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1.
Rev. colomb. ciencias quim. farm ; 49(2): 482-497, May-Aug. 2020. tab, graf
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1144363

RESUMO

SUMMARY The oleoresin produced by species of genus Protium sp. is rich in alpha and betaamyrins, two triterpenes with many pharmacogical activities. Considering the need to make the improved obtainment of these products feasible, this study sought to optimize techniques for the extraction and isolation of amyrins from resin. Two methods of extraction (maceration and sonication) with different solvents were compared to direct isolation from crude resin. The isolation of triterpenes was performed by chromatographic columns and the yields of extracts and fractions were analyzed by analysis of variance. The best extraction solvent for amyrins was hexane for both maceration and sonication methods (38.16±2.06% and 37.67±8.21%, respectively). There was no statistical difference between these methods and the direct method (32.05±2.40%). Additionally, the direct method is cheaper and more environmentally friendly. Thus, this study showed that it is possible to obtain a large quantity of amyrins by means of cheap, fast and ecological methods.


RESUMEN La oleorresina producida por especies del género Protium sp. es rica en amirinas alfa y beta, dos triterpenos con muchas actividades farmacológicas. Esta investigación buscó optimizar las técnicas de extracción y aislamiento de amirinas de la resina para hacer factible la obtención mejorada de esos productos. Se compararon dos métodos de extracción (maceración y sonicación) con diferentes solventes con aislamiento directo de la resina cruda. El aislamento de los triterpenos se realizó mediante columnas cromatográficas y los rendimientos de extractos y fracciones fueron hechos mediante análisis de varianza. El mejor solvente para la extracción de amirinas fue el hexano para ambos métodos de maceración y sonicación (38,16±2,06% y 37,67±8,21%, respectivamente). No hubo diferencia estadística entre estos métodos y el método directo (32,05±2,40%). Además, el método directo es más barato y ecológico. De este modo, esta investigación demostró que es posible obtener una gran cantidad de amirinas a través de métodos rápidos, baratos y ecológicos.

2.
Salud ment ; 39(1): 25-35, ene.-feb. 2016. tab, graf
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: biblio-830799

RESUMO

Resumen: ANTECEDENTES: La función cerebral resulta de la actividad eléctrica en redes glío-neuronales, integradas de forma activa por interacciones sensoriales, motoras y reguladores. Redes que oscilan desde la infancia y se modulan por diversos factores de maduración, incluyendo procesos educativos. OBJETIVO: Identificar el espectro de potencia separado en delta (δ), theta (θ), alfa 1 (α1), alfa 2 (α2), beta 1 (β1) y beta 2 (β2) y su topografía en los hemisferios cerebrales de niños, jóvenes y adultos para establecer indicadores EEGc. MÉTODO: Se estudiaron tres grupos de 16 participantes: niños en primaria (GN), estudiantes de licenciatura (GL) y de maestría (GM). Los padres y los participantes otorgaron su consentimiento. En el aparato Nicolet se registró el EEG utilizando el sistema 10/20. Se analizaron muestras bipolares, con T Fourier se obtuvo la potencia absoluta (PA), se calculó su promedio (PPA), la potencia relativa (PR) y los índices de frecuencias lentas/rápidas. Las diferencias se evaluaron con Kruskal Wallis y la comparación de Dunnet para sub-grupos. RESULTADOS: El PPA de seis frecuencias fue mayor en GN que en GL y GM. En éstos fue similar con excepciones, relacionadas con la distribución topográfica. El índice δ/α fue mayor en GN con particular distribución topográfica y θ/α fue más variable. La PR de α fue mayor en GL y GM comparados con GN, la de θ y de δ en algunas derivaciones, fueron mayores en el GN. DISCUSIÓN Y CONCLUSIÓN: En la maduración cerebral disminuye la PA debido a la integración de más ensambles glío-neuronales, que presentan mayor asimetría en determinada frecuencia. Estos perfiles establecen indicadores para compararlos con futuros registros EEG.


