A Mini-review on the Determinants and Risk Factors of Adolescent Pregnancy in Developing Countries

@#Pregnant adolescents have been shown to have a higher incidence of health and non-health-related complications that affect both mothers and infants. These include increased risk of pregnancy-related diseases such as anemia and pre-eclampsia, preterm and low-birth-weight babies, as well as other social consequences such as educational and financial difficulties. This mini review evaluates selected articles which explain the attitudes, knowledge, behavior and other risk factors associated with pregnancy among adolescents in developing countries. It also revealed that inadequate knowledge among adolescents about reproductive and sexual health, other social, cultural and peer influences, parenting values, and poor financial and educational status were factors that contribute to adolescent pregnancy. Likewise, a lack of support from parents, educators and healthcare workers had negative impacts on healthy sexual behavior among adolescents, which may ultimately lead to adolescent pregnancy. We conclude that the factors discussed in this review need to be evaluated and taken into consideration by policymakers and healthcare workers when formulating strategies to prevent pregnancies among adolescents.

Gestação na adolescência: o desvelar de uma vivência / Teenage pregnancy: unveiling an experience / Embarazo en la adolescencia: la revelación de una experiência

Objetivo: analisar a experiência vivenciada na atenção básica por adolescentes grávidas durante o pré-natal em uma Unidade de Saúde de Ceilândia ­DF. Método:O estudo usou a abordagem qualitativa e o método fenomenológico. A coleta dos dados foi por meio de entrevista direcionada a adolescentes previamente selecionadas mediante adequação aos critérios de inclusão. Foram resguardados o sigilo, a confidencialidade e a fidedignidade dos dados coletados. Resultados:Os dados finais estão apresentados em 6 categorias. Trouxe à evidência de que a gravidez na adolescência ainda é um problema que acomete a identidade em formação de adolescentes e que a falta de adesão aos programas de promoção à saúde por parte deste público ainda existe, necessitando assim de olhar mais apurado e capacitado para atender as necessidades em saúde desta população. Conclusão:o atendimento nessa circunstância demanda cuidados, com isso, profissionais de saúde capacitados devem estar associados a essa situação, de forma que busquem estabelecer vínculos com a adolescente e por meio de uma reflexão com ela, seu companheiro e familiares, tentem encontrar estratégias que possibilitem a minimização de problemas.

Objective:Objective: to analyze the experience lived in primary care by pregnant adolescents during prenatal care at a Health Unit in Ceilândia, Brasília, Brazil. Method:The study used a qualitative approach and the phenomenological method. Datacollection was done through interviews with previously selected adolescents who met the inclusion criteria. Confidentiality and data accuracy were ensured. Results:The final data are presented in 6 categories. It brought to light that adolescent pregnancy is still a problem that affects the forming identity of adolescents and that the lack of adherence to health promotion programs by this group still exists, requiring a more specialized and capable approach to address the health needs of this population. Conclusion: Care in this circumstance demands special attention, therefore, trained healthcare professionals should be involved in this situation, seeking to establish bonds with the adolescent and, through reflection with her, her partner, and family members, find strategies to minimize problems.

Objetivo:analizar la experiencia vivida en la atención primaria por adolescentes embarazadas durante el período prenatal en una Unidad de Salud en Ceilândia, Brasilia, Brasil. Método:El estudio utilizó un enfoque cualitativo y el método fenomenológico. La recopilación de datos se realizó a través de entrevistas dirigidas a adolescentes previamente seleccionadas que cumplían con los criterios de inclusión. Se garantizó la confidencialidad y la veracidad de los datos recopilados. Resultados:Los datos finales se presentan en 6 categorías. Se evidenció que el embarazo en la adolescencia sigue siendo un problema que afecta la identidad en formación de los adolescentes y que la falta de adhesión a los programas de promoción de la salud por parte de este grupo todavía existe, lo que requiere una mirada más especializada y capacitada para abordar las necesidades de salud de esta población. Conclusión:La atención en esta circunstancia requiere cuidados especiales, por lo tanto, profesionales de la salud capacitados deben estar involucrados en esta situación, buscando establecer vínculos con la adolescente y, a través de la reflexión con ella, su pareja y familiares, encontrar estrategias que permitan minimizar los problemas.

Percepciones sobre la lactancia materna y características sociodemográficas de un grupo de madres adolescentes colombianas / Perceptions about breastfeeding and sociodemographic characteristics of a group of Colombian adolescent mothers

La baja adherencia a la lactancia materna en los primeros seis meses de vida del bebé es un gran problema en Colombia. Investigar las percepciones de las madres adolescentes es esencial para el incentivo a la lactancia materna exclusiva. Así, el objetivo de este estudio fue conocer las percepciones sobre la lactancia materna y describir las características sociodemográficas de madres adolescentes lactantes que participan en el Programa de Crecimiento y Desarrollo de la Corporación Hospital San Juan de Dios UniRemington en Colombia. Se trata de un estudio observacional cualitativo transversal realizado entre 2020 y 2021 mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas. Estas se realizaron según un guión de preguntas abiertas a madres adolescentes que amamantan a bebés menores de 2 años, utilizando grabadora de audio, diarios de campo y datos sociodemográficos obtenidos de registros hospitalarios. La muestra y resultados se basearon en la saturación de datos, según las narrativas organizados en temas a partir del análisis temático junto con repeticiones de observaciones y descripciones de datos sociodemográficos. De las diez jóvenes, el 70% tenía un bajo nivel de escolarización y su percepción de la lactancia estaba relacionada con su conocimiento de los beneficios de la lactancia para la nutrición del bebé y el vínculo madre-hijo, pero con muchas dificultades esta realidad se ha convertido en una utopía. Hubo una díada de alegría y dolor en las vivencias. Se concluyó que las percepciones estaban relacionadas con la falta de apoyo médico y familiar para madres adolescentes. Se sugieren más estudios en diferentes poblaciones maternas.

Low adherence to breastfeeding in the first six months of a baby's life is a major problem in Colombia. Investigating the perceptions of adolescent mothers is essential to encourage exclusive breastfeeding. Thus, the objective of this study was to learn about the perceptions of breastfeeding and to describe the sociodemographic characteristics of breastfeeding adolescent mothers who participated in the Growth and Development Program of the Hospital San Juan de Dios UniRemington Corporation in Colombia. This is a cross-sectional qualitative observational study conducted between 2020 and 2021 using semi-structured interviews. These were carried out according to a script of open-ended questions to teenage mothers who were breastfeeding babies under 2 years of age, using tape recorders and field diaries and sociodemographic data obtained from hospital registers. The sample and results were based on data saturation according to narratives organized into themes from the thematic analysis together with repetitions of observations and descriptions of sociodemographic data. Of the ten young women, 70% had a low level of schooling and their perception of breastfeeding was related to their knowledge of the benefits of breastfeeding for baby nutrition and mother-child bond, but with many difficulties this reality has become a utopia. There was a dyad of joy and pain in the experiences. It was concluded that the perceptions were related to the lack of medical and family support for adolescent mothers. Further studies in different maternal populations are suggested.

