methods In the present study, the authors have investigated a large consanguineous family of Pakistani origin segregating autosomal recessive EDSS1. All the coding exons of the NECTIN4 gene were directly sequenced using gene-specific primers. Results The affected individuals presented the classical EDSS1 clinical features including sparse hair, hypoplastic nails with thick flat discolored nail plates, peg-shaped, conical, and widely spaced teeth with enamel hypoplasia, proximal cutaneous syndactyly of fingers and toes. Sequence analysis of the coding region of the NECTIN4 identified a novel nonsense variant [c.163C>T; p.(Arg55*)] in exon-2 of the gene. Computational analysis of protein structure revealed that the variant induced premature termination at Arg55 located in Ig-like V-loop region leading to loss of Ig-C2 type domains and transmembrane region, and most likely Nectin-4 function will be lost. Study limitation Gene expression studies are absent that would have strengthened the findings of computational analysis. Conclusion The present study expanded the phenotypic and mutation spectrum of the NECTIN4 gene. Further, the study would assist in carrier testing and prenatal diagnosis of the affected families.

Perillyl alcohol modulates activation, permeability and integrity of human brain endothelial cells induced by Plasmodium falciparum

BACKGROUND Cerebral malaria (CM) is a severe immunovasculopathy caused for Plasmodium falciparum infection, which is characterised by the sequestration of parasitised red blood cells (pRBCs) in brain microvessels. Previous studies have shown that some terpenes, such as perillyl alcohol (POH), exhibit a marked efficacy in preventing cerebrovascular inflammation, breakdown of the brain-blood barrier (BBB) and brain leucocyte accumulation in experimental CM models. OBJECTIVE To analyse the effects of POH on the endothelium using human brain endothelial cell (HBEC) monolayers co-cultured with pRBCs. METHODOLOGY The loss of tight junction proteins (TJPs) and features of endothelial activation, such as ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression were evaluated by quantitative immunofluorescence. Microvesicle (MV) release by HBEC upon stimulation by P. falciparum was evaluated by flow cytometry. Finally, the capacity of POH to revert P. falciparum-induced HBEC monolayer permeability was examined by monitoring trans-endothelial electrical resistance (TEER). FINDINGS POH significantly prevented pRBCs-induced endothelial adhesion molecule (ICAM-1, VCAM-1) upregulation and MV release by HBEC, improved their trans-endothelial resistance, and restored their distribution of TJPs such as VE-cadherin, Occludin, and JAM-A. CONCLUSIONS POH is a potent monoterpene that is efficient in preventing P. falciparum-pRBCs-induced changes in HBEC, namely their activation, increased permeability and alterations of integrity, all parameters of relevance to CM pathogenesis.

Fatores associados a não adesão terapêutica em pessoas com hipertensão que procuraram assistência por emergência / Factors associated with therapeutic non-adherence among hypertensive individuals who seek emergency care / Factores asociados a la no adhesión a la terapia en personas hipertensas que buscan asistencia por emergencias

RESUMO: Objetivo: analisar fatores associados à não adesão terapêutica em pessoas com Hipertensão Arterial que procuraram serviços de pronto atendimento por emergência e/ou complicação hipertensiva. Método: estudo transversal realizado entre dezembro de 2019 a outubro de 2020, com 238 pessoas residentes em um município de médio porte do Sul do Brasil, mediante aplicação da Escala de Adesão Terapêutica de Oito Itens de Morisky. Na análise se utilizou Regressão Logística Múltipla. Resultados: 86 (36,1%) participantes foram considerados não aderentes. Foi observada maior chance de não adesão em pessoas com menos de 60 anos (Odds Ratio=2,04), que buscaram assistência nos serviços de pronto atendimento nos três anos em estudo (Odds Ratio=5,08) e que tinham vínculo com profissionais da Atenção Primária à Saúde (Odds Ratio=1,96). Conclusão: reconhecer os fatores associados com a não adesão à terapêutica possibilitará aos profissionais realizar intervenções educativas e assistir as pessoas com hipertensão de acordo com suas necessidades, prevenindo/postergando complicações.

