The research of liver failure in Banna miniature pigs caused by amanita exitialis / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

Objective: To explore the characteristics of Banna miniature pig liver failure induced by amanita exitialis. Methods: From September to October 2020, a reverse high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method was used to determine the toxin content of amanita exitialis solution, and 2.0 mg/kg amanita exitialis solution (α-amanitins+β-amanitins) was administered orally to Banna miniature pigs. Toxic symptoms, blood biochemical indexes and histopathological changes of liver, heart and kidney were observed at each time point. Results: All Banna miniature pigs died within 76 h of exposure, and different degrees of digestive tract symptoms such as nausea, vomiting and diarrhea appeared between 6 and 36 h. The biochemical indexes of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, total bilirubin, lactate dehydrogenase, myoglobin, creatine kinase isoenzyme, blood urea nitrogen and creatinine increased significantly at 52 h after exposure, and the differences were statistically significant compared with 0 h (P<0.05). The bleeding of liver and heart was obvious under macroscopic and microscopic observation, hepatocyte necrosis, renal tubule epithelial cell swelling. Conclusion: Large dose of amanita exitialis can cause acute liver failure of Banna miniature pigs, which is in line with the pathophysiological characteristics of acute liver failure, and lays a foundation for further research on the toxic mechanism and detoxification drugs of amanita exitialis induced liver failure.

Cytotoxicity of 4 Wild Mushrooms in a Case of Yunnan Sudden Unexplained Death / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To explore the cytotoxicity of four wild mushrooms involved in a case of Yunnan sudden unexplained death (YNSUD), to provide the experimental basis for prevention and treatment of YNSUD.@*METHODS@#Four kinds of wild mushrooms that were eaten by family members in this YNSUD incident were collected and identified by expert identification and gene sequencing. Raw extracts from four wild mushrooms were extracted by ultrasonic extraction to intervene HEK293 cells, and the mushrooms with obvious cytotoxicity were screened by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8). The selected wild mushrooms were prepared into three kinds of extracts, which were raw, boiled, and boiled followed by enzymolysis. HEK293 cells were intervened with these three extracts at different concentrations. The cytotoxicity was detected by CCK-8 combined with lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) Assay Kit, and the morphological changes of HEK293 cells were observed under an inverted phase contrast microscope.@*RESULTS@#Species identification indicated that the four wild mushrooms were Butyriboletus roseoflavus, Boletus edulis, Russula virescens and Amanita manginiana. Cytotoxicity was found only in Amanita manginiana. The raw extracts showed cytotoxicity at the mass concentration of 0.1 mg/mL, while the boiled extracts and the boiled followed by enzymolysis extracts showed obvious cytotoxicity at the mass concentration of 0.4 mg/mL and 0.7 mg/mL, respectively. In addition to the obvious decrease in the number of HEK293 cells, the number of synapses increased and the refraction of HEK293 cells was poor after the intervention of Amanita manginiana extracts.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The extracts of Amanita manginiana involved in this YNSUD case has obvious cytotoxicity, and some of its toxicity can be reduced by boiled and enzymolysis, but cannot be completely detoxicated. Therefore, the consumption of Amanita manginiana is potentially dangerous, and it may be one of the causes of the YNSUD.

Investigation on a case of Amanita neoovoidea poisoning / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

This paper reported a case of poisoning caused by ingestion of Amanita neoovoidea. The patient experienced nausea, vomiting, oliguria, acute renal function injury, and was discharged after symptomatic support treatment and blood purification treatment. Given the different toxicity of different mushrooms, species identification of poisonous mushrooms can help clinicians in diagnosis and treatment.

Correlation analysis of clinical indicators and liver failure-related prognostic score associated with prognosis in patients with amanita phalloides poisoning / 中华危重病急救医学

