Terapia hormonal en la menopausia vía transdérmica: un asunto de eficacia y seguridad

Los síntomas vasomotores (SVM) asociados a la menopausia suelen disminuir la calidad de vida de las mujeres, al generar un elocuente malestar. La terapia hormonal de la menopausia (THM) es el estándar en el tratamiento de los síntomas de la menopausia, siendo el único tratamiento que ha demostrado ser eficaz para los SVM. Objetivo: describir la eficacia y seguridad de la terapia hormonal de la menopausia vía transdérmica (THM TD) para aliviar los síntomas de la menopausia. Métodos: se hizo una revisión sistemática de la literatura en diferentes bases de datos electrónicas (CINAHL Plus, EMBASE, Scopus, Lilacs, Medline, Pubmed, entre otras), a través de términos de búsqueda estandarizados. Los desenlaces evaluados incluyeron los estudios donde se publicó cualquier tratamiento o intervención con la THM TD en mujeres tratadas por síntomas de la menopausia, porcentajes de alivio de los síntomas climatéricos y proporción de eventos adversos asociados. Resultados: se incluyeron 45 publicaciones, y convienen en aconsejar el tratamiento con la THM TD, en vista de un alivio de los síntomas climatéricos cerca del 90%, asimismo de ser más segura y potencialmente más eficaz que la terapia oral; con resultados normales en la evaluación mamográfica, y sin eventos adversos relacionados después de 5 años de seguimiento. Conclusiones: la terapia hormonal en la menopausia vía transdérmica es segura y eficaz para aliviar los síntomas de la menopausia. Al evitarse el metabolismo hepático, alcanza mejores beneficios clínicos, a la vez que minimiza la exposición de eventos adversos. Las publicaciones revisadas demuestran que la vía transdérmica es la mejor forma de tratar los síntomas de la menopausia.

Vasomotor symptoms (VMS) associated with menopause usually reduce the quality of life of women, generating eloquent discomfort. Menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) is the standard in the treatment of menopausal symptoms, being the only treatment that has been shown to be effective for VMS. Objective: to describe the efficacy and safety of transdermal menopausal hormone therapy (THM TD) to relieve menopausal symptoms. Methods: a systematic review of the literature was carried out in different electronic databases (CINAHL Plus, EMBASE, Scopus, Lilacs, Medline, Pubmed, among others), through standardized search terms. The outcomes evaluated included studies where any treatment or intervention with TD MHT was published in women treated for menopausal symptoms, percentages of relief of climacteric symptoms and proportion of associated adverse events. Results: 45 publications were included, and they agree in advising treatment with MHT TD, in view of a relief of climacteric symptoms close to 90%, as well as being safer and potentially more effective than oral therapy; with normal results in mammographic evaluation, and without related adverse events after 5 years of follow-up. Conclusions: transdermal hormonal therapy in menopause is safe and effective in relieving menopause symptoms. By avoiding hepatic metabolism, it achieves better clinical benefits, while minimizing the exposure to adverse events. The reviewed publications demonstrate that the transdermal route is the best way to treat menopause symptoms.

Evaluation of the Short-Term Efficacy of Transdermal Ozone Therapy in Turkish Patients with Internal Derangement of the Temporomandibular Joint

Objective: To investigate the efficacy of transdermal high-frequency ozone therapy in the management of pain and pain-related restricted jaw movements in patients with internal derangement of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Material and Methods: This retrospective study included 40 patients who had received transdermal high-frequency ozone therapy for the management of disc displacement with reduction of the TMJ. Subjects were treated 3 times for one week with a bio-oxidative high-frequency ozone generator with an intensity of 80% for ten minutes bilaterally. Pain scores and maximal interincisal opening (MIO) values of the patients were evaluated before and after the treatment. Results: An increase in the mean MIO value was achieved following the ozone therapy, however, the difference was not statistically significant (p=0.350). A statistically significant decrease in the mean pain score (48.13 ± 27.75) was observed following the ozone therapy. Conclusion: Transdermal application of high frequency ozone may be a good alternative for management of pain and pain-related restricted jaw movements in patients with internal derangement of the TMJ.

Microagulhamento: série de casos associados drug delivery / Microneedling: a case series associated with drug delivery

A associação do microagulhamento com o drug delivery tem-se mostrado benéfica pois potencializa os resultados de ambas as técnicas. Seis pacientes foram submetidas a duas sessões dessa associação de técnicas no tratamento da face, mãos e estrias, com intervalo de 20 dias. As avaliações foram realizadas por fotografias comparativas padronizadas. Os resultados revelaram redução da acne e melhora das manchas e textura da pele na face, melhora das manchas e textura da pele das mãos, e redução das dimensões e visibilidade das estrias. O presente estudo apresentou resultados promissores associando microagulhamento e drug delivery para tratamentos dermatológicos em face, mãos e estrias.

Six patients underwent two sessions of microneedling associated to drug delivery on the face, hands or stretch marks, at three-week interval between sessions. Patients were evaluated using clinical analysis and objective measures. Compared to baseline, objective face analysis showed decrease in acne lesions and improvement in the skin texture. The evaluation of stretch marks showed great improvement, and face and hands presented excellent results compared to baseline. The association of microneedling to drug delivery for rejuvenation of the face and hands, and for the treatment of stretch marks presented promising results in our study.