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze factors associated with therapeutic non-adherence among individuals with Arterial Hypertension who seek emergency care and/or assistance due to hypertensive complications. Method: this is a cross-sectional study conducted from December 2019 to October 2020 with 238 people living in a medium-sized municipality from southern Brazil using Morisky's 8-Item Medication Adherence Scale. Multiple Logistic Regression was used in the analysis. Results: a total of 86 (36.1%) participants were considered as non-adherent. A higher change of non-adherence was observed in people younger than 60 years of age (Odds Ratio=2.04), who sought emergency services in the three years under study (Odds Ratio=5.08), and who had a bond with Primary Health Care professionals (Odds Ratio=1.96). Conclusion: acknowledging the factors associated with non-adherence to the therapy will allow professionals to conduct educational interventions and assist people with hypertension according to their needs, thus preventing/postponing complications.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar factores asociados a la no adhesión a la terapia en personas con Hipertensión Arterial que asisten a servicios de urgencia por emergencias y/o complicaciones derivadas de la hipertensión. Método: estudio transversal realizado entre diciembre de 2019 y octubre de 2020 con 238 residentes en un municipio de mediano porte del sur de Brasil, utilizando la Escala de Adherencia Terapéutica de 8 ítems de Morisky. En el análisis se utilizó Regresión Logística Múltiple. Resultados: se consideró que 86 (36,1%) participantes no cumplían con la terapia. Se observó una mayor probabilidad de no adhesión en personas menores de 60 años (Odds Ratio=2,04), que buscaron asistencia en los servicios de urgencia en los tres años en estudio (Odds Ratio=5,08) y que tenían una relación con profesionales de Atención Primaria de la Salud (Odds Ratio=1,96). Conclusión: reconocer los factores asociados a la no adhesión a la terapia permitirá que los profesionales realicen intervenciones educativas y asistan a las personas con hipertensión arterial según sus necesidades, previniendo/posponiendo complicaciones.

Tratamentos de superfície prévios à camada de caracterização: efeitos na resistência adesiva e comportamento mecânico de cerâmicas de óxido de zircônio / Surface treatments prior to the characterization layer: effects on bond strength and mechanical behavior of zirconium oxide ceramics

Este estudo avaliou o efeito do jateamento com óxido de alumínio prévio à camada de caracterização no comportamento adesivo e mecânico de zircônias de segunda e terceira gerações. Na parte A, foi realizado um estudo de resistência flexural. Para isso, discos de cada zircônia (3Y-TZP, 4Y-PSZ ou 5YPSZ) foram confeccionados. Após polimento e sinterização, os discos foram divididos de acordo com os tratamentos de superfície: Polimento, Jateamento com Al2O3 50 µm e Jateamento com Al2O3 110 µm (n = 30). A superfície tratada de todos os discos recebeu uma fina camada de pigmentação e uma fina camada de glaze. O ensaio de flexão biaxial foi realizado na configuração pistonon-three-balls e as superfícies fraturadas foram observadas em Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV). Os dados foram submetidos à Análise de Weibull. Na parte B, avaliou-se o efeito dos diferentes tratamentos de superfície prévio à camada de caracterização no comportamento à fadiga das diferentes zircônias. Discos de 3Y-TZP, 4Y-PSZ e 5Y-PSZ foram confeccionados e distribuídos entre os tratamentos de superfície: Polimento ou Jateamento Al2O3 50 µm (n = 15), que foram realizados conforme a parte A deste estudo. Os discos foram cimentados adesivamente a um análogo de dentina (NEMA G10). Os testes de fadiga foram realizados pelo método stepwise, com aplicação de carga axial por um pistão hemisférico (carga inicial: 400 N, step: 100 N, ciclos/step: 10.000, frequência: 20 Hz). Na parte C, avaliou-se a resistência de união entre as diferentes zircônias e a camada de caracterização. Foram preparados os mesmos grupos descritos na "parte A" (n = 15). Cilindros de stain seguido por glaze foram construídos nas superfícies das zircônias. A resistência de união foi avaliada pelo teste de cisalhamento. Os tipos de falha (adesiva, predominantemente adesiva ou coesiva) foram analisados em estereomicroscópio e MEV. Análises complementares em perfilômetro e goniômetro foram realizadas. Para a parte A, o jateamento com Al2O3 110 µm aos menores valores de resistência à flexão, seguido do jateamento com as partículas de Al2O3 50 µm. Os maiores valores foram observados no grupo que não recebeu jateamento prévio à camada de caracterização. Esses resultados foram observados em todos os materiais. Na parte B, o jateamento com Al2O3 reduziu significativamente a carga e o número de ciclos para falha em fadiga de todos os materiais. Na parte C, os melhores valores de resistência de união foram atribuídos para o tratamento de superfície com Al2O3 110 µm, seguido de jateamento com Al2O3 50 µm e polimento. Dessa forma, o jateamento prévio à camada de caracterização reduz a resistência mecânica de zircônias de segunda geração e melhora a resistência de união entre os dois materiais (AU)