Objective:To analyze and compare the clinical indicators and the liver failure-related prognostic score of patients with amanita phalloides poisoning with different prognoses, and to explore potential prognostic indicators.Methods:A retrospective case-control study was conducted. The clinical data of 52 patients with amanita phalloides poisoning admitted to the department of emergency of Xijing Hospital Affiliated to Air Force Medical University from September 2016 to September 2021 were collected, including general information (gender, age), clinical indicators at admission [mean arterial pressure (MAP), total bilirubin (TBil), aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), albumin (ALB), serum creatinine (SCr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatine kinase (CK), D-dimer, fibrinogen degradation product (FDP), prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), prothrombin activity (PTA), international normalized ratio (INR), white blood cell count (WBC), platelet count (PLT)], liver failure-related prognostic score [sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA), chronic liver failure (CLIF)-SOFA score, European Foundation for the Study of Chronic Liver Failure-organ failure (CLIF-C OF)], and 28-day outcome. The clinical indicators and liver failure-related prognostic scores of the patients with different prognoses were compared. Receiver operator characteristic curve (ROC curve) was used to determine the prognostic value of statistically significant indicators between different prognosis of patients with amanita poisoning.Results:A total of 45 patients were enrolled, of which 38 survived and 7 died within 28 days. The coagulation indicators including PT, APTT, INR, and liver failure-related prognostic scores including SOFA score, CLIF-SOFA score, and CLIF-C OF score in the patients of death group were significantly higher than those in the survival group [PT (s): 69.59±15.94 vs. 25.99±4.64, APTT (s): 83.44±17.82 vs. 42.64±3.79, INR: 6.13±1.47 vs. 2.07±0.33, SOFA score: 11.57±1.38 vs. 6.03±0.77, CLIF-SOFA score: 9.86±2.17 vs. 5.55±0.67, CLIF-C OF score: 11.71±0.97 vs. 8.37±0.35], and PLT was significantly lowered (×10 9/L: 80.57±29.65 vs. 169.60±11.80, all P < 0.05). ROC curves showed that coagulation indicators including PT, APTT, INR, PLT, and liver failure-related prognostic scores including SOFA score and CLIF-C OF score were associated with the prognosis of patients with amanita phalloides poisoning, with the area under the ROC curve (AUC) of > 0.75. The sensitivity of the clinical indicators was above 85%, and the AUC and specificity of INR were the highest, which were 0.88 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) was 0.74-1.00] and 83.0%, respectively; meanwhile, the sensitivity of the liver failure-related prognostic scores was 100%, and the AUC and specificity of the CLIF-C OF score were the highest, which were 0.86 (95% CI was 0.74-0.99) and 66.0%, respectively. Conclusion:INR and CLIF-C OF score can be used to evaluate the poor prognosis of patients with amanita phalloides poisoning.

Micetismos: Parte 4: Síndromes tempranos con síntomas complejos / Mushroom poisonings. Part 4: early-onset syndromes with complex symptoms / Intoxicações por cogumelos. Parte 4: Síndromes precoces com sintomas complexos

En esta Parte 4 de la serie de cuatro artículos sobre micetismos se analizan los síndromes que se caracterizan por presentar un período de latencia muy corto, con la aparición de síntomas complejos en menos de 6 horas después de la ingestión de los macromicetos. Se discuten los siguientes micetismos: 1) Toxíndrome muscarínico o colinérgico periférico por especies de Inocybe y Clitocybe. 2) Toxíndrome inmunohemolítico o hemolítico por Paxillus. 3) Toxíndrome neumónico alérgico por Lycoperdon perlatum y por Pholiota nameko. 4) Toxíndrome panterínico o neurotóxico glutaminérgico por compuestos isoxazólicos o síndrome pantherina/muscaria. 5) Toxíndrome coprínico o cardiovascular. 6) Toxíndrome neurotóxico alucinogénico por psilocibina y derivados indólicos. 7) Toxíndrome psicotrópico por estirilpironas y gimnopilinas de Gymnopilus spectabilis o G. junonius. 8) Toxíndrome agudo de rabdomiólisis por Russula subnigricans. 9) Toxíndrome cianogénico por Marasmius oreades. 10) Toxíndrome inmunosupresor por tricotecenos macrocíclicos de Podostroma cornu-damae. 11) Toxíndrome hemolítico debido a ostreolisina de Pleurotus ostreatus y especies relacionadas. Se analizan los síntomas, las toxinas involucradas, los mecanismos de acción, cuando se conocen, y las especies causantes de los micetismos.

This Part 4 of the series of four articles on mushroom poisonings refers to early-onset syndromes, which are characterized by a very short latency period, and the appearance of complex symptoms in less than 6 hours after mushroom ingestion. The following mycetisms are discussed, (1) Peripheral cholinergic, or muscarinic syndrome due to Inocybe and Clitocybe species. (2) Immunohaemolytic or haemolytic syndrome by Paxillus. (3) Allergic pneumonic syndrome due to Lycoperdon perlatum, and Pholiota nameko. (4) Glutaminergic neurotoxic, or pantherinic syndrome by isoxazole compounds or pantherina/muscaria syndrome. (5) Coprinic or cardiovascular syndrome. (6) Hallucinogenic neurotoxic syndrome due to psilocybin and indole derivatives. (7) Psychotropic syndrome by styrylpirones and gymnopilins of Gymnopilus spectabilis or G. junonius. (8) Rhabdomyolysis acute syndrome due to Russula subnigricans. (9) Cyanogenic syndrome by Marasmius oreades. (10) Immunosuppressive syndrome by macrocyclic trichothecenes of Podostroma cornu-damae. (11) Haemolytic syndrome due to ostreolisine of Pleurotus ostreatus, and related species. The symptoms, toxins involved, mechanisms of action, when known, and the species of mushrooms responsible for the mycetisms are analyzed.