Abstract: ANTECEDENTS: Cerebral function results from the electrical activity in glial-neuronal networks, integrated proactively through sensory, motor, and regulating interactions. These networks oscillate since early life and are modulated by diverse maturation factors, including educational processes. OBJECTIVE: To identify the power spectrum separated in delta (δ), theta (θ), alfa 1 (α1), alfa 2 (α2), beta 1 (β1) y beta 2 (β2), and their topography in cerebral hemispheres of children, youngsters, and adults to establish qEEG indicators. METHOD: We studied three groups of 16 participants each: elementary school children (CG), undergraduate students (UG), and graduate students (GG). Parents and participants granted their consent. The EEG was recorded (Nicolet) following the 10/20 system. Bipolar samples were analyzed. Absolute power (AP) was obtained with Fourier transform; its average (AAP) relative power (RP), and slow/fast frequencies and indices were calculated. Differences were assessed with Kruskal Wallis and Dunnet's comparison for subgroups. RESULTS: The AAP of six frequencies was higher in CG than in UG and GG. Frequencies were similar with exceptions correlating with topographic distribution. The δ/α index was higher in CG with a particular topographic distribution, θ/α varied more. RP of α was higher in UG and GG than in CG; that of θ and δ were higher in some leads of CG. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: During cerebral maturation, AP diminishes due to integration of more glial-neuronal ensembles, presenting greater asymmetry in a giving frequency. These profiles establish indicators for comparison with future EEG recordings.

3.
Rev. biol. trop ; 59(2): 935-968, jun. 2011. ilus, graf, tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-638131

RESUMO

Alfa and beta diversity of reptilian assemblages in Zapatosa wetland complex, Colombia. Diversity is a property of community that can described, characterized, and understood according to the functioning of ecosystems. To study the richness and local abundance and species replacement between habitats around the Zapatosa’s wetland complex (El Cesar Department), I carried out four field trips between November of 2006 and October of 2007. A total of 640 sampling hours/man analyzed five habitat types chasmophyte forest, dry forest, riparian forest, palm-grove and tree-lined savanna; with the exception of the palm-grove sampled at its 75%, the others were sampled up to their 80%. I found 847 reptiles that were distributed in 48 species. The group with the highest number of species was Colubridae with 14, followed by Gekkonidae with five. Five endemic species and eight with some conservation threat grade at a national level a re reported. The riparian forest was the richest and most abundant habitat with 34 species and 196 individuals. For each habitat, Colubridae had the highest number of species, followed by the families Polychrotidae, Gekkonidae and Teiidae, in that order. The reptile species composition was not different between the tree-lined savanna and the chasmophyte forest, but differed among the tree-lined savanna and the riparian forest, palm-grove and dry forest habitats. The most important differences in the species composition among almost all the habitats were influenced by the species Anolis tropidogaster and Gonatodes albogularis, and the higher occurrence of Stenocercus erythrogaster in the chasmophyte forest. The species replacement had an average value of 50%; the biggest amounts of shared species were the lizards, while the snake Leptodeira septentrionalis was the only one present in all habitat types. The forest grows-among-rocks showed the biggest complementarity and number of unique species compared to the other ...


La diversidad es una propiedad de las comunidades, permite describir, caracterizar y entender el funcionamiento de los ecosistemas. Para estudiar la riqueza, abundancia y el recambio de especies de reptiles entre hábitats circundantes al complejo cenagoso de Zapatosa, se realizaron cuatro salidas de campo (noviembre de 2006 y octubre de 2007). Se invirtieron 640h/hombre de muestreo repartido en cinco tipos de hábitat: bosque casmófito, bosque seco, bosque de ribera, palmar y sabana arbolada. Se encontraron 847 individuos de 48 especies, la familia más rica fue Colubridae, se registraron cinco especies endémicas y ocho con algún grado de amenaza en conservación a nivel nacional. El hábitat más diverso fue el bosque de ribera. La representatividad del muestreo en total y para cada hábitat fue superior al 80%, con excepción del palmar (<75%). La composición de especies fue diferente entre la sabana arbolada y los hábitats bosque de ribera, palmar y bosque seco. El recambio promedio de especies fue del 50%. El bosque casmófito mostró la mayor complementariedad y número de especies únicas. El complejo cenagoso presentó 2/3 de los reptiles registrados hasta hoy para la región Caribe y más del 80% de los encontrados para el departamento del Cesar.