Estados afectivos de adolescentes gestantes al asistir al control prenatal en una institución de primer nivel de atención / Affective States of Adolescent Pregnant Women Who Attended Prenatal Control in a First-Level Care Institution

Introducción: El embarazo perturba a las adolescentes en diferentes grados, tanto emocionales como psicosociales. El control prenatal ha sido reconocido como una estrategia para reducir la morbilidad y mortalidad materno perinatal. Aún más importante es conseguir que las adolescentes embarazadas acudan a los servicios y tengan buenas experiencias, para que asuman conductas saludables. Objetivo: Describir estados afectivos de las adolescentes gestantes en el momento que asisten al control prenatal en una institución de primer nivel de atención, en el municipio Malambo, departamento del Atlántico. Métodos: Estudio cualitativo, descriptivo y exploratorio. Se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas, además se creó un grupo focal de 15 adolescentes. La información fue transcrita para luego proceder al análisis de los datos. Se establecieron los códigos en categorías que emergieron de lo expresado por las gestantes sobre su experiencia en el control prenatal. Resultados: Algunas gestantes asistían al control prenatal puesto que encontraban apoyo, confianza, información, conocimiento y recomendaciones; describieron agrado al poder decir lo que piensan y sienten, además de esclarecer dudas sobre su gestación. Conclusiones: Las gestantes adolescentes al momento de asistir al control prenatal experimentaron una serie de sentimientos, pensamientos y emociones (pena, miedo, incertidumbre y desagrado); además, reconocieron el control prenatal como un elemento valioso para lograr el bienestar propio y el de su hijo, emergiendo sentimientos de felicidad y responsabilidad(AU)

Introduction: Pregnancy affects adolescents at different degrees, both emotionally and psychosocially. Prenatal care has been recognized as a strategy for reducing maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. Even more important is to achieve that pregnant adolescents attend services and have good experiences, in order for them to assume healthy behaviors. Objective: To describe the affective states of pregnant adolescents at the time they attend prenatal care in a first-level care institution from Malambo Municipality, Atlántico Department, Colombia. Methods: Qualitative, descriptive and exploratory study. Semistructured interviews were conducted and a focus group of fifteen adolescents was created. The information was transcribed, and then data analysis was carried out. The codes were established according to categories that emerged from what was expressed by the pregnant women about their prenatal care experience. Results: Some pregnant women attended prenatal control since they found support, confidence, information, knowledge and recommendations; they described pleasure in being able to express what they think and feel, in addition to clarifying doubts about their pregnancy. Conclusions: Adolescent pregnant women, at the time of attending prenatal control, experienced a series of feelings, thoughts and emotions (grief, fear, uncertainty and displeasure); in addition, they recognized prenatal control as a valuable element to achieve their own and their child's wellbeing, with emerging feelings of happiness and responsibility(AU)

Factores sociales y demográficos asociados al embarazo y al embarazo repetido en mujeres adolescentes de Perú / Social and demographic factors associated with pregnancy and repeated pregnancy in adolescent women in Peru

OBJETIVO: Evaluar los factores sociales y demográficos asociados al embarazo y al embarazo repetido en mujeres adolescentes de Perú MÉTODO: Estudio transversal analítico realizado a partir de las encuestas de población ENDES 2009 a 2018 en Perú. Participaron mujeres adolescentes entre 12 y 19 años de edad. Se recogió información de condición de embarazo y características sociales y demográficas. Se aplicó la prueba de χ2 y se calculó la razón de prevalencia ajustada con su intervalo de confianza al 95% usando regresión de Poisson con varianza robusta. RESULTADOS: En el estudio se incluyeron 49 676 mujeres adolescentes. El 12,6% tuvieron un embarazo y el 5,1% tuvieron dos o más embarazos. Se evidenció asociación entre edad, región geográfica, origen étnico, nivel educativo, nivel económico y embarazo adolescente (p < 0,001). Los niveles educativo y económico inferiores presentaron una mayor razón de prevalencia de embarazo adolescente, siendo mayor incluso en situaciones de dos o más embarazos. CONCLUSIONES: En la población de mujeres adolescentes de Perú, el 17,7% estuvieron embarazadas y el 5,1% tuvieron embarazo repetido. Existe asociación entre embarazo adolescente y bajos niveles económico y educativo; esta asociación se incrementa en situaciones de embarazo repetido.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the social and demographic factors associated with pregnancy and repeated pregnancy in adolescent women in Peru. METHOD: Analytical cross-sectional study carried out from the ENDES population surveys 2009 to 2018 in Peru. Adolescent women between 12 and 19 years of age participated. Information on pregnancy status and number of children was collected, as well as social and demographic characteristics. The χ2 test was applied, the adjusted prevalence ratio with its 95% confidence interval was calculated using Poisson regression with robust variance. RESULTS: 49 676 adolescent women were included in the study. The 17.7% had one or more pregnancies and 5.1% two or more pregnancies. The analysis showed an association between geographic region, age, ethnic origin, educational level, economic level and adolescent pregnancy (p < 0.001). The lower levels of educational level and economic level presented a higher prevalence ratio of adolescent pregnancy, being higher even in situations of two or more pregnancies. CONCLUSIONS: In the population of adolescent women in Peru, 17.7% were pregnant and 5.1% had repeated pregnancy. Adolescent pregnancy is associated with low economic and educational levels; this association increases in situations of repeated pregnancy.

Significações construídas por mulheres que engravidaram na adolescência sobre atividades de prevenção à gravidez desenvolvidas pela escola / Meanings constructed by women who became pregnant in adolescence about pregnancy prevention activities developed by the school