Nesta parte 4 da série de quatro artigos sobre intoxicação por cogumelos são analisadas síndromes que se caracterizam por apresentar um período de latência muito breve, com aparecimento de sintomas complexos em menos de 6 horas após a ingestão dos macromicetos. As seguintes intoxicações com cogumelos são discutidas: (1) Toxíndrome muscarínico ou colinérgico periférico por espécies de Inocybe e Clitocybe. (2) Toxíndrome imuno-hemolítica ou hemolítica por Paxillus. (3) Toxíndrome pneumônica alérgica por Lycoperdon perlatum e por Pholiota nameko. (4) Toxíndrome panterínica ou neurotóxica glutaminérgica por compostos isoxazólicos ou síndrome pantherina/muscaria. (5) Toxíndrome coprínica ou cardiovascular (6) Toxíndrome neurotóxico-alucinogênica por psilocibina e derivados indólicos. (7) Toxíndrome psicotrópica por estirilpironas e gimnopilinas de Gymnopilus spectabilis ou G. junonius. (8) Toxíndrome aguda de rabdomiólise por Russula subnigricans. (9) Toxíndrome cianogênica por Marasmius oreades. (10) Toxíndrome imunossupressora por tricotecenos macrocíclicos de Podostroma cornu-damae. (11) Síndrome hemolítica por ostreolisina de Pleurotus ostreatus e espécies relacionadas. São analisados os sintomas, as toxinas envolvidas, os mecanismos de ação, quando conhecidos, e as espécies de cogumelos responsáveis pelas intoxicações.

Wild Edible Mushrooms Depict a Dissimilar Biogeographical Distribution in Humid Forests of Cameroon

For millennia, wild edible mushrooms (WEM) had always been considered as substantial food and medicinal sources, for local communities, both Bantu and indigenous peoples. However, few information and sparse data are available on useful mushrooms of Cameroon. A study was undertaken to update the checklist of WEM in humid forests of Cameroon. From mushroom excursions, surveys and inventories, thousand fungal specimens were collected in situ, described and identified using key features and references. Wild edible mushrooms were recruited in three trophic groups. They denoted a dissimilar national biogeographical distribution. Saprophytes and Termitomyces were encountered throughout the country; ectomycorrhizal mushrooms occurred in forest clumps, only in three regions: South, Southeast and Southwest. 117 WEM were listed belonging to 17 families and 43 genera, including nearly 22 Termitomyces, 32 ectomycorrhizal and 63 saprophyte species. 15 WEM were also claimed to have medicinal properties. This vast mushroom diversity related to various specific habitats and ecological niches. Five fungal groups were considered as excellent edible. Amanita and Boletus species were seldom consumed. Most mushroom species were harvested solely for home consumption, with the exception of Termitomyces, the only marketed mushroom. In fine, the diversity of WEM was high but poorly known and valorized. To fulfill the Nagoya convention, it is recommended to pursue mycological inventory of macrofungi in Cameroon, including the use of molecular tools and to cultivate local wild edible saprophyte mushrooms.

Micetismo: reporte de dos casos fatales y revisión bibliográfica / Mycetism: Report of two fatal cases and review of the literature

Justificación:El micetismo es la intoxicación producida por la ingestión de setas silvestres, que puede presentarse clínicamente con diferentes síndromes toxicológicos, dependiendo de la especie de hongo involucrada y sus toxinas. Su importancia médicolegal radica en que la ingesta puede ocurrir de manera accidental, homicida o suicida. Objetivo: Revisar aspectos relevantes sobre el micetismo, para el reconocimiento de síndromes toxicológicos asociados a la ingesta de setas. Metodología:Se revisaron diferentes bases de datos utilizando las palabras clave: micetismo, Amanita phalloides, autopsia médicolegal, abordaje diagnóstico. Resultados:A. phalloides, contiene amatoxinas causantes de insuficiencia hepática aguda y las falotoxinas responsables de manifestaciones gastrointestinales 10 horas después de la ingesta, característica del síndrome tóxico faloidiano. Los casos que se describen corresponden a dos femeninas de la misma familia, una mujer adulta 36 años embarazada y su hija de seisaños, procedentes de una comunidad rural en la parte central de Honduras, que fallecieron después de la ingestión de setas silvestres y cuyas autopsias se realizaron en la Dirección de Medicina Forense de Tegucigalpa, para establecer la causa de muerte. En la historia médico legal se consignó que los hongos fueron cocinados por la madre y consumidos por ella y su hija. Conclusión:Es recomendable la capacitación continuade los médicos de emergencia en hospitales, para el reconocimiento de síndromes toxicológicos asociados a la ingesta de setas, con el propósito de tratar oportunamente estos pacientes y ofrecerles mejor oportunidad de sobrevivir...(AU)

L-DOPA extradiol dioxigenase de amanita muscaria: revisão da sequência codificadora, expressão heteróloga, caracterização funcional e contextualização filogenética / Amanita muscaria L-DOPA extradiol dioxygenase: coding sequence review, heterologous expression, functional characterization, and phylogenetic context