Application of fractional radiofrequency in cosmetic dermatology / 中华皮肤科杂志

Fractional radiofrequency(FRF)is an aesthetic technique that utilizes electric current emanating from electrode or microneedle arrays to heat the dermis in a fractional pattern, with only little damage to the epidermis. The recovery process following the heat damage involves multiple heat shock proteins, matrix metalloproteinases, cytokines, etc, which can stimulate the proliferation of collagen and elastic fibers in the dermis. It has been applied to treat wrinkles, skin laxity, acne scars and other aesthetic skin problems, and has proved to be a safe and effective cosmetic method for the improvement of atrophic acne scars, inflammatory acnes and postinflammatory erythema. It has few adverse effects, including tolerable pain, transient erythema, edema and mild crusting, so the downtime is short. FRF is more suitable for populations with dark complexions because of low risks of postinflammatory hyper?pigmentation. Recently, it has been used in combination with other devices such as lasers, or been used to assist transdermal drug delivery, and has shown remarkable therapeutic effects and favorable application prospects.

Um início duvidoso, um fim incógnito ­ um caso de tinha incógnita / A doubtful beginning, an incognito ending­A case of tinea incognito / Un comienzo dudoso, un final incógnito ­ un caso de tiña incognita

A tinha incógnita é causada pela modificação de uma dermatofitose após tratamento com imunossupressores, geralmente corticoides tópicos, mascarando as suas características típicas, resultando na progressão da infecção fúngica original. Relata-se um caso clínico de um homem de 71 anos que desenvolveu um quadro de "picadelas" (sic), dor e desconforto no antebraço direito associado a lesões pápulo-vesiculares de cor rósea, não pruriginosas. O doente foi avaliado e medicado, com antiviral, antibiótico, anti-inflamatório não esteroide e corticoide sem sucesso, tendo desenvolvido lesões pápulo-pustulosas violáceas com descamação em cerca de 1 mês. Após prova terapêutica com um agente antifúngico e depois de descoberto que o paciente usava cronicamente corticoides tópicos, foi diagnosticada uma tinha incógnita. O diagnóstico da tinha incógnita representa um desafio para o Médico de Família, uma vez que esta mimetiza várias condições dermatológicas.

Tinea incognito is caused by the modification of ringworm after treatment with immunosuppressants, normally topical steroids, which mask its typical characteristics, and result in the progression of the original fungal infection. This is a case of a 71-year-old man who developed a clinical picture involving "bites" [sic], pain, and discomfort in the right forearm, associated with papular vesicular lesions that were pinkish in color and non-pruritic. The patient was evaluated and medicated with antivirals, antibiotics, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with no success. He developed violaceous papular-pustular lesions with scaling in about 1 month. After a therapeutic trial with an antifungal agent and the discovery of the patient's chronic use of topical corticosteroids, a diagnosis of tinea incognito was established. This diagnosis presents a challenge to the general practitioner due to its similarity to various dermatological conditions.

La Tiña incógnita es causada por la modificación de una dermatofitosis después del tratamiento con inmunosupresores, generalmente esteroides tópicos, enmascarando sus características típicas, conllevando a la progresión de la infección fúngica inicial. Se presenta un caso de un hombre de 71 años que desarrolló un cuadro de "picaduras", dolor y malestar en el antebrazo derecho, asociado a lesiones vesiculares papulosas de color rosado, no pruriginosas. El paciente fue evaluado y medicado con antibióticos, antivirales, corticoides y antiinflamatorio no esteroideo, sin éxito. Se desarrollaron lesiones escamosas violáceas, pápula-pustulosas con evolución de un mes. Después que se descubrió que el paciente estaba usando corticoides tópicos crónicamente, y luego de la prueba terapéutica con un anti-fúngico, le fue diagnosticada una tiña incógnita. El diagnóstico de tiña incógnita representa un desafío para el médico de familia, ya que ésta imita varias condiciones dermatológicas.

Percutaneous permeability of lidocaine hydrochloride loaded destran-based niosomes / 天津医药

Objective To study the percutaneous permeability through mouse skin of lidocaine hydrochloride-loaded destran-based niosomes(LID-HLD-BNs)in vitro and in vivo. Methods HPLC was employed to exam lidocaine hydrochlo?ride. Lidocaine hydro-chloride-loaded conventional liposomes (LID-CLs) and lidocaine hydrochloride injection (LID-IJ) were used as control. Isolated mouse skin was added into Franz diffusion cell to evaluate the permeability of LID-HLD-BNs in vitro. Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy(CLSM)was used to observe the permeation depth of mouse skin in vivo. Re?sults The permeation rate and cumulative permeation amount were significantly higher in LID-HLD-BNs group than those of LID-CLs and LID-IJ groups (P<0.05). CLSM studies also confirmed that HLD-BNs reached deeper layers of the skin. Conclusion LID-HLD-BNs has good transdermal ability.

Effect of Transdermal Estrogen Therapy on Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Korean Women

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects of transdermal estrogen therapy on bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal Korean women. METHODS: A total of 149 healthy postmenopausal women were retrospectively evaluated: 100 were on hormone therapy (HT) and 49 were the control group. For the HT group, 54 applied estrogen transdermally using either a patch (n = 21) or gel (n = 33), and 46 took estrogen orally (conjugated estrogen 0.625 mg or equivalent). Demographic profiles and changes in BMD over two years were compared according to the route of the estrogen. RESULTS: No differences were found in age, age at menopause, parity, body mass index, and type of menopause among the oral, transdermal and control groups. Compared with controls, HT significantly increased BMD after 2 years in both the lumbar spine and the total hip. The increases in BMD at both lumbar spine and hip were comparable between the oral and transdermal groups. There were also no differences in BMD changes according to progestogen addition in either the oral or transdermal groups. CONCLUSION: Transdermal estrogen therapy increases BMD, comparable to oral estrogen, in postmenopausal Korean women.