A adolescência é uma fase do ciclo vital e se constitui numa importante etapa de vida dos sujeitos, é um processo complexo e de construção dos projetos de vida. A gravidez na adolescência tem impactos nos processos de vida de muitos jovens, dessa forma a investigação das atividades voltadas aos aspectos da educação sexual e da gravidez na adolescência, baseadas no entendido sobre promoção da saúde e na abordagem histórico cultural, apresenta relevância à pesquisa em saúde. Este estudo tem como objetivo compreender como a escola trabalhou conteúdos de prevenção à gravidez a partir da perspectiva de mulheres que engravidaram na adolescência. Trata-se de estudo de caráter descritivo e transversal com abordagem qualitativa de pesquisa. Participaram do estudo três mulheres maiores de 18 anos e que passaram pelo momento da primeira gravidez durante a adolescência. Para a construção dos dados foram realizadas entrevistas narrativas e procedida a análise temática, que gerou três temas, sendo: I - Serviço de saúde e escolar na saúde do adolescente, II - Interações antes, durante e depois do processo de engravidar e III - Sentidos e significados da adolescência, gestação, maternidade e seus processos. Os resultados deste estudo demonstraram que as atividades realizadas no espaço de ensino na qual as participantes eram matriculadas caracterizaram-se por ser atividades pontuais e com abordagem técnica relacionadas ao tema sobre o uso dos métodos contraceptivos. A forma como as atividades foram desenvolvidas não se mostraram significativas e não se conectou aos interesses das adolescentes. As interações fora da escola e dos serviços de saúde construíram sentidos mais fortes em suas vidas e no desenvolvimento da gestação, particularmente os vínculos amorosos. Foi identificado que a escola foi pouco explorada pelos serviços de saúde, de forma que o cuidado à saúde das adolescentes se fez presente com a descoberta da gravidez; identificou-se também que para compreender o processo da gravidez na adolescência é necessário compreendê-la como um fenômeno social, multideterminado e que envolve complexas conjunturas que estão na base da construção de significações que vão direcionando as práticas sociais de adolescentes, especialmente com a fragilidade da vida escolar. Nesse sentido, este trabalho visou contribuir com o conhecimento para a prática da equipe de saúde e da equipe escolar no desenvolvimento de ações de prevenção à gravidez na adolescência e na promoção da saúde do adolescente

Adolescence is a phase of the life cycle and constitutes an important stage in the life of the subjects, it is a complex process and the construction of life projects. Teenage pregnancy impacts the life processes of many young people, so the investigation of activities focused on aspects of sex education and teenage pregnancy, based on the understanding of health promotion and the historical-cultural approach, is relevant to research in health.This study aims to understand how the school worked on pregnancy prevention content from the perspective of women who became pregnant in adolescence. This is a descriptive and cross-sectional study with a qualitative research approach. Three women over 18 years of age participated in the study and had their first pregnancy during adolescence. For the construction of the data, narrative interviews were carried out and thematic analysis was carried out, which generated three themes, namely: I - Health and school service in adolescent health, II - Interactions before, during and after the process of becoming pregnant and III - Senses and meanings of adolescence, pregnancy, motherhood and their processes. The results of this study showed that the activities carried out in the teaching space in which the participants were enrolled were characterized by being specific activities and with a technical approach related to the topic on the use of contraceptive methods. The way in which the activities were developed did not prove to be significant and did not connect to the interests of the adolescents. Interactions outside of school and health services built stronger meanings in their lives and in the development of pregnancy, particularly love bonds. It was identified that the school was little explored by the health services, so that the health care of adolescents was present with the discovery of pregnancy; it was also identified that in order to understand the process of teenage pregnancy, it is necessary to understand it as a social, multi-determined phenomenon that involves complex conjunctures that are at the base of the construction of meanings that guide the social practices of adolescents, especially with the fragility of school life. In this sense, this work aimed to contribute with knowledge to the practice of the health team and the school team in the development of actions to prevent teenage pregnancy and the promotion of adolescent health

Intervención educativa sobre embarazo en la adolescencia / Educational Intervention with Adolescent about Adolescent Pregnancy

Introducción: El embarazo en la adolescencia determina serios problemas de índole biológico, psicológico y social en la joven gestante. Objetivo: Elevar el nivel de conocimiento de los adolescentes sobre el embarazo en la adolescencia. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio preexperimental de intervención educativa sobre embarazo en adolescentes del Consultorio Médico del Pino perteneciente al Policlínico Docente Fermín Valdés Domínguez del municipio Baracoa en el período de enero 2019 a octubre 2020. El universo estuvo conformado por los 103 adolescentes del área que no tenían trastornos mentales asociados, que afectaran la comprensión del estudio. Se seleccionó una muestra aleatoria simple de 30 adolescentes que dieron su consentimiento para participar. La recolección del dato primario se obtuvo de la encuesta aplicada antes y después. Resultados: Se observó un predominio de adolescentes del sexo femenino, con edades comprendidas entre 14 y 16 años. Existía un desconocimiento inicial sobre aspectos relacionados con el embarazo en la adolescencia y se mostró un incremento posintervención del nivel de conocimiento en torno a estos. Conclusiones: Se incrementó el nivel de conocimiento sobre el embarazo en la adolescencia, lo que evidencia la efectividad de la intervención educativa(AU)

Introduction: Adolescent pregnancy determines serious biological, psychological and social problems in the young pregnant woman. Objective: To raise the level of knowledge of adolescents about adolescent pregnancy. Methods: A preexperimental study of educational intervention about adolescent pregnancy was carried, from January 2019 to October 2020, at Del Pino family doctor's office belonging to Fermín Valdés Domínguez Teaching Polyclinic, Baracoa Municipality. The universe was made up of the 103 adolescents from the area who did not have any associated mental disorders that would affect the understanding of the study. A simple random sample of thirty adolescents who gave their consent to participate was selected. The primary data collection was obtained from the survey applied before and after. Results: There was a predominance of female adolescents between fourteen and sixteen years of age. There was an initial lack of knowledge about aspects related to adolescent pregnancy, while a postintervention increase was shown with respect to the level of knowledge about such aspects. Conclusions: There was an increase in the level of knowledge about adolescent pregnancy, which evidences the effectiveness of the educational intervention(AU)

Factores que inciden en las complicaciones prenatales de las adolescentes atendidas en el Hospital IESS Milagro, periodo 2019 / Factors affecting prenatal complications in adolescents treated at the IESS Milagro Hospital,Pperiod 2019

El embarazo adolescente se ha determinado como un problema social y costoso para el país. De acuerdo con el Plan Nacional de Salud Sexual y Reproductiva, Ecuador mantiene la tasa más alta de embarazos en adolescentes correspondientes a edades entre 10 a 19 años, ubicándose como el tercer país a nivel regional, después de Nicaragua y República Dominicana. Objetivo: Analizar los factores que inciden en las complicaciones prenatales en las adolescentes atendidas en el Hospital IESS Milagro, periodo 2020. Metodología: Se empleó un estudio observacional, retrospectivo y de tipo descriptivo; adicional, la investigación fue de carácter no experimental y de corte transversal. La población estuvo conformada por aquellas adolescentes 664 que fueron atendidas en el período previamente establecido generando una muestra de 100 adolescentes, determinando como muestra aquellas que cuentan con al menos siete meses de gestación. La técnica empleada fue la encuesta, bajo el instrumento de cuestionario, conformado por 36 preguntas, donde se indagaron variables sociodemográficas, hábitos nocivos, consumo alimenticio, adherencia, complicaciones prenatales y el apoyo familiar y de pareja. Resultados: Dentro de los resultados más importantes, se determinan los siguientes: adolescentes entre los 15 a 19 años (71%), no cuenta con pareja (76%), son amas de casa (79%), complicaciones durante el embarazo (79%), amenaza de aborto (24%), alimentación inadecuada (22%), entorno donde se consume tabaco y alcohol (83%), no se presentaron a los controles (69%); apoyo de la familia (49% buena) y apoyo de la pareja (34% regular). Conclusiones: Se concluye que la edad influye en la manifestación de complicaciones prenatales, se incluyen además aspectos como la educación, convivencia, pareja, actividades de la adolescente, hábitos nocivos, alimentación, adherencia y el apoyo familiar y de pareja. Se desarrolló como propuesta una guía de intervención educativa con la finalidad de reducir las complicaciones prenatales en las adolescentes embarazadas atendidas en el Hospital IESS Milagro(AU)