Extradiol dioxigenases são enzimas que catalisam a clivagem oxidativa de ligações C-C entre grupos hidroxila fenólicos adjacentes utilizando catecóis como substratos. Esta classe de enzimas é bem caracterizada em bactérias, onde catalisam a degradação de compostos aromáticos. Na maioria das plantas Caryophyllales, como a beterraba, primavera e a maravilha, L-3,4-diidroxifenilalanina (L-DOPA) extradiol dioxigenases (DODAs) catalisam a clivagem oxidativa de L-DOPA na posição 4,5 gerando o ácido betalâmico, aldeído precursor das betalaínas, uma classe de pigmentos naturais que substitui as antocianinas na pigmentação dessas espécies. Alguns fungos basidiomicetos também produzem betalaínas, como o agário-das-moscas (Amanita muscaria). Nesse organismo, DODA é capaz de catalisar uma clivagem adicional na posição 2,3 da L-DOPA, formando muscaflavina, um isômero do ácido betalâmico que dá origem a uma outra classe de pigmentos naturais: as higroaurinas. Desde a caracterização do gene dodA, o qual codifica para a DODA de A. muscaria (AMAMU), não existem relatos na literatura que explorem a promiscuidade catalítica desta enzima, sua relação com outras linhagens de DODAs e a síntese quimioenzimática de betalaínas a partir desta enzima. Dessa forma, buscamos contextualizar as relações filogenéticas e funcionais entre AMAMU e diferentes linhagens de DODAs, bem como estabelecer um método que viabilize a clonagem, expressão heteróloga e caracterização funcional destaenzima. As análises filogenéticas revelaram que AMAMU possui uma evolução convergente com DODAs de plantas e bactérias e que, apesar de AMAMU ser funcionalmente homóloga à DODA da bactéria Escherichia coli, esta última apresenta homologia com DODAs de plantas. Logo, não há uma relação direta entre a sequência primária de DODAs e sua função. Nós também demonstramos que não há uma relação entre a expressão de transcritos de BvDODA1, e de seu parálogo BvDODA2, e a diferença de pigmentação entre variedades de beterrabas amarelas e vermelhas. A clonagem da sequência codificadora (CDS) publicada para o gene dodA de A. muscaria resultou na retenção do primeiro íntron, o que impedia a sua expressão. Então, uma nova CDS de 558 nucleotídeos foi proposta para este gene, a qual inclui um códon de início da tradução que se mantém na fase de leitura e codifica para uma proteína de 185 resíduos, 43 a menos que AMAMU. A expressão desta CDS resultou na proteína recombinante AmDODA, capaz de catalisar a síntese de ácido betalâmico e muscaflavina a partir de L-DOPA e D-DOPA. AmDODA possui um tamanho aproximado de 22 kDa, com um pH ótimo de atividade de 8,5 e uma constante de Michaelis (KM) de 3,7 ± 0,9 mmol L-1 e de velocidade máxima (Vmax) de 3,3 ± 0,4 µ mol min-1 mg-1. Sua utilização foi demonstrada na síntese quimioenzimática de betalaínas-modelo com potencial aplicação como sondas para microscopia confocal de fluorescência de dois fótons. Neste contexto, esta Tese explora os aspectos moleculares, bioquímicos e biológicos da DODA do fungo A. muscaria e traz importantes contribuições acerca da pigmentação por betalaínas na natureza