This study evaluated the effect of aluminum oxide sandblasting prior to the characterization layer on the adhesive and mechanical behavior of second- and third-generation zirconia. Part A consisted of a flexural strength study. Discs of each zirconia (3Y-TZP, 4Y-PSZ, or 5Y-PSZ) were prepared. After polishing and sintering, the discs were divided according to the surface treatments: Polishing, Sandblasting with Al2O3 50 µm and Sandblasting with Al2O3 110 µm (n = 30). The treated surface of all discs received a thin layer of stain and a thin layer of glaze. The biaxial bending test was performed in a piston-on-three-balls set-up. The fractured surfaces were observed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Data were subjected to Weibull Analysis. In part B, the effect of different surface treatments prior to the characterization layer on the fatigue behavior of different zirconia was evaluated. Discs of 3Y-TZP, 4Y-PSZ and 5Y-PSZ were prepared and divided among the surface treatments: Polishing or Sandblasting Al2O3 50 µm (n = 15), which were performed according to part A of this study. The discs were adhesively cemented to a dentin-analogue (NEMA G10). Fatigue tests were performed using the stepwise method, with an axial load application by a hemispherical piston (initial load: 400 N, step: 100 N, cycles/step: 10,000, frequency: 20 Hz). Part C evaluated the bond strength between the different zirconia and the characterization layer. The same groups described in part A (n = 15) were prepared. Stain cylinders followed by glaze were built on the zirconia surfaces. The bond strength was evaluated by the shear test. The types of failure (adhesive, predominantly adhesive or cohesive) were analyzed using a stereomicroscope and SEM. Complementary analyzes in profilometer and goniometer were carried out. In part A, sandblasting with Al2O3 110 µm led to the lowest flexural strength results, followed by sandblasting with Al2O3 50 µm. Polishing group achieved the highest values. These results were observed in all tested ceramics. In part B, sandblasting with Al2O3 50 µm significantly reduced the fatigue failure load and the number of cycles for fatigue failure. In part C, the highest bond strength results were reached by sandblasting with Al2O3 110 µm, followed by sandblasting with Al2O3 50 µm, and polishing. Therefore, aluminum oxide particles sandblasting diminishes the mechanical behavior of second- and third-generation zirconias and improves the bond strength between the two materials. (AU)

Representações sociais de pessoas vivendo com hiv: do abandono do tratamento à motivação para a retomada / Representaciones sociales de las personas que viven con vih: del abandono del tratamiento a la motivación para reanudar / Social representations of people living with hiv: from treatment abandonment to motivation for resuming

Introdução: O uso contínuo da terapia antirretroviral é eficiente para interromper a replicação viral causada pelo Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana impedindo o comprometimento do sistema imunológico e o aparecimento das infecções oportunistas. Estima-se que em 2021, 10,2 milhões de pessoas infectadas pelo HIV não se beneficiaram com o uso dos antirretrovirais em todo o mundo. No mesmo ano esse indicador atingiu 333 mil pessoas, e na esfera municipal de Londrina, 288 pessoas vivendo com HIV encontravam-se em abandono do tratamento. Objetivo: Apreender as representações sociais de pessoas vivendo com HIV acerca do abandono do tratamento e a motivação para a retomada. Percurso metodológico: Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo pautado na Teoria das Representações Sociais de Serge Moscovici. O cenário foi um Serviço de Atendimento Especializado em HIV/aids localizado na região Sul do Brasil. A população foi composta por 288 pessoas diagnosticadas com HIV em abandono do tratamento por período superior a 100 dias. Destas, 250 foram excluídas em função de critérios relacionados a informações cadastrais incompletas ou equivocadas, e aspectos impeditivos do comparecimento ao serviço e de contato. Outras 18 pessoas foram consideradas perdas por desistência. A amostra foi composta por 20 pessoas que se enquadraram aos critérios de elegibilidade e aceitaram participar do estudo. A coleta das informações ocorreu entre junho de 2021 e junho de 2022 em entrevistas semiestruturadas audiogravadas e transcritas na íntegra. Para análise das falas foi utilizado o discurso do sujeito coletivo. Resultados: Participaram do estudo 20 pessoas vivendo com HIV, sendo 12 homens e oito mulheres, com idade entre 27 e 55 anos. O tempo de abandono variou entre 210 e 1580 dias. A análise das entrevistas permitiu a emersão de 18 ideias centrais e duas ancoragens, as quais foram agrupadas em quatro grandes temas: 1) Abandono do tratamento por questões intrínsecas à pessoa vivendo com HIV; 2) Abandono do tratamento por questões ligadas à terapia medicamentosa; 3) Abandono do tratamento por dogmas sociais; 4) Forças propulsoras para a retomada do tratamento. Considerações finais: A análise qualitativa das representações sociais das pessoas vivendo com HIV indicou que o abandono da terapia antirretroviral é multifatorial, e envolve questões socioculturais, geográficas, familiares e biológicas. É essencial considerar todas as questões que permeiam e impactam as vidas das pessoas vivendo com HIV em abandono do tratamento para além das questões biológicas, viabilizando a implementação de ações que contribuam para a efetividade das políticas públicas de saúde no intuito de estimular a adesão e encorajar a retomada ao tratamento. Almeja-se que esta investigação possa despertar para as questões subjetivas ao universo da pessoa que vive com HIV e estas respeitadas na prática humanizada, voltadas ao incentivo do tratamento contínuo para controle da infecção e promoção da qualidade de vida.