Adolescent pregnancy has been determined as a social and costly problem for the country. According to the National Plan for Sexual and Reproductive Health, Ecuador maintains the highest rate of adolescent pregnancies corresponding to ages 10 to 19, ranking as the third country at the regional level, after Nicaragua and the Dominican Republic. Objective: to analyze the factors that affect prenatal complications in adolescents treated at the IESS Milagro Hospital, period 2020. Methodology: an observational, retrospective and descriptive study was used; Additionally, the research was non-experimental and cross-sectional. The population consisted of 664 adolescents who were cared for in the previously established period, generating a sample of 100 adolescents, determining as a sample those who have at least seven months of gestation. The technique used was the survey, under the questionnaire instrument, made up of 36 questions, where sociodemographic variables, harmful habits, food consumption, adherence, prenatal complications, and family and partner support were investigated. Results: Among the most important results, the following are determined: adolescents between the ages of 15 and 19 (71%), do not have a partner (76%), are housewives (79%), complications during pregnancy (79 %), threatened abortion (24%), inadequate nutrition (22%), environment where tobacco and alcohol are consumed (83%), they did not appear for controls (69%); family support (49% good) and partner support (34% fair). Conclusions: It is concluded that age influences the manifestation of prenatal complications, aspects such as education, coexistence, couple, activities of the adolescent, harmful habits, food, adherence and family and partner support are also included. An educational intervention guide was developed as a proposal in order to reduce prenatal complications in pregnant adolescents treated at the IESS Milagro Hospital(AU)

Cambios en el uso de anticonceptivos, embarazos no planificados e hijos en adolescentes chilenas entre 1997 y 2018 / Changes in the use of contraceptives, unplanned pregnancies and children in Chilean adolescents between 1997 and 2018

INTRODUCCIÓN: El embarazo en las adolescentes ha persistido como un problema de salud pública y social en Chile, afectando a las adolescentes más vulnerables y reflejando las desigualdades. OBJETIVO: Describir los cambios en el uso de anticonceptivos, embarazos no planificados e hijos en adolescentes chilenas entre 1997 y 2018. MÉTODO: Estudio ecológico de series temporales entre los años 1997 y 2018. Se midió la asociación entre variables sociodemográficas y efectividad del método anticonceptivo para los años 2006 y 2018, mediante la prueba estadística de Rao-Scott. Se estimaron tendencias del porcentaje de uso de métodos anticonceptivos según su eficacia y presencia de embarazos no planificados e hijos con modelos de regresión lineal (método de Prais-Winsten). RESULTADOS: Se observó un aumento en la frecuencia de adolescentes sexualmente activas y en el uso de anticonceptivos, especialmente píldoras e inyectables. La serie temporal de uso de anticonceptivos fue no estacionaria, la tendencia fue creciente (coeficiente: 4,59; intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC95%]: 3,43-5,74; p = 0,001), aumentando 4,59% cada 3 años. Las series de embarazos no planificados y tener hijos fueron series temporales no estacionarias y ambas presentaron una tendencia decreciente (coeficiente: −4,78; IC95%: −6,32 a −3,24; p = 0,002; y coeficiente: −3,93; IC95%: −6,18 a −1,68; p = 0,008), disminuyendo un 4,78% y un 3,93%, respectivamente, cada 3 años. CONCLUSIONES: El aumento en el uso de anticonceptivos en adolescentes ha ido unido a una importante disminución en los embarazos no planificados y los hijos en esta población.

INTRODUCTION: Adolescent pregnancy has persisted as a public and social health problem in Chile, affecting the most vulnerable adolescents and reflecting inequalities. OBJECTIVE: To describe the changes in the use of contraceptives, unplanned pregnancies and children in Chilean adolescents between 1997 and 2018. METHOD: Ecological study of time series between the years 1997 and 2018. The association between sociodemographic variables and the effectiveness of the contraceptive method for the years 2006 and 2018 was measured using the Rao-Scott statistical test. Trends in the percentage of use of contraceptive methods were estimated according to their efficacy and presence of unplanned pregnancies and children with linear regression models (Prais-Winsten method). RESULTS: An increase in the frequency of sexually active adolescents and the use of contraceptives, especially pills and injectables, was observed. The time series of contraceptive use was non-stationary, the trend was increasing (coefficient: 4.59; 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 3.43-5.74; p = 0.001), increasing 4.59% every three years. The time series, unplanned pregnancies and having children were non-stationary time series, both showed a decreasing trend (coefficient: −4.78; 95%CI: −6.32 to −3.24; p = 0.002; and coefficient: −3.93; 95% CI: −6.18 to −1.68; p = 0.008), decreasing 4.78% and 3.93%, respectively, every 3 years. CONCLUSIONS: The increase in the use of contraceptives in adolescents has been linked to a significant decrease in unplanned pregnancies and children in this population.

Consecuencias del embarazo en la adolescencia en la zona de influencia del Centro de Salud Macuma / consequences of adolescent pregnancy in the area of influence of the Macuma Health Center

Las consecuencias del embarazo en la adolescencia son múltiples, en el ámbito social como la repetición del círculo de pobreza, abandono escolar, predisposición a la violencia y repercusiones en el estado de salud como los partos prematuros, niños con bajo peso, multiparidad incluso en la adolescencia. Objetivo: El siguiente estudio tiene como objetivo reconocer las consecuencias del embarazo en la adolescencia en la zona de influencia de la parroquia Macuma, una comunidad Shuar de auto identificación indígena. Materiales y métodos: La metodología utilizada fue la de un estudio cuantitativo y cualitativo, de campo, transversal, documental. Resultados: Los resultados esperados representan la incidencia de los embarazos en la adolescencia en la zona, las consecuencias que tuvieron estos embarazos, y las precepciones de los profesionales que se desenvuelven en este ambiente donde ocurren los hechos, también los diferentes actores y las personas de la comunidad. Conclusión: Se impone una profunda reflexión y elaboración de nuevas estrategias que incluyan la activa participación de todos los sectores de la sociedad, con vistas a enfrentar con efectividad esta crucial problemática y lograr que la reducción del embarazo en la adolescencia deje de ser una asignatura pendiente(AU)