Extradiol dioxigenases are enzymes that catalyze the oxidative cleavage of C-C bonds between adjacent phenolic hydroxyl groups using catechols as substrates. This class of enzymes is well characterized in bacteria, where they catalyze the degradation of aromatic compounds. In most plants of the Order Caryophyllales, such as beet, paperflower and four o'clock flower, L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) extradiol dioxygenases (DODAs) catalyze the oxidative 4,5-cleavage of L-DOPA generating the betalamic acid, an aldehyde precursor of the betalains, a class of natural pigments that replaces anthocyanins in the pigmentation of these species. Some basidiomycete fungi also produce betalains, such as the fly agaric (Amanita muscaria). In this organism, DODA is able to catalyze an additional 2,3-cleavage of L-DOPA, yielding muscaflavine, an isomer of betalamic acid that gives rise to another class of natural pigments: the hygroaurins. Since the characterization of the dodA gene, which encodes the A. muscaria DODA (AMAMU), there are no reports in the literature that explore the catalytic promiscuity of this enzyme, its relation to other DODAs and the chemoenzymatic synthesis of betalains from this enzyme. Thus, we seek to contextualize the phylogenetic and functional relationships between AMAMU and different DODA lineages, as well as to establish a method that enable the cloning, heterologous expression and functional characterization of this enzyme. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that AMAMU has a convergent evolutionwith plant and bacterial DODAs and that although AMAMU is functionally homologous to the DODA of the Escherichia coli bacteria, this latter is homologous to the plant DODAs. Therefore, there is no direct relationship between the primary sequence of DODAs and their function. We have also shown that there is no relationship between the expression of BvDODA1 transcripts, and its BvDODA2 paralogue, and the pigment difference between yellow and red beet varieties. Cloning of the published coding sequence (CDS) for the dodA gene of A. muscaria resulted in the retention of the first intron, which prevented its expression. Then, a new CDS of 558 nucleotides was proposed for this gene, which includes a translation start codon that remains in the open reading frame and encodes for a protein 185 residues long, 43 less than AMAMU. Expression of this CDS resulted in the recombinant AmDODA protein, able to catalyze the synthesis of betalamic acid and muscaflavine from L-DOPA and D-DOPA. AmDODA has an approximate size of 22 kDa, with an optimum activity pH of 8.5 and a Michaelis constant (KM) of 3.7 ± 0.9 mmol L-1 and a maximum velocity (Vmax) of 3.3 ± 0.4 µmol min-1 mg-1. Its use was demonstrated in the chemoenzymatic synthesis of betalains-model with potential application as probes for confocal microscopy of two-photon fluorescence. In this context, this thesis explores the molecular, biochemical and biological aspects of the DODA of the fungus A. muscaria and brings important contributions about the pigmentation by betalains in nature

Diversidad de hongos micorrícicos en bosques de Pinus caribaea en Poptún, Guatemala / Diversity of mycorrhizal fungi in Pinus caribaea forests in Poptún, Guatemala

Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis (Sénéc.) W. H. Barrett & Golfari es una especie mesoamericana cuyo hábitat natural en Guatemala se está reduciendo aceleradamente por deforestación, aumento de ganadería y producción de cultivos de subsistencia. Además, los hongos ectomicorrícicos asociados, fundamentales para su supervivencia, han sido muy poco estudiados. Este es un estudio descriptivo que contiene información acerca de la diversidad de hongos micorrícicos recolectados en rodales de P. caribaea del municipio de Poptún, Petén, durante los años 1997-1998 y 2013- 2016, del uso de algunos de esos hongos como inóculo micorrícico, de identificación molecular de dos especies de Lactarius y de importantes aspectos etnomicológicos locales. Se encontró que existen especies endémicas, como Boletus guatemalensis, predominancia de boletales y russulales, diversidad fúngica semejante a la del sureste del país, poco uso de hongos comestibles silvestres y el primer registro de Amanita persicina (anteriormente A. muscaria var. persicina) en las tierras bajas mayas de Guatemala, con importantes aportes etnomicológicos. Aunque la diversidad debe ser mucho mayor a la encontrada, es aconsejable proseguir las recolectas, la identificación taxonómica de las especies locales y promover la conservación y reforestación con esta singular especie de pino a nivel municipal

Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis (Sénéc.) W. H. Barrett & Golfari is a Mesoamerican species whose natural habitat in Guatemala is being quickly reduced by deforestation, increase of livestock and subsistence crops. The mycorrhizal fungi associated with them, fundamental for their survival, had not been studied before. In this study it is presented a short report of the ectomycorrhizal fungi diversity collected in the stands of P. caribaea in the village of Poptún, Petén, between the years 1997-1998 and 2013-2016. Endemic species, such as Boletus guatemalensis, and predominance of boletales and russulales, were found. The fungal diversity presents more similarities to the one found in the southeast of the country, compared to the diversity of the west highlands. The first record of Amanita persicina (previously A. muscaria var. persicina) in the Mayan lowlands of Guatemala is reported, as well as related important ethnomycological findings. Nevertheless, it is expected higher diversity in the area, therefore, further research is recommended, regarding the taxonomic identification of the different species and the conservation and reforestation of the area with this pine species

Hepatotoxicidad por Amanita lilloi, reporte de primeros casos / Amanita lilloi hepatotoxicity, first cases report

Se presentan dos casos clínicos de intoxicación por A. lilloi, hongos silvestres, que fueron recolectados por quienes los consumieron. Ambas pacientes desarrollaron sintomatología digestiva y evolucionaron a la falla hepática. La consulta tardía retrasó el diagnóstico y el tratamiento, pero igualmente la evolución de ambas pacientes fue favorable.

Two clinical cases of poisoning A. lilloi, wild mushrooms, which were collected by those who consumed themdebe, are presented. Both patients developed gastrointestinal symptoms and progressed to liver failure. The late consultation delayed diagnosis and treatment, but nevertheless the evolution of both patients was favorable.