The Analysis of Therapy in 3 012 Severe Acne Patients / 天津医药

Objective To analyze the current clinic application of severe acne treatment, and to provide evidences to improve its treatment. Methods Using sampling survey, a total of 3 012 severe acne patients who visited the dermato-logical department of 35 hospitals over the country for the first time were selected for this study. Each patient filled a ques-tionnaire about their acknowledgement, history of medical intervention and drug therapy of severe acne. Results Among all 3 012 patients with severe acne, 76.6%believed acne is a kind of skin disease, but only 35.2%of the patients went to see doctors at early stage of disease, while others choose interventions such as self-extrudation , topical medication or skin care products, herbal tea/folk recipes, beauty salons and application of coverture cosmetics. Among all severe acne patients, 2 388 cases (79.3%)had taken oral medications, which included 1 161(48.6%) patients who took anti-biotics. 394 cases (33.9%) took roxithromycine and 173 cases(14.9%) took other kinds of anti-biotics. 55.5%of all these patients who took oral medication less than 4 weeks in duration. 2 081 cases (69.1%) applied external drugs, in which includes 90 cases (4.3%) of using glucocorticoid, and 437 cases (21.0%) of using other kinds of external products. The adverse effects of topical treat-ments were commonly observed, such as erythema (512 cases, 24.6%), desquamation (683 cases, 32.8%), scab (73 cases, 3.5%) and hypersensitive (281 cases, 13.5%). Conclusion Severe acne is a disease need systematic treatment. but only mi-nority of the patients went to see doctors at early stage of disease. The current problems in treatment of severe acne include lack of target in choosing drugs, not long enough treatment course, and adverse effects of cutaneous administration.Early , safe and targeted medical attention with sufficient treatment course is encouraged.

Study on dermatoses and their prevalence in groups of confirmed alcoholic individuals in comparison to a non-alcoholic group of individuals / Estudo das dermatoses e sua prevalencia em individuos comprovadamente alcoolistas comparativamente a um grupo de individuos não alcoolistas

BACKGROUND: The direct relationship between alcoholism and dermatoses has been evaluated in recent researches. However, there are few objective surveys that demonstrate and prove a direct relationship between alcohol and a specific dermatosis. OBJECTIVES: to verify the prevalence of dermatoses in alcoholics, analize the dermatological changes found in these patients and their evolution during alcoholic abstinence. Also, to compare the results obtained with a non-alcoholic control group and with the data found in medical literature. METHODS: the dermatologic conditions of 278 alcoholic patients (250 men, 28 women) were studied over a period of 4 years, and compared to those of a control group of 271 non-alcoholic individuals (249 men, 22 women), members of the Military Police Force. The individuals in both groups were between 20 and 60 years old. RESULTS: Pellagra, nummular eczema, purpura pigmentosa chronica (also known as pigmented purpuric dermatosis) and psoriasis were more frequent in the group of alcoholics and, apparently, occurred in parallel with alcoholism that seems to play a role in the evolution of these dermatoses. The dermatopathies were more frequent before the age of forty, regardless of factors such as profession, race or gender. CONCLUSION: the association of dermatoses and alcoholism was extremely significant according to the statistical data. Alcoholism can be considered a risk factor for pellagra, psoriasis, nummular eczema and purpura pigmentosa chronica dermatoses, which can, as well, be considered alcoholism indicators. .

FUNDAMENTOS: A relação direta entre o alcoolismo e as dermatoses vem sendo avaliada em recentes pesquisas. No entanto são poucos os estudos objetivos que demonstram e comprovam uma relação direta entre o álcool e uma determinada dermatose. OBJETIVOS: Verificar a prevalência de dermatoses em alcoolistas, avaliar as alterações dermatológicas encontradas nesses doentes e sua evolução frente abstinência alcoólica. Comparar os resultados obtidos com um grupo controle não alcoolista e com os resultados encontrados na literatura mundial. MÉTODO: Foram estudados, durante 4 anos, sob o ponto de vista dermatológico, 278 doentes alcoolistas (250 homens, 28 mulheres) comparativamente a 271 indivíduos (249 homens, 22 mulheres) não alcoolistas integrantes da Policia Militar, que constituíram o grupo controle, ambos com idades entre 20 e 60 anos. RESULTADOS: As dermatoses pelagra, eczema numular, púrpura pigmentosa crônica e psoríase foram mais frequentes no grupo dos alcoolistas e aparentemente surgiram paralelamente ao alcoolismo, que parece interferir na evolução destas dermatoses. As dermatopatias foram mais frequentes antes dos quarenta anos, não sendo significativos os fatores profissão, cor e sexo. CONCLUSÃO: a associação das dermatoses com alcoolismo foi altamente significativa, como indicaram os dados estatísticos. O alcoolismo pode ser considerado fator de risco para as dermatoses pelagra, psoríase, eczema numular e púrpura pigmentar crônica, podendo estas serem consideradas indicadoras de alcoolismo .