Introduction: The continuous use of antiretroviral therapy is efficient to interrupt viral replication caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus, preventing the compromise of the immune system and the appearance of opportunistic infections. It is estimated that in 2021, 10.2 million people infected with HIV did not benefit from the use of antiretrovirals worldwide. In the same year, this indicator reached 333,000 people, and at the municipal level of Londrina, 288 people living with HIV were abandoning treatment. Objective: To apprehend the social representations of people living with HIV about abandoning treatment and the motivation for resuming it. Methodological path: This is a qualitative study based on Serge Moscovici's Theory of Social Representations. The setting was a Specialized Care Service for HIV/AIDS located in the south of Brazil. The population consisted of 288 people diagnosed with HIV who had abandoned treatment for more than 100 days. Of these, 250 were excluded due to criteria related to incomplete or wrong registration information, and aspects that impeded attendance at the service and contact. Another 18 people were considered dropout losses. The sample consisted of 20 people who met the eligibility criteria and agreed to participate in the study. Data collection took place between June 2021 and June 2022 in semi-structured interviews that were audio-recorded and transcribed in full. For the analysis of the speeches, the collective subject discourse was used. Results: 20 people living with HIV participated in the study, 12 men and eight women, aged between 27 and 55 years. The abandonment time varied between 210 and 1580 days. The analysis of the interviews allowed the emergence of 18 central ideas and two anchors, which were grouped into four major themes: 1) Abandonment of treatment due to issues intrinsic to the person living with HIV; 2) Abandonment of treatment due to issues related to drug therapy; 3) Abandonment of treatment by social dogmas; 4) Driving forces for the resumption of treatment. Final considerations: The qualitative analysis of the social representations of people living with HIV indicated that the abandonment of antiretroviral therapy is multifactorial, and involves sociocultural, geographic, family and biological issues. It is essential to consider all the issues that permeate and impact the lives of people living with HIV who abandon treatment in addition to biological issues, enabling the implementation of actions that contribute to the effectiveness of public health policies in order to stimulate adherence and encourage resumption of treatment. It is hoped that this investigation may awaken to the subjective issues of the universe of the person living with HIV and these respected in humanized practice, aimed at encouraging continuous treatment to control the infection and promote quality of life.