Assuntos
Animais , Biodiversidade , Répteis/classificação , Áreas Alagadas , Colômbia , Densidade Demográfica
4.
Salud ment ; 32(6): 459-467, nov.-dic. 2009. graf
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: lil-632661

RESUMO

During waking, stimuli activate the sensory pathways giving rise to sensation and the response to such stimulation. The electrobiochemical changes and modifications in EEG rhythms event-related synchronization or event-related desynchronization, ERD or ERS) propagated in the specific and unspecific cortex are added to the changes elicited by the responses and to the new signals originated by those same responses, bringing about perception. Diverse factors can alter these glialneuronal circuits, producing alterations in attention processes (ADD) and in the integration with their meaning. The inability to identify signals and integrate correct coordinated responses leads to deficiencies in responding to the environment and to associated morbidities that are added to ADD. ADD and its associated morbidities cause high social and economic impacts and, even more so, because of their persistence into adolescence and adulthood. Therefore, highly accurate diagnostic procedures are needed for these diseases. According to the CIE-10, in the clinical setting symptoms are analyzed without studying the neuro-developmental and neuro-degenerative signs that identify alterations in neuronal circuits. As is known, behavior (including motivation, memory, thoughts) results from the Central Nervous System (CNS) activity, and the EEG records the electrical activity of neurons and synapses of the cerebral cortex, where cognitive processes are most likely to take place. To establish more accurate diagnostic procedures for ADD, we are integrating an electronic database, considering the intensity and cerebral distribution of theta (θ), alpha (α), and beta (β) rhythms. We propose that the ERD of α and β reflects a cortical activation that gives rise to sensory-motor coordination processes. The first stimulations induce ERD, and their repetitions produce its decrement (ERS): ERD habituation. In addition, this ERD to ERS change might be reversed when giving meaning to the stimulation. We present herein the changes in θ, α, and β rhythms induced by repeated photostimulation (RPS), with the same characteristics, that, when presented, requires the subject to press a knob. Hundred-twenty-four children were studied at the Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación (INR, for its initials in Spanish) in Mexico City. Children were of either gender and aged from 3 to 15 years, separated in four groups of 3-year intervals. During clinical exploration, we searched for possible delays in physical-emotional-intellectual development, epilepsy, and medical or psychological treatments during the last six months, which were considered exclusion factors. Parents were briefed on the study, explaining them that the procedure had a low-risk nature and allowed for the analyzis of the electrical activity of the brain. Once having understood and accepted the procedure, they signed the informed consent form prepared by the institution. Children were explained <> work and that the procedure caused no pain at all. They were asked to close their eyelids during the recordings, and to remain as motionless as possible. The exclusion factors left a sample of 94 children for the habituation analysis and of 47 for the simple conditioning procedures. The EEG was recorded in dorsal decubitus position, with a digital 24-channel