Amanita diemii singer y amanita merxmellueri bresinsky & garrido (agaricales, basidiomycota), las amanitas comestibles de Chile / Amanita diemii singer and amanita merxmuelleri Bresinsky & garrido (agaricales, basiodiomycota), the edible amanitas of Chile

Se presenta una breve revisión del género Amanita Pers. y posteriormente, se describen los caracteres macromorfológicos de las especies nativas comestibles Amanita diemii Singer y Amanita merxmuelleri Bresinsky & Garrido, las cuales se encuentran distribuidas desde la Región del Maule hasta la Región de Magallanes asociadas a especies del género Nothofagus Blume.

A brief review of the genus Amanita Pers. is presented and then the characters macromorphological of edible native species Amanita diemii Singer and Amanita merxmuelleri Bresinsky & Garrido, which are distributed from the Maule Region to the Magallanes Region described associated with Nothofagus Blume species.

Falla hepática aguda y otros trastornos causados por el consumo de amanita phalloides / Acute liver failure and other disorders caused by eating amanita phalloides

A pesar de ser una patología rara la intoxicación por hongos puede llegar a ser potencialmente mortal, principalmente si se habla del Amanita phalloides, el cual contiene toxinas capaces de producir alteraciones gastrointestinales y falla hepática aguda. La amatoxina, uno de sus componentes es letal a dosis de 0.1 mg/kg y el manejo posterior a su ingesta no cuenta con pautas claramente establecidas, el mismo va a depender del tiempo que haya transcurrido desde la ingesta del hongo y puede llegar a ser tan invasivo como un trasplante hepático.

Despite it is a rare disease, the fungus poisoning can be lethal, mainly if it is with Amanita phalloides. This fungus have toxins that produce gastrointestinal alterations and acute liver failure. The amatoxin is one of its main components, its letal dosis is 0,1mg/kg and it doesn't have a established treatment, the outcome depends of the elapsed time between the ingest of the fungus and the medical treatment, which can be even a liver transplant.

Stabilization of Chronic Lymphatic Leukemia with Amanita phalloides: Effect of Additional Chelidonium majus. Case Report.

Objectives: Amanita phalloides contains amanitin, inhibiting RNA polymerase II. Partial inhibition with amanitin influences tumor cell - but not normal cell - activity. A patient with diagnosed B-cell chronic lymphatic leukemia was treated successfully for eight years with Amanita phalloides. However, the necessary dose for stabilization of the disease increased during this time. In addition thrombocyte levels decreased, indicating bone marrow affection. Therefore additional regimen was necessary. Methods: Chelidonium majus contains alkaloids with cytostatic and cytotoxic potential. In addition to Amanita, Chelidonium was applied. Results: During treatment with Amanita and Chelidonium, leukocyte levels and lactate-dehydrogenase levels were roughly unaffected, meaning there is no strong effect on tumor growth of cells, and no observable cell destruction. Anyhow, thrombocyte levels increased after the Chelidonium treatment, indicating an effect in the bone marrow. Conclusion: Chelidonium majus can be useful during Amanita therapy as a pulse to regenerate bone marrow affection.

Experimental study on acute hepatotoxicity in beagles induced by Amanita exitialis / 中华急诊医学杂志

Objective To establish acute hepatotoxic model induced by Amanita exitialis and to study the characteristics of acute toxic liver failure induced by mushrooms containing peptide toxins,in hope for providing some help to experimental research on poisoning induced by mushrooms containing peptide toxins.Methods UPLC-MS/MS (Ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry) method was used to detect peptide toxins in Amanita exitialis.To establish acute toxic liver hepatic failure model,the beagles were fed with 60 mg/kg of lyophilized powder of Amanita exitialis fungus which encapsulated in starch capsules.Toxic sighs were observed,coagulation function,hepatic and renal function,liver histopathological morphology,peptide toxin concentration in plasma and urine were detected during the experiment.Results Total peptide toxins in Amanita exitialis was (3 482.6 ± 124.94) mg/ kg.All the beagles had toxic signs including vomiting and diarrhea in 12-48 h after ingestion.On 24 h after ingestion,the beagles' ALT,AST,TBIL,ALP,PT and APTT levels increased obviously.On 36 h after ingestion,the beagles' ALT,AST,PT and APTT values reached their peaks (ALT:283.2 ± 112.9 Kallmann unit;AST:223.9 ±93.8 Kallmann units;PT:132.9 ± 152.6 s;APTT:131.4 ± 153.9 s).On 48 h after ingestion,the beagles' TBIL and ALP levels reached their peaks (TBIL:23.3 ± 14.6 mol/L;ALP:274.5 ± 115.5 U/L).The beagles' TBIL,TP and APTT returned to normal 1 week after ingestion,their ALT,AST and ALP levels returned to normal 3 weeks after ingestion.Three dogs died during 24-72 h after ingestion.Liver histopathological morphology study showed hemorrhagic necrosis of hepatocytes.Peptide toxins can be detected in plasma within 24 h after ingestion.Peptide toxins can be detected in urine within 96 h after ingestion.Conclusion Amanita peptide toxins can cause hemorrhagic necrosis of liver cells and lead to acute liver failure.This model is consistent with clinical pathophysiological process of acute toxic liver failure induced by mushrooms containing peptide toxins,and it can be applied to the study of diagnosis and treatment of poisoning induced by mushrooms containing peptide toxins.