Introducción: El uso continuo de la terapia antirretroviral es eficaz para interrumpir la replicación viral provocada por el Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia Humana, previniendo el compromiso del sistema inmunológico y la aparición de infecciones oportunistas. Se estima que en 2021, 10,2 millones de personas infectadas por el VIH no se beneficiaron del uso de antirretrovirales en todo el mundo. En el mismo año, este indicador alcanzó a 333.000 personas, ya nivel municipal de Londrina, 288 personas viviendo con VIH estaban abandonando el tratamiento. Objetivo: Aprehender las representaciones sociales de personas viviendo con VIH sobre el abandono del tratamiento y la motivación para retomarlo. Camino metodológico: Se trata de un estudio cualitativo basado en la Teoría de las Representaciones Sociales de Serge Moscovici. El escenario fue un Servicio de Atención Especializada en VIH/SIDA ubicado en el sur de Brasil. La población estuvo conformada por 288 personas diagnosticadas con VIH que habían abandonado el tratamiento por más de 100 días. De estos, 250 fueron excluidos por criterios relacionados con información de registro incompleta o incorrecta, y aspectos que impidieron la asistencia al servicio y contacto. Otras 18 personas fueron consideradas pérdidas por deserción. La muestra estuvo conformada por 20 personas que cumplieron con los criterios de elegibilidad y aceptaron participar en el estudio. La recolección de datos ocurrió entre junio de 2021 y junio de 2022 en entrevistas semiestructuradas que fueron grabadas en audio y transcritas en su totalidad. Para el análisis de los discursos se utilizó el discurso del sujeto colectivo. Resultados: Participaron del estudio 20 personas viviendo con VIH, 12 hombres y ocho mujeres, con edades entre 27 y 55 años. El tiempo de abandono varió entre 210 y 1580 días. El análisis de las entrevistas permitió el surgimiento de 18 ideas centrales y dos anclas, que fueron agrupadas en cuatro grandes temas: 1) Abandono del tratamiento por cuestiones intrínsecas a la persona que vive con VIH; 2) Abandono del tratamiento por cuestiones relacionadas con la farmacoterapia; 3) Abandono de tratamiento por dogmas sociales; 4) Fuerzas impulsoras de la reanudación del tratamiento. Consideraciones finales: El análisis cualitativo de las representaciones sociales de las personas viviendo con VIH indicó que el abandono de la terapia antirretroviral es multifactorial, e involucra cuestiones socioculturales, geográficas, familiares y biológicas. Es fundamental considerar todas las cuestiones que permean e impactan la vida de las personas que viven con el VIH que abandonan el tratamiento además de las cuestiones biológicas, posibilitando la implementación de acciones que contribuyan a la efectividad de las políticas públicas de salud para estimular la adherencia y alentar la reanudación. De tratamiento se espera que esta investigación pueda despertar a las cuestiones subjetivas del universo de la persona que vive con VIH y estas respetadas en la práctica humanizada, con el objetivo de incentivar el tratamiento continuo para el control de la infección y promover la calidad de vida.

Does radiation therapy affect adhesion of tricalcium silicate cements to root dentin?

Abstract Objective This study aimed to analyze the effect of irradiation on the push-out bond strength of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and Biodentine to radicular dentin. Methodology A total of 60 extracted mature human teeth with single root canals were categorized into two groups (irradiated and non-irradiated) (n=30). Each group was further divided into two sub-groups based on cements used (Biodentine and MTA). Then, a cumulative radiation dose of 60 Gy was divided into 30 fractions (two Gy for every fraction) and administered for five successive days per week over six weeks. Obturation was then performed using MTA and Biodentine. Afterwards, 1.5 mm thick horizontal sections were procured from the middle one-third of all the specimens and then subjected to push-out bond test. Results were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance with post-hoc Tukey's test. Results The bond strength of Biodentine and MTA to irradiated teeth was lower than non-irradiated teeth. Highest push-out bond strength was observed in non-irradiated specimens filled with Biodentine (p=0), followed by irradiated specimens filled with Biodentine (p=0); non-irradiated specimens filled with MTA (p=0); and irradiated specimens filled with MTA (p=0.9). Conclusion The push-out bond strength of Biodentine and MTA to root canal dentin decreased significantly post irradiation.

Diretivas antecipadas de vontade: instrumento de autonomia para pacientes oncológicos / Advance directives: autonomy tool for cancer patients / Directivas anticipadas: un instrumento de autonomía para los pacientes oncológicos

Resumo Diretivas antecipadas de vontade permitem que pacientes designem um representante legal e manifestem seus desejos a serem cumpridos quando se tornarem incapazes de se comunicar. Neste estudo, objetivou-se avaliar o conhecimento e as preferências de pacientes oncológicos sobre essas diretivas. Trata-se de pesquisa quantitativa e transversal realizada por meio do preenchimento de dois modelos de diretivas antecipadas de vontade e da aplicação de um questionário. Constatou-se que 87,38% dos pacientes nunca tinham ouvido falar em tais diretivas, 97,2% desconheciam os modelos e 95% não referiram dificuldade de preenchimento. Após o esclarecimento, 93,46% consideraram importante que todas as pessoas elaborem as diretivas, 94,86% que elas sejam disponibilizadas aos pacientes e 91,12% que seja aprovada uma lei federal. O esclarecimento sobre o conceito de diretivas antecipadas de vontade contribuiu para aumentar o interesse de pacientes oncológicos pela utilização desse direito, que fortalece sua autonomia pessoal quando incapazes de se comunicar.