Synergistic effect of iontophoresis and chemical enhancers on transdermal permeation of tolterodine tartrate for the treatment of overactive bladder

Purpose The objective of the study was to evaluate the synergistic transdermal permeation effect of chemical enhancers and iontophoresis technique on tolterodine tartrate (TT) transdermal gel and to evaluate its pharmacokinetic properties. Materials and Methods Taguchi robust design was used for optimization of formulations. Skin permeation rates were evaluated using the Keshary-chein type diffusion cells in order to optimize the gel formulation. In-vivo studies of the optimized formulation were performed in a rabbit model and histopathology studies of optimized formulation were performed on rats. Results Transdermal gels were formulated successfully using Taguchi robust design method. The type of penetration enhancer, concentration of penetration enhancer, current density and pulse on/off ratio were chosen as independent variables. Type of penetration enhancer was found to be the significant factor for all the responses. Permeation parameters were evaluated when maximum cumulative amount permeated in 24 hours (Q24) was 145.71 ± 2.00µg/cm2 by CIT4 formulation over control (91.89 ± 2.30µg/cm2). Permeation was enhanced by 1.75 fold by CIT4 formulation. Formulation CIT4 containing nerolidol (5%) and iontophoretic variables applied (0.5mA/cm2 and pulse on/off ratio 3:1) was optimized. In vivo studies with optimized formulation CIT4 showed increase in AUC and T1/2 when compared to oral suspension in rabbits. The histological studies showed changes in dermis indicating the effect of penetration enhancers and as iontophoresis was continued only for two cycles in periodic fashion so it did not cause any skin damage observed in the slides. Conclusion Results indicated that iontophoresis in combination with chemical enhancers is an effective method for transdermal administration of TT in the treatment of overactive bladder. .

Effects of Transdermal Estrogen Gel in Postmenopausal Korean Women / 대한폐경학회지

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects of transdermal estrogen gel on postmenopausal Korean women. METHODS: In this retrospective study, 49 healthy postmenopausal women were treated with transdermal gel (0.1%, 1.5 mg/day +/- progestogen) for 1 year. After 3 months of transdermal hormone therapy (HT), deviations from baseline of the global index for menopausal symptoms and the frequency of side effects were evaluated. Anthropometric factors including weight, body mass index, waist circumference, and metabolic parameters (such as serum cholesterol, lipoprotein(a), fasting glucose, fibrinogen, C-reactive protein, and deoxypyridinoline levels) were measured at baseline and after three, six, and twelve months of HT. In addition, bone mineral density was also measured at the lumbar spine and femoral neck at baseline and after six and twelve months of HT. Differences between baseline values and subsequent post-HT measurements were compared. RESULTS: After 3 months of transdermal HT, the global index for menopausal symptoms decreased significantly (P < 0.001). Side effects within 3 months included problems related to the breast, which were most common (32.1%), followed by headache (17.8%) and skin irritation (14.3%). Anthropometric factors did not change after HT, however, metabolic parameters creased significantly. There was a notable increase in bone mineral density at the lumbar spinebut not at the femoral neck. CONCLUSION: Transdermal gel HT improves menopausal symptoms and metabolic parameters in postmenopausal Korean women and increases bone mineral density at the lumbar spine.

Topical cell growth factors for wound healing after fractional CO2 laser therapy: an experimental study / 中华皮肤科杂志

ObjectiveTo compare the accelerating effect of topical recombinant human epidermal growth factor (rhEGF) and recombinant bovine basic fibroblast growth factor (rb-bFGF) on wound healing after fractional CO2 laser therapy.MethodsTwenty male guinea pigs were included in this study.After hair removal and irradiation with fractional CO2 laser,the back of each guinea pig was divided into 4 regions to be topically treated with rhEGF of 10 μg/cm2 (rhEGF group),rb-bFGF of 262.51 IU/cm2 (rb-bFGF group),the combination of rhEGF and rb-bFGF (combination group),or normal saline (control group),twice daily until the healing of wound.Skin physiology parameters including elasticity index and melanin index were detected before the irradiation,7,14 and 28 days after the irradiation,and compared between the 4 groups by analysis of variance.Tissue specimens were obtained from 4 mice at the above time points and subjected to pathological examination for the observation of collagen fibers and quantification of fibroblasts.ResultsAfter fractional CO2 laser therapy,the crusts fall off completely in growth factor-treated regions,while partly in the control regions,within 3 to 7 days; the wounds healed completely in 14 to 28 days in all the groups,with the regenerating tissue being more tender and redder compared with the surrounding unirradiated tissue.The wound surface was smaller in area and redder in color in the 3 growth factor-treated groups than in the control group.At 28 days after the irradiation,the elasticity index was 262.29 ± 62.40 in the combination group,202.00 ± 65.62 in the rhEGF group,188.86 ± 35.02 in the rb-bFGF group,167.14 ± 42.49 in the control group.Statistical difference was observed in elasticity index,but not in skin melanin index among the 4 groups.Pathological examination showed a dense and organized arrangement of collagen fibers in the combination group but a sparse and disorganized arrangement of collagen fibers in the control group.ConclusionThe combined application of rhEGF and rbbFGF can accelerate the healing of wound and increase the elasticity of regenerating tissue after fractional CO2 laser therapy.

Administração cutânea de fármacos: desafios e estratégias para o desenvolvimento de formulações transdérmicas / Cutaneous administration of drugs: challenges and strategies for the development of transdermal formulations

O desenvolvimento de formulações para aplicação na pele é uma estratégia interessante para transportar fármacos cuja ação é a própria pele, representando uma alternativa para superar aspectos indesejados relacionados às características farmacocinéticas e farmacodinâmicas dos fármacos. No entanto, a pele apresenta camadas que formam uma barreira à penetração de fármacos. Desse modo, estratégias têm sido pesquisadas e os modernos estudos farmacêuticos apontam para o uso de métodos físicos e químicos, norteados no desenvolvimento de novas formas farmacêuticas, as quais devem apresentar propriedades físico-químicas e parâmetros farmacotécnicos adequados para o uso transdérmico.

