Caracterización de Sistemas de Producción Industrial de Pollo de Engorde en el Departamento de Santander-Colombia / Characterization of Broiler Production Systems in Santander Province-Colombia / Caracterização dos Sistemas deProdução Industrial de Frango de Corte no Departamento de Santander-Colômbia

Resumen Introducción: La producción de pollo de engorde es de gran interés para el departamento de Santander dada su alta participación dentro del PIB pecuario, lo que lo constituye en el principal centro avícola nacional. Es importante conocer las condiciones bajo las cuales se realiza la producción de pollo de engorde e identificar el potencial que tienen estos sistemas de producción. Objetivo: caracterizar los sistemas de producción industrial de pollo de engorde ubicados en el departamento de Santander. Materiales y métodos: Para el desarrollo del trabajo se contó con información proveniente de 79 predios avícolas los cuales se encontraban ubicados en 4 provincias: Metropolitana, Soto, Guanentá y Yariguíes. Se realizó un análisis de clúster y se generó un índice de adopción tecnológica. Resultados: Se encontró que existe variación en la adopción de tecnologías, siendo las más frecuentes las tecnologías blandas. Santander obtuvo un índice de adopción tecnológica bajo. Conclusiones: El sector avícola del departamento de Santander posee un bajo índice de adopción tecnológica, lo cual sugiere la necesidad de evaluar el efecto que esto tiene sobre los resultados productivos con miras al incremento de la productividad a largo plazo en la zona.

Abstract Introduction: Broiler production is of great interest to Santander given its high participation in the livestock GDP of this province, which makes it the main Colombian poultry center. It is important to know the conditions under which broiler production takes place and to identify the potential of these production systems. Objective: To characterize the industrial broiler production systems located in Santander province. Methods: Information from 79 poultry farms located in 4 provinces (Metropolitana, Soto, Guanentá and Yariguíes) was used. A cluster analysis was performed, and a technology adoption index was generated. Results: Variations in technology adoption were observed. The most frequently adopted were soft technologies. The technology adoption rate for the overall province was low. Conclusions: The poultry sector of the department of Santander has a low technology adoption index, which suggests the need to evaluate the effect that this has on the productive results, with a view to increasing productivity in the long term.

Resumo Introdução: A produção de frangos de corte é de grande interesse para o departamento de Santander, devido à sua elevada participação no PIB da pecuária, o que o torna como o principal pólo avícola nacional. É importante conhecer as condições em que ocorre a produção de frangos de corte e identificar o potencial que esses sistemas de produção possuem. Objetivo: Caracterizar os sistemas de produção industrial de frangos de corte localizados no departamento de Santander. Materiais e Métodos: Para o desenvolvimento do trabalho, foram disponibilizadas informações de 79 granjas avícolas localizadas em 4 províncias: Metropolitana, Soto, Guanentá e Yariguíes. Uma análise de cluster foi realizada e um índice de adoção de tecnologia foi gerado. Resultados: Constatou-se que há variação na adoção de tecnologias, sendo as mais frequentes as tecnologias leves. O Santander obteve um baixo índice de adoção de tecnologia. Conclusões: O setor avícola do departamento de Santander tem um baixo índice de adoção tecnológico, o que sugere a necessidade de avaliar o efeito que isso tem nos resultados produtivos, com vistas a aumentar a produtividade no longo prazo.

Análisis multidimensional de la evolución de la pandemia de la COVID-19 en países de las Américas / Multidimensional analysis of the evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic in countries of the Americas / Análise multidimensional da evolução da pandemia da COVID-19 em países das Américas