Abstract Advance directives allow patients to assign a legal representative and express their wishes to be fulfilled when they can no longer communicate. This study evaluated cancer patients' knowledge and preferences regarding these directives. A cross-sectional quantitative research was conducted by filling out two advance directive models and a questionnaire. Of the total sample, 87.38% had never heard of such document, 97.2% ignored the two models available and 95% had no difficulties filling it out. After clarifications, 93.46% considered it important for all patients to write a directive, 94.86% expressed that advance directives should be made available to patients and 91.12% argued that a federal law should be passed. Explaining the concept of advanced directives increased the interest of cancer patients in exercising this right which strengthen their autonomy.

Resumen Las directivas anticipadas permiten a los pacientes designar a un representante legal y manifestar sus decisiones cuando no puedan comunicarse. Este estudio evaluó el conocimiento y las preferencias de los pacientes oncológicos sobre este documento. Se realizó una investigación cuantitativa y transversal, mediante la respuesta a dos modelos de directivas anticipadas y la aplicación de un cuestionario. El 87,38% de los pacientes no conocían este documento, el 97,2% de ellos desconocían los modelos y el 95% declararon no tener dificultades para responderlos. Tras la aclaración, el 93,46% de los entrevistados consideraban importante que todos elaboraran el documento, el 94,86% que debían ponerlo a disposición de los pacientes y el 91,12% que se aprobara una ley federal. La aclaración del concepto de voluntades anticipadas contribuye a incrementar el interés de los pacientes oncológicos por hacer uso de este derecho, que refuerza su autonomía personal cuando ya no pueden comunicarse.

Adherence to guidelines on the use of amoxicillin for treatment of ambulatory pneumonia in children younger than 5 years, Colombia, 2017-2019 / Adherencia a las directrices sobre el uso de amoxicilina para el tratamiento ambulatorio de la neumonía en menores de 5 años, Colombia, 2017-2019 / Adesão às diretrizes sobre uso de amoxicilina para tratamento de pneumonia ambulatorial em crianças menores de 5 anos, Colômbia, 2017-2019

ABSTRACT Objectives. To determine the level of adherence to clinical guidelines in prescribing amoxicillin to children younger than 5 years with pneumonia in outpatient settings in Colombia from 2017 to 2019, and assess the factors associated with adherence Methods. This was a cross-sectional study of secondary data from the Colombian Integrated Social Protection Information System database. Adherence was defined as prescription of oral amoxicillin for bacterial and unspecified pneumonia and non-prescription for viral pneumonia. Variables examined included: age (< 1 year, 1-4 years) of child; sex; cause of pneumonia (bacterial, viral, unspecified); region (Andean, Amazonian, Pacific, Caribbean, Insular, Orinoquian); and payment mechanism (without prior authorization, capitation, direct payment, pay per case, pay for event). Results. Of 215 925 cases of community-acquired pneumonia reported during 2017-2019, 64.8% were from the Andean region, 73.9% were bacterial pneumonia and 1.8% were viral pneumonia. Adherence to guidelines was observed in 5.8% of cases: this was highest for children diagnosed with viral (86.0%) compared with bacterial (2.0%) pneumonia. For children diagnosed with bacterial pneumonia, 9.4% were prescribed any antibiotic. A greater proportion of children covered by capitated payments (22.3%) were given treatment consistent with the guidelines compared with payment for event (1.3%). Conclusion. In this first study from Colombia, adherence to guidelines for outpatient treatment of children with bacterial pneumonia was low and was better for viral pneumonia. Further qualitative studies are needed to explore the reasons for this lack of adherence and why bacterial pneumonia was the most commonly reported etiology.