The development of formulations for skin application is a good strategy for the delivery of drugs whose target is the skin itself, which avoids some unwanted effects of treatment arising from the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of drugs. However, the skin has layers that resist the penetration of drugs. Thus, new strategies have been researched and the latest pharmaceutical studies point to the use of physical and chemical methods aimed at the development of new drug delivery systems, exhibiting physicochemical properties and pharmaceutical parameters suitable for transdermal administration.

Cirugía percutánea en fascitis plantar y espolón calcáneo / Percutaneous surgery plantar fascitis and heel spur

Se realizó un estudio prospectivo tipo serie clínica donde se avaluá la evolución de 12 pacientes (24 pies) quienes presentaban talalgia crónica por fascitis plantar con presencia de espolón calcáneo y fueron tratados con fasciotomía plantar percutánea. La mayoría de los pacientes son femeninos (90 por ciento) y la edad promedio es 40,5 años. Tiempo de seguimiento 12 meses. El resultado final fue valorado por escala análoga visual (EAV) para cuantificar dolor, opinión de paciente y reintegro a actividades habituales. El procedimiento estadístico se hizo con el programa SSPS 12,0 donde se calcularon medidas de tendencias central y de dispersión. El análisis inferencial se realizó con comparación de medidas a través de prueba T student y con la prueba no paramétrica Chi cuadrado. Se reportó 90 por ciento de resultados satisfactorios. La cirugía percutánea del pie en fascitis plantar con espolón calcáneo es un método sencillo y eficaz. Mejora el tiempo quirúrgico y logra el reintegro precoz del paciente a sus actividades habituales.

We realized a trial study where was evaluated 12 pacients (24 foots), 9 women and 3 male, who presented pain heel asociated with plantar fascitis and sprus and were realizaed fasciotomy percutaneus surgery to determine the efectiveness. The results was evaluated with analog visual scale (VAS) both the pain and the daily activities. The SSPS 12,0 statist program was utlized. The inferencial study was done with T student test and Chi square. Most patients were female (90 percent), mean age 40,5 years old. The follow up was twele months. The points in VAS to pain descending to 8,5 to 1,5. Pain was significantly lower at every assessment point as compare to preoperative values (P<0.05). Was reported90 percent of satisfactory results. The fasciotomy percutaneus surgery is a safe, efective and single procedure to treatment the pain heel for plantar Fascitis and calcaneal spurs. Those patients had significantly less postoperative pain and returned to regular activities early.

Relation between three-dimensional and two-dimensional echocardiography and biochemical analysis in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction percutaneously treated / Relação entre a análise bioquímica e ecocardiográfica tridimensional e bidimensional em pacientes com infarto do miocárdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST tratados por via percutânea

Objective: The prognosis of patients with acute myocardial infarction depends on multiple features that can demonstrate myocardial injury degree (such as serum markers of cardiac necrosis), and also on adaptive mechanisms relative to the acute event. The aim of the study was to assess the relation between biochemical and echocardiographic findings from three-dimensional echocardiographic (3D Echo) analysis and echocardiographic two-dimensional (2D Echo) left ventricular ejection fraction in patients with ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction , submitted to primary percutaneous treatment. Methods: A prospective study with 2D Echo and 3D Echo of 23 patients (17 males, mean age of 57 ± 13 years) with ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction, primarily percutaneously treated (stent). Serum cardiac markers (creatine kinase MB, Troponin I and Myoglobin) and serum brain natriuretic peptide were compared to echocardiographic parameters (volumes, left ventricular ejection fraction and ventricular dyssynchrony index). The statistical analysis was performed using Pearson?s correlation coefficient, 95% CI, p < 0.05, linear regression equation and Bland & Altman test. Results: Pearsons correlation coefficient (r)relative to 3D left ventricular ejection fraction: 1- brain natriuretic peptide: r: - 0.7427, p < 0.0001; 2- creatine kinase MB: r: - 0.660, p = 0.001. Left ventricular ejection fraction 2D (r) : 1- brain natriuretic peptide: r: - 0.5478, p = 0.001; 2- creatine kinase MB: r: - 0.4800, p < 0.0277. Other associations were not significant. Conclusions: In this series, it was observed better correlation in regard to serum creatine kinase MB , brain natriuretic peptide and 3D Echo left ventricular ejection fraction, when compared to 2D Echo left ventricular ejection fraction.

Objetivo: O prognóstico dos pacientes portadores de infarto agudo do miocárdico depende de múltiplos aspectos que espelhem o grau de agressão ao miocárdio (como marcadores enzimáticos de necrose miocárdica), assim como dos mecanismos de adaptação ao evento agudo. O objetivo do estudo foi verificar a associação entre os achados bioquímicos e ecocardiográficos derivados da análise ecocardiográfica transtorácica tridimensional (ECO 3D) com a fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo (ECO 2D) em pacientes acometidos por infarto agudo do miocárdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST, que tenham sido submetidos a tratamento primário percutâneo. Métodos: Estudo prospectivo com Eco 3D e 2D de 23 indivíduos (17 homens, 57 ± 13 anos), acometidos por infarto agudo do miocárdio com elevação do segmento ST, primariamente tratados com implante de stent coronariano. Foi feita a dosagem sérica de creatina cinase fração MB, Troponina I, Mioglobina e peptídeo atrial natriurético e comparada com os parâmetros ecocardiográficos (volumes, fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo e índice de dissincronia ventricular). A análise estatística foi feita com a determinação do coeficiente de correlação (Pearson), IC = 95%, p < 0,05, com teste de regressão linear e teste de Bland & Altman. Resultados: Coeficiente de correlação (r) entre fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo 3D: 1- peptídeo atrial natriurético: r: - 0,7427, p < 0,0001; 2- creatina cinase fração MB: r: -0,660, p = 0,001. fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo 2D (r) : 1- peptídeo atrial natriurético: r: - 0,5478, p = 0,001; 2- creatina cinase fração MB: r: -0,4800, p < 0,0277. As demais associações entre os parâmetros ecocardiográficos e as dosagens séricas não foram significativas. Conclusões: Nesta série, foi observada correlação melhor entre a dosagem sérica de peptídeo atrial natriurético, de creatina cinase fração MB e a fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo aferida por Eco 3D do que a correlação com a fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo aferida por Eco 2D.