Las consecuencias del embarazo en la adolescencia son múltiples, en el ámbito social como la repetición del círculo de pobreza, abandono escolar, predisposición a la violencia y repercusiones en el estado de salud como los partos prematuros, niños con bajo peso, multiparidad incluso en la adolescencia. Objetivo: El siguiente estudio tiene como objetivo reconocer las consecuencias del embarazo en la adolescencia en la zona de influencia de la parroquia Macuma, una comunidad Shuar de auto identificación indígena. Materiales y métodos: La metodología utilizada fue la de un estudio cuantitativo y cualitativo, de campo, transversal, documental. Resultados: Los resultados esperados representan la incidencia de los embarazos en la adolescencia en la zona, las consecuencias que tuvieron estos embarazos, y las precepciones de los profesionales que se desenvuelven en este ambiente donde ocurren los hechos, también los diferentes actores y las personas de la comunidad. Conclusión: Se impone una profunda reflexión y elaboración de nuevas estrategias que incluyan la activa participación de todos los sectores de la sociedad, con vistas a enfrentar con efectividad esta crucial problemática y lograr que la reducción del embarazo en la adolescencia deje de ser una asignatura pendiente(AU)

Impacto do planejamento familiar na vida sexual e reprodutiva de adolescentes / Impact of family planning on the sexual and reproductive life of adolescents

Introdução: O programa de planejamento familiar é uma importante ferramenta na redução dos índices de gravidez na adolescência, que é considerada uma questão de saúde pública. Objetivos: Compilar as publicações científicas nacionais e internacionais acerca do impacto do planejamento familiar na prevenção da gravidez em adolescentes. Métodos: Foi realizada uma revisão de literatura nos bancos de dados da Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde (BVS), Google Scholar, SciELO e PubMed, no período de agosto a dezembro de 2020, a partir de estudos experimentais e observacionais. Resultados: Dos 20 artigos incluídos, foi realizado agrupamento dos dados que possibilitou a construção de três unidades temáticas: programa de planejamento familiar-potencialidades e fragilidades; fatores determinantes e condicionantes da gravidez na adolescência; educação sexual como ferramenta de prevenção da gravidez na adolescência. Conclusão: A eficácia dos programas de planejamento familiar, dependem de vários fatores: treinamento adequado dos profissionais envolvidos, fornecimento gratuito de insumos, metodologia de educação sexual aplicada, local da instalação da sede física do programa e o público-alvo atingido.

Introduction: The family planning program is an important tool in reducing teenage pregnancy rates, which is considered a public health issue. Objective: To compile national and international scientific publications on the impact of family planning on pregnancy prevention in adolescents. Method: A literature review was carried out in the databases of the Virtual Health Library (VHL), Google Schoolar, Scielo and PubMed, from August to December 2020, based on experimental and observational studies. Results: Of the 20 articles included, data were grouped, which enabled the construction of three thematic units: family planning program - strengths and weaknesses; determining and conditioning factors of teenage pregnancy; sex education as a tool to prevent teenage pregnancy. Conclusion: The effectiveness of family planning programs depends on several factors: adequate training of the professionals involved, free supply of inputs, applied sex education methodology, location of the program's physical headquarters and the target audience reached.

The Meanings of Pregnancy in Adolescence for Young People without a History of Pregnancies / Os Significados da Gravidez na Adolescência para Jovens sem Histórico de Gestação / Los Significados del Embarazo en la Adolescencia para Jóvenes sin Antecedentes de Gestación

Abstract In the academic literature there is lack of studies on teenage pregnancy in young people who have not experienced pregnancy. This article aimed to investigate and analyze the meanings of teenage pregnancy for adolescents without a gestation history. The participants were 37 adolescents with no pregnancy history (22 males and 15 females), aged between 12 and 18 years old. The thematic design-story procedure was used as instrument, in which the young individuals were asked to draw "a pregnant adolescent in their Community". To systematize the data, Bardin's content analysis was used. Thirteen themes were observed, the most frequent being related to families, relationships and/or friends and very early pregnancies, showing the relevance of these themes for adolescents. It is concluded that teenage pregnancy, in its majority, was seen as disadvantageous, but also as desired by some young individuals, pointing to the ambiguity of the phenomenon.

Resumo Na literatura acadêmica, são escassos os estudos sobre gravidez na adolescência em jovens que não vivenciaram a gestação. Este artigo teve como objetivo investigar e analisar os significados da gravidez na adolescência para adolescentes sem histórico de gestação. Participaram 37 adolescentes sem histórico de gravidez (22 homens e 15 mulheres) entre 12 e 18 anos. Foi utilizado como instrumento o procedimento desenho-estória temático, tendo sido solicitado que os jovens desenhassem "uma adolescente grávida na sua comunidade". Para sistematização dos dados, utilizou-se a análise de conteúdo de Bardin. Observaram-se 13 temas, sendo os mais frequentes relacionados às famílias, às relações amorosas e/ou amizades e à gravidez muito cedo, demonstrando a relevância desses temas para os adolescentes. Conclui-se que a gravidez na adolescência, em sua maioria, foi vista como desvantajosa, mas também como desejada por alguns jovens, apontando para a ambiguidade do fenômeno.

Resumen En la literatura académica faltan estudios sobre el embarazo adolescente en jóvenes que todavía no lo han experimentado. Este artículo tuvo como objetivo investigar y analizar los significados del embarazo en la adolescencia para adolescentes sin antecedentes de gestación. Participaron 37 adolescentes sin antecedentes de embarazo (22 hombres y 15 mujeres) de entre 12 y 18 años de edad. Se utilizó como instrumento el procedimiento dibujo-historia temático, habiéndose solicitado que los jóvenes dibujaran "una adolescente embarazada en su comunidad". Para sistematizar los datos se utilizó el análisis de contenido de Bardin. Se observaron 13 temas, siendo los más frecuentes los relacionados con las familias, relaciones amorosas y/o amistades y embarazo muy temprano, lo que demuestra la relevancia de estos temas para las adolescentes. Se concluye que el embarazo adolescente, en su mayoría, fue visto como desventajoso, pero también como deseado por algunos jóvenes, lo que apunta a la ambigüedad del fenómeno.

Contribución científica y académica de estudios sobre sexualidad juvenil realizados en una facultad de enfermería de Colombia / Scientific and Academic Contribution of Studies on Youth Sexuality Conducted in a Colombian Nursing School / Contribuição científica e acadêmica de estudos sobre sexualidade juvenil realizados em uma escola de enfermagem na Colômbia

Introducción: el objetivo de esta investigación fue describir la contribución científica y académica de los estudios en torno a la sexualidad juvenil realizados entre los años 2014 y 2018 en una facultad de enfermería de Colombia. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio de revisión documental, a través del cual se seleccionaron y analizaron 14 productos derivados de investigación docente y de estudiantes que cursaron un posgrado. El análisis se realizó mediante una evaluación crítica y analítica de los resultados reportados en los estudios seleccionados, lo que permitió presentar el estado actual de desarrollo del conocimiento, sus tendencias y avances con una visión global y contextualizada. Resultados: los estudios revisados tienden a profundizar en componentes psicosociales de la sexualidad juvenil con visión holística, lo que explica el predominio de enfoques cualitativos, que, a su vez, son coherentes con la educación y la formación en enfermería y psicología, profesiones que han liderado dichas investigaciones. Conclusiones: en los estudios revisados, predomina el tema del embarazo adolescente desde diferentes perspectivas. Esta prelación es explicable por tratarse de una de las problemáticas más frecuentes en este grupo poblacional y con mayores consecuencias psicosociales ya que suele alterar su calidad de vida presente y futura. Con menor frecuencia, se estudian otros aspectos de la sexualidad juvenil y se inician acercamientos a la educación virtual para la prevención y el manejo de las situaciones que más afectan la sexualidad en esta etapa.