RESUMEN Objetivo. Evaluar la evolución de pandemia de la COVID-19 entre los países de las Américas, comparando datos de los sistemas de salud previo a la llegada del virus a la Región, frente a los casos y muertes acumuladas antes del despliegue de las estrategias de inmunización de la población, y el estado actual de la vacunación. Métodos. Se realizo un análisis multivariante HJ-Biplot y análisis de cluster, para 28 países de la Región de las Américas, en tres momentos del tiempo: diciembre de los años 2019, 2020 y 2021. Resultados. En el continente americano se observa heterogeneidad en las acciones implementadas para contener la pandemia, la cual se refleja en diferentes grupos de naciones. Conclusiones. No todos los países de la Región de las Américas contaban con las condiciones de salubridad necesarias para afrontar la contención de la COVID-19. A cierre de 2019 Estados Unidos, Canadá, Brasil y Cuba se observaban con ventajas frente a los demás países de la Región, sin embargo, la pertinencia de las acciones implementadas durante el año 2020 para contener la pandemia, generaron diferentes grupos de países según la prevalencia de contagios y muertes. En tal momento, Bolivia, Ecuador y México, presentaban niveles críticos de letalidad. A cierre de 2021, tras la implementación de los planes de vacunación, Argentina, Brasil, Canadá, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Panamá, Estados Unidos y Uruguay registran más del 60% de su población con el esquema de vacunación completo.

ABSTRACT Objective. To evaluate the evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic in countries of the Americas, comparing health system data from before the appearance of the virus in the Region, accumulated cases and deaths before the deployment of public immunization strategies, and the current state of vaccination. Methods. An HJ-Biplot multivariate analysis and cluster analysis were performed for 28 countries in the Region of the Americas at three points in time: December 2019, December 2020, and December 2021. Results. In the Americas, heterogeneity was observed in the actions implemented to contain the pandemic, and this was reflected in different groups of countries. Conclusions. Not all countries in the Region of the Americas had the health conditions necessary to contain COVID-19. At the end of 2019, the United States, Canada, Brazil, and Cuba had advantages over other countries in the Region; however, actions implemented during 2020 to contain the pandemic created different groups of countries in terms of the prevalence of infections and deaths. At the end of 2020, Bolivia, Ecuador, and Mexico had critical levels of mortality. At the end of 2021, after the implementation of vaccination plans, more than 60% of the population of Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Panama, the United States, and Uruguay had completed the vaccination schedule.

RESUMO Objetivo. Avaliar a evolução da pandemia da COVID-19 entre os países das Américas, comparando os dados dos sistemas de saúde antes da chegada do vírus à região em relação aos casos e mortes acumuladas antes da implementação de estratégias de imunização da população e a situação atual da vacinação. Métodos. Foi realizada uma análise multivariada HJ-Biplot e uma análise de agrupamentos para 28 países da região das Américas, em três períodos: dezembro de 2019, de 2020 e de 2021. Resultados. No continente americano, observa-se heterogeneidade nas ações implementadas para conter a pandemia, o que se reflete nos diferentes grupos de nações. Conclusões. Nem todos os países da região das Américas contavam com as condições sanitárias necessárias para conter a COVID-19. No fim de 2019, Estados Unidos, Canadá, Brasil e Cuba tinham uma vantagem sobre os demais países da região. No entanto, a pertinência das ações implementadas durante o ano de 2020 para conter a pandemia gerou diferentes grupos de países segundo a prevalência de contágios e mortes. Naquele momento, Bolívia, Equador e México apresentavam níveis críticos de letalidade. No fim de 2021, após a implementação dos planos de vacinação, Argentina, Brasil, Canadá, Chile, Colômbia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Panamá, Estados Unidos e Uruguai registravam mais de 60% de sua população com esquema vacinal completo.

Observatorios: clasificación y concepción en el contexto iberoamericano / Observatories: classification and conceptualization in the Ibero-American context

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo identificar los principales elementos a considerar en el diseño de un observatorio. Para esto se analizaron 61 observatorios de diversas temáticas, en su gran mayoría del contexto iberoamericano. La metodología empleada se estructuró en tres etapas, que partieron del análisis conceptual y los componentes principales de los observatorios; le siguieron su clasificación y las regularidades. Se plantearon las recomendaciones y los elementos básicos a definir para el diseño de los observatorios, entre los que se encuentran el objetivo, el alcance, los actores, los procesos y las salidas. En estas etapas se utilizan un conjunto de métodos y herramientas del análisis de la información y las redes sociales que contribuyen al estudio de los observatorios(AU)

The purpose of the study was to identify the main elements to be considered when designing an observatory. To achieve such a goal, analysis was conducted of 61 observatories of various topics, most of them from the Ibero-American context. The method used was structured into three stages: conceptual analysis and main components of the observatories, classification and regularities. Recommendations were made and a list of basic elements was provided which should be defined when designing the observatories, among them the objective, scope, actors, processes and outputs. Throughout these stages, use is made of a number of methods and tools for information and social network analysis which contribute to the study of observatories(AU)