electroencephalograph, according to the 10/20 international system. In addition, we recorded eye movements and the EKG. After 5-min recordings with closed eyelids, photo-stimulation was started at 5 flashes per second during 2s, repeated 20 times (RPS), at 21 to 25 sec. intervals. After finishing the series, 5 min rest were provided, and then a round device with a knob was placed in the children's hands, telling them to press the knob at the start of the RPS and to release it at the end. Analyses were performed with 1.6 to 40 Hz bandwidth filters. From the bipolar leads, samples recorded 2 sec. before, during, and after the 1st, 5th, 10th, 20th associations (PS-knob pressing) were manually chosen. For conditioning analyses, we also measured the response latency. The Fourier's FT was applied to the samples and the absolute potency (AP) was calculated for θ (4.0 to 7.5 Hz), α (8.0 to 12.5 Hz), and β (13 to 20 Hz). The average of these frequencies was obtained for each hemisphere (Right, RH; Left, LH) and for both (BH). Wilcoxon's test for related samples was used with (α > 0.05 as significant. Analyses of the AP of the three frequencies in all children revealed a background activity below 10 µV². The first RPS produced a decrease in the AP of θ and α, with an increase in β in BH. At the 5th RPS, θ and α continued to decrease along with an increase in β. At the 10th RPS, θ and α decreased less but the increase in β persisted. At the 15th RPS, θ continued to decrease but α increased in the LH and decreased somewhat in the RH, whereas β continued its increase in BH. At the 20th RPS, the AP of θ and a decreased in BH, but the difference was smaller than that recorded during the previous RPS. The AP of β continued to increase in BH. The most relevant aspects are: a) in G-1 (children aged 3 to 6 years), the AP of the three frequencies is higher, predominating θ, which is twice the magnitude of that of the whole group; b) the 1st PS produced an increase in the AP of all three frequencies, which was not recorded in the other groups (children aged 6.5 to 15 years); c) in G-4 (children 12.5 to 15 years of age), the 1st and 5th PS produced a clear diminution in the AP of θ and a (ERD), which was smaller at the 10th RPS and reversed at the 15th and 20th RPS (ERS). After indicating to the children that with each RPS they would have to press a knob, the background activity increased to 12 µV². During the 1st association (assoc), the AP of θ and α decreased with a slight decrease in β; the response latency was 930 ms. At the 5th assoc, θ decreased together with a small increase in a and β, and the response latency decreased to 750 ms. On the 10th and 15th assoc, the three frequencies increased and the latency decreased to 650 and 640 ms, respectively. On the 20th assoc, the AP increase of each rhythm was smaller, and the latency increased to 750 ms. The EEG analysis per group revealed a higher AP for 0 in the smaller children that decreased along increasing age together with a relative increase in a, which reached its maximal value in G-4. In the four groups, the RPS induced an undulating tendency towards a decrease in the EEG desynchronization that represents habituation, being more noticeable in G-4. Although the reached synchronization level did not reflect a better inhibition, as described in adults, it suggested that, in these children, the inhibitory activity on sensory control has not yet developed completely. Another important finding is that in G-1, the 1st RPS induced and increase in θ and α that was not observed in the other groups.