Introduction: This research aims to describe the scientific and academic contribution of studies on youth sexuality conducted between 2014 and 2018 in a Colombian nursing school. Methods: A document review study was carried out in which 14 research products of teachers and graduated students were selected and analyzed. The analysis involved a critical and analytical evaluation of the results reported in the selected studies, making it possible to present the current state, development, trends, and advances of knowledge under a global and contextualized vision. Results: The reviewed studies tend to delve into psychosocial components of youth sexuality using a holistic view, which explains the predominance of qualitative approaches that, in turn, are consistent with education and training in nursing and psychology, two subject fields that have led these pieces of research. Conclusions: In the reviewed studies, the topic of adolescent pregnancy addressed from different perspectives predominates. This preference can be explained by the fact that pregnancy in adolescence is one of the most frequent problems in this population and one with the greatest psychosocial consequences since it tends to alter teenagers' present and future quality of life. Other aspects of youth sexuality are less frequently studied, and approaches to virtual education are initially tried to prevent and manage situations that most affect sexuality at this stage.

Introdução: objetivou-se descrever a contribuição científica e acadêmica de estudos sobre sexualidade juvenil realizados entre 2014 e 2018 em uma escola de enfermagem na Colômbia. Metodologia: Foi realizado um estudo de revisão documental, por meio do qual foram selecionados e analisados 14 produtos derivados de pesquisa docente e de alunos de pós-graduação. A análise realizou-se mediante uma avaliação crítica e analítica dos resultados reportados nos estudos selecionados, o que permitiu apresentar o estado atual do desenvolvimento do conhecimento, suas tendências e avanços com uma visão global e contextualizada. Resultados: os estudos revisados vontalm-se a aprofundar os componentes psicossociais da sexualidade juvenil com uma visão holística, o que explica o predomínio de abordagens qualitativas, que, por sua vez, são consistentes com a educação e a formação em enfermagem e a psicologia, profissões que têm encabeçado tais pesquisas. Conclusões: nos estudos revisados predomina a questão da gravidez na adolescência desde diferentes perspectivas. Essa escolha pode ser explicada por ser um dos problemas mais frequentes nesse grupo populacional e de maiores consequências psicossociais, pois tende a alterar sua qualidade de vida presente e futura. Com menos frequência, outros aspectos da sexualidade juvenil são estudados e abordagens de educação virtual são iniciadas para a prevenção e gerenciamento das situações que mais afetam a sexualidade nesta etapa

Prenatal and Postnatal Interventions and Neonatal Mortality among Adolescent Pregnancies in the Cordillera Administrative Region

@#BACKGROUND: Adolescent pregnancy remains a significant public health problem in the Philippines wherein teenage pregnancy has been declared as a National Social Emergency. OBJECTIVES: This study aims to identify the received services and interventions during prenatal and postnatal visits and investigate the relationships between the received services and interventions during visits and the completeness of received services to neonatal death among adolescent pregnancies in the Cordillera Administrative Region. METHODS: This study used a descriptive correlational study design. A survey questionnaire was distributed to target participants among selected municipalities in the Cordillera Administrative Region and asked about the received services/interventions during and after pregnancy. Responses were analyzed using frequency and percentage, Chi-square and Phi Correlation Coefficient. RESULTS: The study showed that a high incidence of neonatal deaths occurs during the first delivery while decreasing prenatal and post-natal visits have been noted. It was also observed that neonatal mortality is high particularly among the category of middle adolescents. The study also demonstrated a significant correlation between Blood Testing and Measurement of the Abdomen or fundal height measurement provided to the respondents and neonatal mortality in the third trimester. However, no significant correlation coefficients have been noted between neonatal mortality and completeness of prenatal and postnatal services. CONCLUSION: Policies and programs on adolescent health development should be enhanced, first, to focus on preventing adolescent pregnancy and repeat pregnancies during the adolescent period, while strengthening the access to health services for all pregnant women, especially adolescent mothers.

The characteristics of adolescent pregnancy in Wenzhou from 2015 to 2019 / 预防医学

Objective@#To learn the characteristics of adolescent pregnancy in Wenzhou from 2015 to 2019, so as to provide basis for protecting adolescent physical and mental health. @*Methods@#Data of demographic characteristics, pregnancy and delivery outcomes of the women aged under 19 years ( adolescent pregnant ) and 20 to 34 years ( right-age pregnant ) who delivered in Wenzhou from 2015 to 2019 were collected from Wenzhou Maternal and Child Health Information Management System. The incidence of pregnancy complication, comorbidity and adverse delivery outcomes of adolescent pregnant women was compared with that of right-age pregnant women.@*Results@#Among 536 753 parturients reported in Wenzhou from 2015 to 2019, there were 22 419 ( 4.18% ) of adolescent pregnancy and 430 163 ( 80.14% ) of right-age pregnancy. The average age of adolescent pregnant women was (18.11±0.82) years ( range, 10-19 years ). The majority of adolescent pregnant women were migrant population (19 437 cases, 86.70%), had an education level of junior high school and below ( 18 594 cases, 82.94% ), and had no occupation (19 192 cases, 85.61%). The incidence rates of anemia, gestational diabetes, postpartum hemorrhage, perineal laceration and premature delivery in adolescent pregnant women increased from 2015 to 2019 ( all P<0.05 ). The incidence rates of gestational diabetes, anemia, gestational hypertension, placental abruption, postpartum hemorrhage, perineal laceration, premature delivery, low birth weight, fetal death and stillbirth were 1.65%, 11.76%, 0.19%, 0.26%, 3.19%, 24.52%, 6.03%, 5.53%, 0.50% and 0.04% in adolescent pregnant women, which were significant different from 5.49%, 8.94%, 0.13%, 0.01%, 0.17%, 23.46%, 4.66%, 3.08%, 0.26% and 0.01% in the right-age pregnant women, respectively ( all P<0.05 ). @*Conclusions@#The adolescent pregnant population in Wenzhou are mainly migrant population with lower education level and no occupation. The incidence rates of pregnancy complication, comorbidity and adverse birth outcomes in adolescent pregnant population are higher than those in right-age pregnant population, and are increasing year by year.