Effects of penetration enhancers on skin permeation behavior of fluoxetine hydrochloride in vitro / 第二军医大学学报

Objective: To study the effects of penetration enhancers and their combinations on the transdermal delivery of fluoxetine hydrochloride and to discuss the feasibility of transdermal administration of drugs. Methods: The penetration rate of fluoxetine hydrochloride through rat skin in vitro was measured using Valia-Chien diffusion cells and high pressure liquid chromatography was used for analysis. Results: Penetration enhancers, such as Azone, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone(NMP), oleic acid, and their combinations all had peneration enhancing effect except for propylene glycol(PG). Azone combined with PG or NMP had the most potent enhancing effect. Conclusion: Satisfactory penetration of fluoxetine hydrochloride through rat skin can be obtained by correct combination of enhancers.

Avaliação do efeito antinociceptivo do fentanil transdérmico no controle da dor lombar pós-operatória / Evaluación del efecto antinociceptivo del fentanil transdérmico en el control del dolor lumbar postoperatorio / Efficacy of fentanyl transdermal delivery system for acute postoperative pain after posterior laminectomyEvaluación del efecto antinociceptivo del fentanil transdérmico en el control del dolor lumbar postoperatorio

OBJETIVO: pacientes submetidos à laminectomia por via posterior geralmente reclamam de dor severa. A aplicação por via transdérmica de fentanil resulta em sua liberação contínua e poderia ser útil no controle da dor. Este estudo visou avaliar a eficácia do fentanil (F) transdérmico em dor aguda pós-operatória secundária à laminectomia por via posterior. MÉTODOS: após aprovação do Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa e consentimento adquirido, 24 pacientes foram distribuídos de forma aleatória e duplamente encoberta em dois grupos, sendo que 12 pacientes receberam o adesivo de F transdérmico (25 mcg/h) e outros 12 receberam o adesivo placebo. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos à laminectomia posterior, sob anestesia geral padronizada. Os adesivos transdérmicos foram colocados nos pacientes dez horas antes do início da cirurgia e removidos 24 horas após o término dessa. Cetoprofeno por via venosa foi administrado no início da cirurgia, dipirona estava disponível para analgesia de resgate, se necessário, a intervalos mínimos de seis horas. RESULTADOS: os pacientes que receberam F transdérmico apresentaram redução de 60 por cento no consumo de dipirona no período pós-operatório (p<0,05); e menor VAS para dor após a 12ª hora, o que se manteve até a 36ª hora de avaliação (p<0,02). Os parâmetros fisiológicos variaram dentro dos limites de normalidade e foram semelhantes entre os grupos. A incidência de efeitos adversos foi similar entre os grupos, sendo constatado apenas eritema local no Grupo F transdérmico (30 versus 5 por cento, p<0,05). CONCLUSÃO: o adesivo transdérmico de F associado ao cetoprofeno foi efetivo em controlar a dor pós-operatória após laminectomia por via posterior, com tolerância e segurança semelhante ao Grupo Placebo.

Objectives: patients who are submitted to posterior laminectomy often complain of severe pain that is difficult to treat. The transdermal application of the potent opioid fentanyl results in its continuous liberation and consequently could be useful in controlling the pain. This study evaluated the efficacy of transdermal fentanyl (F) delivery system for acute postoperative pain after posterior laminectomy. METHODS: the study was approved by the local Ethic Committee and conducted in the Teaching Hospital. After the patient's consent, 24 patients were randomized to either transdermic F 25 mg/h (n=12) or transdermic placebo (n=12). All patients were submitted to posterior laminectomy under a standard general anesthesia. Transdermic systems were placed during 10 hours preoperatively and removed 24 hours later; 20 minute IV ketoprofen, 2.5 mg/kg was administered following traqueal intubation with propofol, alfentanil and atracurium. IV 20 mg/kg dipyrone act as rescue at a minimum six hours interval. Data was recorded for 36 hours. RESULTS: the transdermic F Group showed 60 percent of reduction in the rescue dipyrone consumption (p<0.05); and displayed lesser VAS scores after the 12th hour, which was maintained until the 36th hour (p<0.02). All physiological parameters fluctuated within normal range and no differences were observed between the treatments. The incidence of adverse events was similar between the groups, there was local erythema in the transdermic F (30 versus 5 percent, p<0.05). CONCLUSION: transdermic F combined with IV ketoprofen was effective in controlling postoperative pain after posterior laminectomy. Additionally, the safety and tolerability of this regimen were similar to the Placebo Group