Algunos cambios del ambiente activan las vías sensoriales generando la sensación y la respuesta a dicha estimulación. Los cambios electrobioquímicos modifican el EEG que al propagarse en la corteza cerebral se suman a los potenciales que generan las respuestas y éstas producen nuevas señales que dan lugar a la percepción. Diversos factores pueden alterar la organización de esos circuitos glioneuronales produciendo trastornos de la atención (TDA), de su integración con su significado, lo que regula el tipo e intensidad de respuestas adecuadas al contexto social. La discapacidad de estas funciones genera comorbilidades que se suman al TDA. Estas enfermedades son de alto impacto socio-económico y cultural y lo son más cuando persisten en la adolescencia y la adultez. Por esto es necesario desarrollar metodologías diagnósticas de alta precisión. Actualmente se acepta que la conducta integral resulta de la actividad del Sistema Nervioso (SN). El EEG registra la actividad eléctrica de las neuronas de la corteza cerebral donde se realizan procesos cognitivos. Para caracterizar el EEG estamos integrando, en una base de datos electrónica, la intensidad y distribución cerebral de los ritmos delta (Δ), theta (θ), alfa (α) y beta (β). Proponemos que la desincronización (DRE) refleja la activación cortical, base de los procesos de coordinación sensoriomotora. Las primeras estimulaciones producen DRE que, al repetirse, disminuyen la habituación de la DRE. Además, es posible que se invierta este cambio DRE a sincronización (SRE) al darle significado a la misma estimulación. En este trabajo se presentan los cambios de θ, α y β ante la fotoestimulación repetida y cuando el sujeto tiene que presionar un botón al inicio de dicha estimulación. Sujetos y método Se atendieron 124 niños, de tres a 15 años, separados en cuatro grupos con intervalos de tres años. En el interrogatorio clínico se indagó el posible retraso del desarrollo físico-emocional-intelectual, de epilepsia o tratamientos médicos o psicológicos convirtiéndose en factores de exclusión. A los niños, delante de los padres, se les explicó cómo funciona su cerebro, que el estudio no produce dolor, que estarán acostados con los párpados cerrados (OC), permaneciendo lo más inmóviles posible, los padres al comprenderlo y aceptar firmaron la autorización. Los factores de exclusión dejaron 94 niños para análisis de habituación y 47 para condicionamiento. El EEG se registró utilizando los montajes bipolares A-P parasagitales del sistema internacional 10/20, además se registraron los movimientos oculares y el EKG. El sujeto con OC se fotoestimulaba 20 veces (FR a 5/s X 2s). Después de 5 min de terminada la serie se les ponía en la mano dominante un aditamento con un botón, indicándoles que lo apretaran al inicio de cada FR y lo liberaran al terminarse (asociaciones). El análisis se efectuó con filtro de 1.6 y 40 Hz. Seleccionando manualmente, de la 1era, 5ª, 10ª 15ª y 20ª FR muestras de registros bipolares de 2s antes, durante y después. Para el condicionamiento se agregó la medición de la latencia de la respuesta. Se aplicó la TRF y se calculó la Potencia Absoluta (PA) de θ (4.0-7.5 Hz), α (8.0-1 2.5 Hz) y β (1 3-20 Hz), se obtuvo el promedio en cada hemisferio (HI, HD) y de ambos (AH). Se utilizó la prueba de Wilcoxon con α >0.05. Resultados El promedio de la PA de la actividad de fondo, de todos los niños, está por debajo de 10 µV². La 1era FR disminuye la PA de θ y de α con incremento de β en AH. En la 5ª FR disminuye θ y α con incremento de β. En la 10° disminuye menos θ y α, persistiendo el incremento de β. En la 15ª continúa la disminución de θ, pero aumenta α en el HI y disminuye en el HD. En AH se incrementa β. En la 20° se vuelve a disminuir θ y α en AH; sin embargo, el rango de la diferencia es menor que el registrado en anteriores FR. La PA de β sigue aumentando en AH. El análisis por grupo muestra que en el G-1, la PA de los tres ritmos es mayor, con predominio de θ, siendo del doble del grupo total. En la 1era FR incrementa la PA de los 3 ritmos, lo cual no se registró en los otros grupos. En el G-4, la 1era y 5ª FR disminuyen la PA de θ y de α (DRE), siendo menor la disminución en la 10ª y se invierte en la 1 5ª y 20ª (SER). Consecutivamente a la explicación de que con la FR deben presionar el botón, se incrementa el promedio de la PA a 12 µV² en promedio de la muestra. En la 1era Aso disminuye la PA de 6 y de θ incluyendo una discreta disminución de β, la latencia es de 930 ms. En la 5ª Aso disminuye θ con pequeño incremento de θ y α y la latencia es de 750 ms. En la 10ª y 15ª continúa el incremento de los tres ritmos y la latencia disminuye a 650 y 640 ms, respectivamente. Mientras que en la 20ª el incremento de la PA de cada ritmo es menor y la latencia se incrementa a 750 ms.

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