Actividad antioxidante de extractos de diez basidiomicetos comestibles en Guatemala / Antioxidant activity of extracts of ten edible basidiomycetes in Guatemala

Los antioxidantes son esenciales en el cuerpo humano para prevenir el daño oxidativo. Estas sustancias pueden obtenerse de diferentes fuentes como frutas, plantas y hongos. En Guatemala, diversas especies de hongos comestibles son comercializadas y consumidas, sin embargo su actividad antioxidante no ha sido documentada en el país. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la actividad antioxidante de extractos acuosos y etanólicos obtenidos de diez especies de basidiomicetos comestibles (Agaricus aff. bisporus, Agaricus brunnescens, Armilla-riella polymyces, Amanita garabitoana, Boletus edulis, Cantharellus lateritius, Laccaria amethystina, Lactarius deliciosus, Neolentinus ponderosus y Pleurotus ostreatus). Se utilizó un método cualitativo por cromatografía en capa fina (CCF) y tres ensayos macrométricos in vitro de cuantificación de fenoles totales, reducción del radical 1,1-difenil-2-pricrilhidrazilo (DPPH) y decoloración del radical catiónico del reactivo ácido 2,2’-azinobis-(acido-3-etilbenzotiazolina-6-sulfónico)(ABTS). Los extractos acuosos mostraron mayor actividad antioxidante que los extractos etanólicos en todas las técnicas cuantitativas realizadas. La especie que mostró mayor actividad antioxidante en ambos extractos fue B. edulis, cuyos resultados en el extracto acuoso fueron: fenoles totales 93.46 ± 18.17 mg/g, DPPH CI 50 0.93 mg/mL (IC95% 0.65-1.28) y en ABTS CI50 0.96 mg/mL (IC 95% 0.63-1.35); los resultados en el extracto etanólico fueron: Fenoles totales 42.70 ± 3.48 mg/g, DPPH CI50 2.75 mg/mL (IC 95% 2.46-3.07) y 4.13 mg/mL (IC 95% 2.67-5.88). Se evidencia de esta forma que las especies de basidiomicetos estudiadas presentan actividad antioxidante por lo cual pueden ser una fuente potencial de antioxidantes naturales.

Antioxidants are essential in the body to prevent oxidative damage. These antioxidant substances are obtained from different sources such as fruits, plants and mushrooms. In Guatemala, diverse species of mushrooms are commercialized and consumed, however their antioxidant activity has not been documented in Guatemala. The goal of this study aimed to determine the antioxidant activity of aqueous and ethanolic extracts obtained from edible basidiomycete’s species: Agaricus aff. bisporus, A. brunnescens, Armillariella polymyces, Amanita garabitoana, Boletus edulis, Cantharellus lateritius, Laccaria amethystina, Lactarius deliciosus, Neolentinus ponderosus and Pleurotus ostreatus. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) was used as a qualitative method to determine the presence of antioxidant activity, subsequently, three in vitro macrometric assays were used: the quantification of total phenolics, reduction of 1,1-diphenyl-2-pricrilhidrazil (DPPH) radical, and discoloration of the acid reagent 2.2 ‘-azinobis-(acid-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical cation. Aqueous extracts exhibited higher antioxidant activity than ethanolic in all the quantitative techniques used. The specie that showed greater antioxidant activity in both extracts was B. edulis, whose results of aqueous extract were as follows: Total phenolics 93.46 ± 18.17 mg/g , DPPH IC50 0.93 mg/mL (CI95% 0.65-1.28) and ABTS IC50 0.96 mg/mL (CI95% 0.63-1.35); results of ethanolic extract were: Total phenolics 42.70 ± 3.48 mg/g, DPPH IC50 2.75 mg/mL (CI95% 2.46-3.07) and ABTS IC50 4.13 mg/mL (CI95% 2.67-5.88). Based in the result of the study all the basidiomycete’s species that were evaluated have antioxidant activity, therefore, are potential sources of natural antioxidants.

Borrelia Infection Appears as Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: Therapy with Amanita phalloides and Terebinthina laricina.

Background: To date, Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) has been viewed as a malignant disease with tumor growth of cells. This hypothesis should be reviewed. Methods: A patient diagnosed with CLL is treated with Amanita phalloides, containing amanitin, inhibiting specifically tumor cell activity without affecting normal cells. Despite initial leukocyte cell count decrease, further therapy fails after eight months. He suffers from severe symptoms of inflammation, not specific for CLL. Additional Borrelia infection is diagnosed and Terebinthina laricina is applied. Results: Herxheimer reaction occurs some weeks later, accompanied by continuous leukocyte cell count drop to normal range within four months, even after stopping Amanita therapy. All symptoms of borreliosis and CLL vanished. Conclusion: CLL might be induced by a Borrelia-infection. This should be considered in diagnostic and therapeutic regimen.