OBJETIVO: pacientes sometidos a laminectomía por vía posterior generalmente reclaman de dolor severo. La aplicación por vía transdérmica de fentanil resulta en su liberación continua y podría ser útil en el control del dolor. Este estudio visó evaluar la eficacia del fentanil (F) transdérmico en el dolor agudo postoperatorio, secundario a la laminectomía por vía posterior. MÉTODOS: después de la aprobación por el Comité de Ética en investigación y consentimiento adquirido, 24 pacientes fueron distribuidos de forma aleatoria y duplamente ciegos en dos grupos, siendo que 12 pacientes recibieron el adhesivo de F transdérmico (25 mcg/h) y 12 pacientes recibieron el adhesivo de placebo. Todos los pacientes fueron sometidos a la laminectomía posterior sobre anestesia general estandarizada. Los adhesivos transdérmicos fueron colocados en los pacientes diez horas antes del inicio de la cirugía y removidos 24 horas después de haber terminado la misma. Cetoprofeno por vía venosa fue administrado por vía venosa en el inicio de la cirugía. Dipirona estaba disponible para analgesia de rescate, si era necesario, a intervalos mínimos de seis horas. RESULTADOS: los pacientes que recibieron F transdérmico presentaron reducción de 60 por ciento en el consumo de dipirona en el periodo postoperatorio (p<0,05); y menor VAS para dolor después de la 12ª hora, lo que se mantuvo hasta la 36ª hora de evaluación (p<0,02). Los parámetros fisiológicos variaron dentro de los límites de normalidad y fueron semejantes entre los grupos. La incidencia de efectos adversos fue similar entre los grupos, siendo constatado únicamente eritema local en el Grupo F transdérmico (30 versus 5 por ciento, p<0,05). CONCLUSIÓN: el adhesivo transdérmico de F asociado al cetoprofeno fue efectivo en controlar el dolor postoperatorio después de la laminectomía por vía posterior, con tolerancia y seguridad semejante al Grupo Placebo.

Avaliação clínica e laboratorial da cetamina transdérmica, do fentanil transdérmico, da clonidina transdérmica ou suas associações na dor lombar crônica / Evaluación clínica y de laboratorio de cetamina transdérmica, del fentanyl transdérmico, de la clonidina transdérmica o de sus asociaciones en el dolor lumbar crónico / The clinical and laboratorial evaluation of transdermal ketamine, fentanyl, clonidine or their combination in chronic low back pain

OBJECTIVES: chronic low back pain may result in central sensitization, with involvement of different receptors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the analgesic action of transdermal (T) ketamine (a NMDA antagonist), clonidine (an x2-agonist), fentanyl (an opioid agonist), or their combination in chronic low back pain. METHODS: after the institutional approval and informed consent signature, 54 patients were prospectively randomized into 6 groups. Each patient had two of the T preparations applied in different arms. The effect of either T ketamine (1 mg/h), T clonidine (25 µg/h) or T fentanyl (25 µg/h), combined with T placebo (CloG, KetG and FenG); or the combination of T ketamine and clonidine (Ket-CloG), T fentanyl and ketamine (Fen-KetG), or T fentanyl and clonidine (Fen-CloG) was searched for pain and adverse effects. Pain was evaluated by: 1) VAS pain scores, and 2) noradrenaline plasma levels at 0-h (just prior to T application), 3- and 6-h after the T application of two medications, by HPLC. RESULTS: clinically, the pain VAS score at 6-h was smaller in comparison to the 0-h in all groups (p<0.02), and lower when compared to the Fen-CloG and Fen-KetG at the 6-h in relation to the administration of each correspondent T drug alone (p<0.05). The laboratorial data revealed that administration of T fentanyl alone (FenG) resulted in plasma noradrenaline decrease at 6-h (p<0.01), while the association of T fentanyl with clonidine resulted in plasma noradrenaline decrease at 3- and 6-h as compared to the others (p<0.01). The combination of both T ketamine and clonidine (Ket-CloG) did not result in a better analgesic profile and resulted in excessive sedation during the evaluation (p<0.02). CONCLUSIONS: all the studied drugs resulted in clinical analgesia (VAS) at 6-h. However, T fentanyl analgesia was corroborated by lower plasma noradrenaline levels at 6-h when applied alone or at 3-h when combined with T clonidine.

OBJETIVOS: a dor lombar crônica pode resultar em sensibilização central, com a participação de diferentes tipos de receptores. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a ação analgésica por via transdérmica (T) do fentanil, cetamina, clonidina ou suas associações para o alívio da dor lombar crônica. MÉTODOS: após aprovação do Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa e assinatura do termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido, 54 pacientes foram avaliados de forma prospectiva, aleatória e duplamente-encoberta, sendo divididos em 6 grupos. Cada paciente recebeu duas preparações por via transdérmica, aplicadas em braços diferentes (T cetamina (1 mg/h), T clonidina (25 µg/h) ou T fentanil (25 µg/h), associados a T placebo (CloG, CetG and FenG); ou a associação de T cetamina e clonidina (Cet-CloG), T fentanil e cetamina (Fen-CetG), ou T fentanil e clonidina (Fen-CloG). A analgesia e a incidência de efeitos adversos foram avaliadas. A analgesia foi avaliada com: 1) VAS-cm, e 2) níveis plasmáticos de noradrenalina às 0-h (antes da aplicação T), 3- e 6-h após a aplicação T, com HPLC. RESULTADOS: clinicamente, os valores de VAS as 6-h foram menores comparados ao tempo de 0-h para todos os grupos (p<0,02), e menores para o Fen-CloG e Fen-CetG às 6-h em relação à administração de cada droga T isolada (p<0,05). A administração de fentanil T (FenG) resultou em diminuição dos níveis de noradrenalina plasmática às 6-h (p<0,01), enquanto a associação de fentanil T com clonidina T resultou em diminuição de noradrenalina plasmática às 3-h e 6-h em comparação aos demais grupos (p<0.01). A combinação de cetamina e clonidina (Cet-CloG) não ofereceu melhor perfil analgésico e resultou em sedação excessiva (p<0,02). CONCLUSÕES: todos os grupos apresentaram melhora clínica (VAS) da dor às 6-h. Entretanto, somente quem recebeu fentanil T apresentou níveis plasmáticos de noradrenalina mais baixos às 6-h (quando combinado com placebo) e às 3-h quando associado à clonidina T.