Unplanned pregnancy in quilombola communities: perception of adolescents / Embarazo no planificado en comunidades quilombola: percepción de adolescentes / Gravidez não planejada em comunidades quilombolas: percepção dos adolescentes

ABSTRACT Objective: to understand the perception of adolescents living in Quilombola community regarding unplanned pregnancy and its repercussions on community life. Methodology: descriptive, qualitative research using the creative and sensitive method through the dynamics of creativity and sensitivity: Shortening Distances and Body Knowledge. Participants were adolescents living in a Quilombola community in the rural area of the municipality of São Mateus, Espírito Santo (Brazil). The meetings took place at weekends, on three Sundays in December 2018. The results were organized by the Iramuteq® software and the images and narratives were developed by the content analysis method. Results: nine adolescents, catholic, single, with a family income of less than one minimum wage, living in their own home and living on subsistence agriculture participated. They have access to the public health service, which they use when they get sick. The software demonstrated that the words "pregnant" and "work" are central to their narratives. The experiences of adolescents were expressed by the following categories: Repercussion of pregnancy for adolescents in the Quilombola community; Rights of pregnant women in the community; and Behavior of families and adolescents towards pregnancy. Conclusion: the understanding of unplanned pregnancy, taking into account racial ethnic aspects, makes it possible to develop health education strategies that respect the cultural and social aspects of this community, so that the actions can be successful, which is a great challenge for the professionals involved.

RESUMEN Objetivo: comprender la percepción de las adolescentes que viven en la comunidad Quilombola sobre el embarazo no planificado y sus repercusiones en la vida comunitaria. Metodología: investigación descriptiva, cualitativa utilizando el método creativo y sensible a través de la dinámica de la creatividad y la sensibilidad: Acortando distancias y conocimiento corporal. Los participantes fueron adolescentes residentes en una comunidad Quilombola en el área rural del municipio de São Mateus, Espírito Santo (Brasil). Las reuniones tuvieron lugar los fines de semana, los tres domingos de diciembre de 2018. Los resultados fueron organizados por el software Iramuteq® y las imágenes y narrativas fueron desarrolladas por el método de análisis de contenido. Resultados: participaron nueve adolescentes, católicos, solteros, con un ingreso familiar menor a un salario mínimo, que viven en su propia casa y viven de la agricultura de subsistencia, que tienen acceso al servicio público de salud, que utilizan cuando se enferman. El software demostró que las palabras "embarazada" y "trabajo" son fundamentales para sus narrativas. Las experiencias de las adolescentes se expresaron en las siguientes categorías: Repercusión del embarazo para las adolescentes de la comunidad Quilombola; Derechos de las mujeres embarazadas en la comunidad; y Comportamiento de familias y adolescentes hacia el embarazo. Conclusión: la comprensión del embarazo no planeado, tomando en cuenta los aspectos étnicos raciales, permite desarrollar estrategias de educación en salud que respeten los aspectos culturales y sociales de esta comunidad, para que las acciones sean exitosas, lo cual es un gran desafío para los profesionales. involucrado.

RESUMO Objetivo: compreender a percepção de adolescentes residentes em comunidade Quilombola quanto à gravidez não planejada e suas repercussões na vida em comunidade. Metodologia: pesquisa descritiva, qualitativa utilizando o método criativo e sensível por meio das dinâmicas de criatividade e sensibilidade: Encurtando Distâncias e Corpo Saber. Participaram adolescentes residentes em comunidade Quilombola de zona rural do município de São Mateus, Espírito Santo (Brasil). Os encontros ocorreram nos finais de semanas, três domingos do mês de dezembro de 2018. Os resultados foram organizados pelo software Iramuteq® e as imagens e narrativas desenvolvidas pelo método de análise de conteúdo. Resultados: participaram nove adolescentes, católicos, solteiros, com renda familiar de menos de um salário mínimo, residentes em casa própria e que vivem da agricultura de subsistência. Possuem acesso ao serviço público de saúde, que utilizam, quando adoecem. O software demonstrou que as palavras "gravidar" e "trabalhar" são centrais em suas narrativas. As experiências e vivências dos adolescentes foram expressas pelas categorias: Repercussão da gravidez para os adolescentes na comunidade Quilombola; Direitos da gestante na comunidade; e Comportamento das famílias e dos adolescentes frente à gravidez. Conclusão: a compreensão da gravidez não planejada, levando em consideração aspectos étnicos raciais, possibilita elaborar estratégias de educação em saúde que respeite os aspectos culturais e sociais dessa comunidade, para que se tenha êxito nas ações, sendo esse um grande desafio para os profissionais envolvidos.

Género y juventudes Argentinas: ¿de qué estamos hablando cuando hablamos de "el problema del embarazo adolescente"? / Gender and Argentine youth: what are we talking about when we speak of "the problem of adolescent pregnancy"? / Gênero e juventudes Argentinas: do que estamos falando quando falamos sobre "o problema da gravidez na adolescência"?

Resumen Este artículo buscará echar luz acerca del embarazo adolescente como problema. A través de un recorrido histórico por fuentes bibliográficas, periodísticas y de un corpus de le- yes, se intentará dar cuenta de la naturalización propia del enfoque habitual en esta temática. Un punto central en la pregunta que nos orientará, concierne a la inclusión de la voz de lxs involucradxs, con el fin de pensar estrategias para acompañarlxs en ese momento (entendién- dose como una necesidad imperiosa para lxs mismxs).

Abstract This article examines the issue of adolescent pregnancy as a problem. Through a historical journey across journalistic sources and a legal corpus, the authors show the current naturalization when this topic is addressed. A guiding issue is the inclusion of the voices of those involved, to think about strategies that keep them company (which is understood as an important demand from the adolescents).

Resumo Este artigo examina o "problema da gravidez na adolescência". Por meio de um per- curso histórico por fontes bibliográficas, jornalísticas e um corpus de leis, tentaremos mostrar a naturalização da abordagem tradicional sobre o tema da gravidez ocorrida na adolescência. A questão que nos orienta levará em consideração a inclusão da voz dos envolvidos/as no que se refere a pensar estratégias para acompanhá-los/as (entendendo isso como uma necessidade imperiosa para os/as mesmos/as).