RESUMEN Objetivos. Determinar el nivel de adherencia a las directrices clínicas al momento de prescribir amoxicilina a menores de 5 años con neumonía en entornos de atención ambulatoria en Colombia entre el 2017 y el 2019, así como evaluar los factores asociados con la adherencia. Métodos. Este fue un estudio transversal de datos secundarios de la base de datos del Sistema Integral de Información de la Protección Social de Colombia. La adherencia se definió como la prescripción de amoxicilina por vía oral para las neumonías bacterianas y no especificadas, y la ausencia de prescripción para las neumonías virales. Las variables examinadas incluyeron: edad (< 1 año, 1 a 4 años); sexo; causa de la neumonía (bacteriana, viral, no especificada); región (andina, amazónica, Pacífico, Caribe, insular, Orinoco); y mecanismo de pago (sin autorización previa, capitación, pago directo, pago por caso, pago por evento). Resultados. De 215 925 casos de neumonía adquirida en la comunidad notificados durante el período 2017-2019, el 64,8% correspondieron a la región andina, el 73,9% a neumonía bacteriana y el 1,8% a neumonía viral. Se observó la adherencia a las directrices en el 5,8% de los casos: esta cifra fue más alta para la población infantil diagnosticada con neumonía viral (86,0%) que para la diagnosticada con neumonía bacteriana (2,0%). En el caso de la población infantil diagnosticada con neumonía bacteriana, al 9,4% se le recetó algún antibiótico. La proporción de población infantil cubierta por pagos capitados (22,3%) que recibió un tratamiento en consonancia con las directrices fue mayor que la de la población cubierta por pagos por evento (1,3%). Conclusión. En este primer estudio de Colombia, la adherencia a las directrices sobre el tratamiento ambulatorio de la población infantil con neumonía bacteriana fue bajo, en tanto que resultó superior en el caso de la neumonía viral. Se necesitan más estudios cualitativos para indagar sobre los motivos de esta falta de adherencia y las razones por las cuales la neumonía bacteriana fue la etiología notificada con mayor frecuencia.

RESUMO Objetivos. Determinar o nível de adesão às diretrizes clínicas para prescrição de amoxicilina em regime ambulatorial para crianças menores de 5 anos com pneumonia na Colômbia, de 2017 a 2019, e avaliar os fatores associados à adesão. Métodos. Estudo transversal de dados secundários do banco de dados do Sistema Integrado de Informação sobre Proteção Social da Colômbia. Definiu-se adesão como prescrição de amoxicilina oral para pneumonia bacteriana e não especificada, e não prescrição para pneumonia viral. As variáveis examinadas incluíram: idade da criança (< 1 ano, 1-4 anos), sexo, etiologia da pneumonia (bacteriana, viral, não especificada), região (Andina, Amazônica, Pacífica, Caribenha, Insular, Orinoco) e mecanismo de pagamento (sem autorização prévia, capitação, pagamento direto, pay-per-case, pay-for-event). Resultados. Dos 215.925 casos de pneumonia adquirida na comunidade notificados nos anos 2017-2019, 64,8% ocorreram na região Andina, 73,9% foram pneumonia bacteriana e 1,8% foram pneumonia viral. A adesão às diretrizes foi observada em 5,8% dos casos. Foi maior para crianças com diagnóstico de pneumonia viral (86,0%) em comparação com pneumonia bacteriana (2,0%). Para as crianças com diagnóstico de pneumonia bacteriana, 9,4% receberam algum antibiótico. Uma proporção maior de crianças cobertas por pagamentos capitados (22,3%) recebeu tratamento compatível com as diretrizes, contra apenas 1,3% no esquema de pay-for-event. Conclusão. Neste primeiro estudo da Colômbia, a adesão às diretrizes para tratamento ambulatorial de crianças com pneumonia bacteriana foi baixa, sendo melhor para pneumonia viral. Mais estudos qualitativos são necessários para explorar as razões dessa falta de adesão e por qual motivo a pneumonia bacteriana foi a etiologia mais comumente notificada.

Antígeno del factor von Willebrand (FVW: Ag) / von Willebrand factor antigen (VWF: Ag)

Utilidad clínica de la prueba El factor von Willebrand (FVW) es una glicoproteína compuesta por multímeros con pesos moleculares que pueden variar desde 500 KDa hasta 20.000 kDa, que se sintetiza en las células endoteliales y en los megacariocitos, y se almacena en los cuerpos de Weibel-Palade y en los gránulos alfa de las plaquetas [1]. El papel del FVW en la hemostasia primaria es mediar la adhesión de las plaquetas a los componentes de la matriz extracelular, a través de los complejos glucoproteicos plaquetarios GPIbα y αIIb3ß; en la hemostasia secundaria, se asocia con el factor VIII para prevenir su degradación y favorecer la generación de trombina para la formación del trombo final