OBJETIVOS: el dolor lumbar crónico puede resultar en sensibilización central, con la participación de diferentes tipos de receptores. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la acción analgésica por vía transdérmica (T) del fentanyl, cetamina, clonidina o sus asociaciones en dolor lumbar crónico. MÉTODOS: después de la aprobación por el Comité de Ética en Investigación y Consentimiento, 54 pacientes fueron evaluados de forma prospectiva, aleatoria e duplamente-ciego siendo divididos en seis grupos. Cada paciente recibió dos preparaciones por vía transdérmica, aplicadas en brazos diferentes (T cetamina (1 mg/h), T clonidina (25 µg/h) o T fentanyl (25 µg/h), asociados a T placebo (CloG, CetG y FenG); o la asociación de T cetamina y clonidina (Cet-CloG), T fentanyl y cetamina (Fen-CetG), o T fentanyl y clonidina (fen-CloG). La analgesia y la incidencia de efectos adversos fueron evaluadas. La analgesia fue evaluada con: 1) VAS-cm, y 2) niveles plasmáticos de noradrenalina a las 0 hora (antes de la aplicación T), tres y seis horas después de la aplicación T, con HPLC. RESULTADOS: clínicamente los valores de VAS a las seis horas fueron menores comparados a 0 hora para todos los grupos (p<0,02), y menores para el Fen-CloG y Fen-CetG a las seis horas después de la administración de cada droga T aislada (p<0,05). La administración de fentanyl T (Feng) resultó en disminución de los niveles de noradrenalina plasmática a las seis horas (p<0,01). La combinación de cetamina y clonidina (Cet-CloG) no ofreció mejor perfil analgésico y resultó en sedación excesiva (p<0,02). CONCLUSIONES: todos los grupos presentaron mejoría clínica (VAS) del dolor a las seis horas. Sin embargo, solamente quien recibió fentanyl T presentó menores niveles plasmáticos de noradrenalina a las seis horas (cuando combinado con placebo) y a las tres horas cuando asociado con clonidina T.

An analysis On 78 cases of contact allergy to topical corticosteroids / 中华皮肤科杂志

Objective To update the knowledge of contact allergy to topical corticosteroids.Methods A total Of 1,822 patients,who Sufiered from inflammatory skin disorders but did not respond well to topical corticosteroids,were enrolled into this study.Patch test was performed on these subjects with corticosteroid allergens,following the standardized rocedures ecommended by the International Contact Dermatitis Research Group(ICDRG).Results Of all patients,78(4.28%)had positive patch test.Among the 78 patients,33 were males,45 females,and most were young or middle-aged.During 96-168 hours after the removal of patches,positive results Were observed in 42.31%(33/78)of the patients.Twenty eight patients had anaphy lactic reaction induced by hydrocortisone butyrate,25 by dexamethasone sodium phosphate,and 17 by triam cinolone acetonide.A correlation Between sensitizing glucocorticoids detected by patch testing and adminis trated drugs in clinic was found in 74 cases.ConclusionsContact allergy caused by topical corticosteroids is not rare,and more attention should be paid to this issue in the treatment of inflammatory skin disorders.

Treatment of Superficial Mycosis with Compound Bifonazole Solution:A Double-blind Controlled Clinical Trial / 中华皮肤科杂志

Objective To investigate the effects of compound bifonazole solution for the treatment of superficial mycosis.Methods The study groups were treated with compound bifonazole solution and the control group with clotrimazole solution in a double-blind controlled clinical trial.The solutions were applied to skin lesions once a day.The course of treatment was two weeks for tinea corporis and tinea cruris and four weeks for tinea manus and tinea pedis.The patients were followed up weekly for two weeks after cessation of treatment and evaluated with regard to erythema,papule,blister,scale,keratinization and pruritus.Mycologic examinations were performed before,during and right after treatment and two weeks after treatment.Results A total of434patients participated into the study.The clinical cure rates of study group were82.25%in tinea corporis and tinea cruris,and68.75%tinea manus and tinea pedis,with a total response rates of95.85%and92.5%in tinea corporis and tinea cruris,and92.5%in tinea manus and tinea pedis,respectively.The clinical cure rates of control group were58.6%in tinea corporis and tinea cruris,and44.7%in tinea manus and tinea pedis,with a total response rates of83.0%and87.2%in tinea corporis and tinea cruris,and in tinea manus and tinea pedis,respectively.The MICs to350clinical isolates of pathogenic fungi were1.6~2.5mg/L for compound bifonazole solution,and3.125~25mg/L for clotrimazole solution.Conclusions Compound bifonazole solution is a high-effective,broad-spectrum anti-fungal agent.It is keratolytic,well permeable and safe for relatively long term application.