Percepções Maternas Sobre o Tornar-se Avó no Contexto da Gravidez na Adolescência / Maternal Perceptions About Becoming Grandmother in the Context of Teenage Pregnancy / Percepciones Maternas Acerca del Volverse Abuela en el Contexto del Embarazo en la Adolescencia

O presente estudo objetivou conhecer as percepções de 12 mulheres na faixa etária dos 29 aos 55 anos sobre o processo de tornar-se avó no contexto da gravidez adolescente. As informações foram coletadas em quatro Unidades Básicas de um município do Interior do Rio Grande do Sul por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas. As análises das informações basearam-se no modelo teórico da Grounded Theory. Os resultados evidenciaram que o momento de tornar-se avó foi permeado por sentimentos e pensamentos negativos e positivos. As participantes não imaginavam que seriam avó neste momento de suas vidas. Para elas, ser avó é ser uma segunda mãe da criança. Ressalta-se a necessidade de maior atenção aos familiares envolvidos no contexto da gravidez adolescente, o que pode contribuir para entendimento da dinâmica familiar dos adolescentes, aspecto importante no planejamento, controle e execução de programas e intervenções de prevenção à gravidez na adolescência e estímulo da participação dos pais nas ações e orientações relativas a conversar sobre sexualidade nesta fase da vida. Sugere-se a realização de estudos com a percepção das avós maternas e paternas, bem como os avôs maternos e paternos no contexto da gravidez adolescente. (AU)

This study aimed to acknowledge the perceptions of 12 women in the age group of 29 to 55 years old about the process of becoming a grandmother in the context of teenage pregnancy. Information was collected in four Primary Healthcare Centers in an inland town of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, through semi-structured interviews. Data analysis was based on the theoretical model of Grounded Theory. Results showed that the moment of becoming a grandmother was filled of negative and positive feelings and thoughts. Participants have not conceived being grandmothers at this point of their lives. For them, being a grandmother is like being a second mother of the child. It is highlighted the need for greater attention to family members involved in the context of teenage pregnancy, which might contribute to comprehend the family dynamics of adolescents, an important aspect in planning, control and execution of programs and interventions to prevent teenage pregnancy and stimulate parental involvement in actions and guidelines for discussing sexuality at this stage of life. For further studies, it is suggested the investigation of maternal and paternal grandparents perceptions in the context of teenage pregnancy. (AU)

Esta investigación buscó conocer las percepciones de 12 mujeres entre 29 a 55 años sobre el proceso de volverse abuela en el contexto del embarazo adolescente. Las informaciones fueron recogidas en cuatro Centros de Salud Primaria de una ciudad del interior de la provincia de Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas. El análisis de las informaciones se fundamentó en el modelo teórico de la Teoría Fundamentada. Los resultados indican que el momento de volverse abuela fue enredado por sentimientos y pensamientos negativos y positivos. Las participantes no imaginaban que iban a ser abuelas en este momento de sus vidas. Para ellas, ser abuela es ser una segunda madre del niño. Se subraya la necesidad de una mayor atención a los familiares involucrados en el contexto del embarazo adolescente, lo que puede contribuir a la comprensión de la dinámica familiar de los adolescentes, aspecto importante a la planificación, control y ejecución de programas e intervenciones de prevención al embarazo adolescente y estímulo de la participación de los padres en acciones y orientaciones con relación al dialogar sobre sexualidad con adolescentes. Se sugiere la realización de estudios sobre la percepción de abuelas y abuelos maternos y paternos en el contexto del embarazo adolescente. (AU)

Panorama nacional del embarazo precoz en México: lecciones aprendidas en un sexenio / National panorama of adolescent pregnancy in Mexico: lessons learned in a six-year period

Resumen En el mundo, el embarazo adolescente constituye un grave problema de salud pública de índole multifactorial. Específicamente para la mujer conlleva diversas implicaciones educativas, económicas y sociales que afectan su proyecto de vida y amplían las brechas sociales en este grupo etario. Asimismo, las adolescentes son más vulnerables por el riesgo en salud que implica un embarazo a corta edad; según la Organización Mundial de la Salud, “la probabilidad de muerte materna es dos veces más en las adolescentes respecto a las mujeres que se encuentran entre los 20 y 30 años de edad, y para las menores de 15 años los riesgos son cinco veces mayores”. En general, las y los adolescentes experimentan una gran necesidad de educación en temas sobre salud sexual y reproductiva, la cual debe dirigirse al aumento de información y conocimientos sobre el uso correcto y acceso a métodos anticonceptivos modernos, así como a desmitificar los temores y creencias en torno a sus posibles efectos secundarios. Asegurar una consejería adecuada y con personal capacitado es igualmente vital. Las instituciones públicas tienen la responsabilidad social de respaldar los esfuerzos encaminados a prevenir el embarazo adolescente, con base en las líneas de acción y políticas sanitarias.

Abstract Globally, adolescent pregnancy constitutes a serious public health problem of a multifactorial nature. Specifically for women, it entails various educational, economic and social implications that affect their life project and widen the social gaps in this age group. Furthermore, adolescent girls are more vulnerable because of the health risk involved with pregnancy at a younger age. According to the World Health Organization, “the probability of maternal death is twice as high in adolescents in comparison with women aged between 20 and 30 years, and for those younger than 15 years, the risks are 5 times higher.” In general, adolescents are in great need for education on sexual and reproductive health issues, which should be aimed at increasing information and knowledge about correct use and access to modern contraceptive methods, as well as at demystifying fears and beliefs around their possible side effects. Ensuring proper counseling with trained personnel is equally vital. Public institutions have a social responsibility to support efforts aimed at preventing adolescent pregnancy, based on relevant lines of action and health policies.

Intervención educativa sobre salud sexual en estudiantes de medicina / Sexual health educational intervention in medical students

Resumen Introducción: La Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México creó el Programa de Prevención de Embarazo en Adolescentes, dirigido a estudiantes. Objetivo: Determinar el perfil de la salud sexual-reproductiva de estudiantes de medicina mediante un cuestionario diagnóstico y de quienes participaron en una intervención educativa de sexualidad (tres módulos). Método: Participaron estudiantes del primer año de la carrera, ciclo 2017-2018. Se consideró que el estudiante fue capacitado cuando cursó al menos un módulo. Resultados: Contestaron el cuestionario 1157 estudiantes, 21.9 % participó en al menos un módulo, 43.1 % había iniciado vida sexual y 25 % recibió la intervención educativa. El 20 % no usó condón en su última relación y se observó alta prevalencia de relaciones sexuales bajo el influjo de alcohol. Conclusiones: Es importante promover competencias específicas en sexualidad entre quienes serán los futuros médicos.

Abstract Introduction: The National Autonomous University of Mexico Faculty of Medicine created the Adolescent Pregnancy Prevention Program, which is aimed at students. Objective: To determine the sexual-reproductive health profile of medical students through a diagnostic questionnaire and of those who participated in an educational intervention on sexuality (three modules). Method: First-year undergraduate students, schoolyear 2017-2018, participated. Students were considered to be trained when they took at least one module. Results: The questionnaire was answered by 1157 students, 21.9 % participated in at least one module, 43.1% had initiated sexual activity and 25 % received the educational intervention. Not having used a condom in their last intercourse was identified in 20 %, and a high prevalence of intercourse under the influence of alcohol was observed. Conclusions: It is important for specific sexuality competences to be promoted among those who will be doctors in the future.