Four New Species of Amanita in Inje County, Korea

Amanita (Agaricales, Basidiomycota) is one of the most well-known genera composed of poisonous mushrooms. This genus of almost 500 species is distributed worldwide. Approximately 240 macrofungi were collected through an ongoing survey of indigenous fungi of Mt. Jeombong in Inje County, Korea in 2014. Among these specimens, 25 were identified as members of Amanita using macroscopic features. Specimens were identified to the species level by microscopic features and molecular sequence analyses of the internal transcribed spacer and large subunit of nuclear ribosomal RNA. We molecularly identified 13 Amanita species, with seven species matching previously recorded species, four species (A. caesareoides, A. griseoturcosa, A. imazekii, and A. sepiacea) new to Korea, and two unknown species.

Severe but reversible acute kidney injury resulting from Amanita punctata poisoning

Mushroom-related poisoning can cause acute kidney injury. Here we report a case of acute kidney injury after ingestion of Amanita punctata, which is considered an edible mushroom. Gastrointestinal symptoms occurred within 24 hours from the mushroom intake and were followed by an asymptomatic period, acute kidney injury, and elevation of liver and pancreatic enzymes. Kidney function recovered with supportive care. Nephrotoxic mushroom poisoning should be considered as a cause of acute kidney injury.

Intoxicación con Amanita phalloides: serie de tres casos / Amanita phalloides poisoning: series of three cases

Se presenta una serie de tres casos de pacientes adultos con intoxicación por Amanita phalloides, ocurridos entre los años 2010 y 2011. Dos pacientes eran de sexo masculino, de 40 y 75 años de edad, y la mujer de 65 años. En todos los casos se asoció el cuadro clínico a la práctica de recolección casera de hongos para preparación de alimentos (actividad sostenida durante más de 10 años en todos los casos). La recolección se realizó en zonas de robles en un caso, y en zonas de castaños en los otros dos casos. En los tres casos la consulta se realizó entre las 16 y 36 h de la ingesta. Los tres pacientes desarrollaron diarrea, hepatopatía y falla hepática sin encefalopatía. A todos se les realizó tratamiento con carbón activado seriado, aspirado duodenal y penicilina endovenosa. El trasplante hepático fue necesario en uno de los casos. No hubo secuelas hepáticas en ninguno de los pacientes. Conclusiones: la práctica de recolección de hongos silvestres para consumo humano es un hábito riesgoso si se realiza por personas inexpertas en el reconocimiento de las especies tóxicas. Si bien la intoxicación por A. phalloides es un cuadro poco frecuente, su alta morbimortalidad hace indispensable el reconocimiento temprano y abordaje oportuno por parte de los médicos.

We present a series of three cases of Amanita phalloides poisoning in adult patients admitted during the period 2010 - 2011. Two patients were males of 40 and 75 years old, and the third was a woman of 65 years old. In all cases, the poisoning was associated with the home practice of collecting wild mushroom for cooking (activity traditionally carried out for more than 10 years in all cases). Mushroom collection was carried out in areas of oak trees for one case, and in areas of chestnuts trees in the two other cases. In all three cases the admission took place between 16 and 36 hours from intake. All three patients developed diarrhea, liver disease and liver failure without encephalopathy. All patients received treatment with activated charcoal (serial administration), duodenal aspiration and intravenous penicillin. Liver transplantation was necessary in one case. There were no hepatic sequelae in any patients. Conclusions: The practice of collecting wild mushrooms for human consumption is a risky habit if performed by people untrained in recognition of toxic species. While poisoning with A. phalloides is uncommon, its high mortality makes indispensable its early recognition and treatment by physicians.

Four Newly Recorded Amanita Species in Korea: Amanita sect. Amanita and sect. Vaginatae

We collected nearly 70 specimens of Amanita species during a diversity study of Korean mushrooms conducted in 2012. In this study, we primarily investigated 23 Amanita specimens belonging to sections Amanita and Vaginatae. Based on sequence data of the internal transcribed spacers and partial large subunit of ribosomal RNA and morphological characteristics, we identified the following 15 phylogenetic species: A. alboflavescens, A. ceciliae, A. farinosa, A. fulva, A. griseofolia, A. ibotengutake, A. melleiceps, A. orientifulva, A. pantherina, A. rubrovolvata, A. sinensis, A. subglobosa, A. vaginata, A. cf. vaginata f. alba, and an undescribed Amanita species. In this study, four of the identified Amanita species (A. griseofolia, A. ibotengutake, A. orientifulva, and A. sinensis) were reported for the first time in Korea.