Interacciones madre-bebé de alto riesgo: Una aplicación del análisis de clúster en dos contextos de interacción: UCIN y Consultorio de Seguimiento / Mother-high-risk infant interactions: An application of cluster analysis in two contexts of interaction: NICU and Follow-up Offices

Las interacciones tempranas pueden presentarse de manera diferente cuando se trata de bebés de alto riesgo, que requieren de cuidados especiales al nacer y deben permanecer internados durante su período neonatal. El objetivo de la investigación que se expone fue conocer el modo en que se desplegaban las interacciones madre-bebé de alto riesgo durante la internación en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Neonatales (UCIN) y en el Consultorio de Seguimiento para Niños de Alto Riesgo hasta los 12 meses de edad gestacional corregida de los infantes. La muestra estuvo formada por 36 díadas mamá-bebé de alto riesgo. Se administraron la Escala de observación de vínculo madre-bebé internado en UCIN y la Escala de observación del vínculo madre-hijo. Se utilizó la técnica estadística de Análisis de Clúster, que permitió agrupar a las díadas madre-bebé en función de las características de las interacciones en los dos contextos de observación. Los resultados permitieron distinguir díadas que tuvieron dificultades para interactuar, tanto en la UCIN como durante los controles médicos en el Consultorio de Seguimiento, otras que lograron mantener interacciones gratificantes en la UCIN y en el Consultorio de Seguimiento para Niños de Alto Riesgo, y otras que interactuaron de manera alternante durante el primer año de vida. La utilización de la técnica estadística de Análisis de Clúster resulta novedosa en nuestro medio y en especial en el área de la Psicología Perinatal. Esta técnica permite visualizar y agrupar de manera estadística a las interacciones en función de sus características.

Early interactions may be different in the case of high-risk infants who require special care at birth and must remain hospitalized during their neonatal period. These babies are at high-risk for sequelae, especially those with a history of prematurity, low birth weight, neonatal conditions and important psychosocial problems. At the birth of a child with some difficulty, parents experience a multiplicity of feelings that result in the vicissitudes of interactions and the mother-father-child bond. In these cases, there is a greater relational risk, which is why there are greater possibilities for the appearance of dysfunctional bonding modalities. The objective of the research that is exposed was to know the way in which mother-high-risk infant interactions were deployed during hospitalization at the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) and in the Follow-up Office for High-Risk Children up to 12 months corrected gestational age of infants. The sample is made up of 36 mother-high-risk baby dyads. We used the Mother-Child Bond Observation Scale in the NICU during the period of hospitalization of the baby in the NICU. Observations were made when the mother entered the NICU to see her child while in the incubator. The first observation of the dyad should be made during the first month of life of the baby, performing the following with intervals of two or three days in order to know if there were variations with the course of hospitalization time, maturation and growth of the baby. At follow-up, spontaneous mother-child interactions that occurred in the natural observational context of the High-Risk Child Follow-Up Office were evaluated using the Mother-Child Bond Observation Scale. It was observed monthly to each dyad during the 15-25 minutes of the pediatric visit. The statistical technique of Cluster Analysis was used, which allowed to group the mother-infant dyads according to the characteristics of the interactions in the two observational contexts. The results allowed us to distinguish dyads who had difficulty interacting both in the NICU and during the medical exam at the Follow-up Office; other dyads were able to maintain rewarding interactions in the NICU and in the Follow-up Office for High-risk Children. Finally, other dyads interacted alternately during the first year of life, either because they established satisfactory interactions during the infant's hospitalization in the NICU, although later these interactions became significantly impoverished during the first year of life. Or had difficulties in interacting in neonatal therapy, which decreased considerably after discharge, with frequent and rewarding interactions observed during the infant's follow-up in the first year of life. The importance of the application of Cluster Analysis in the field of research in Psychology lies in the possibility of visualizing and grouping in a statistical way, in our case, the interactions according to their characteristics, in two different moments such as Hospitalization in NICU and in the Office of Follow-up for High-Risk Children. The use of the statistical technique of Cluster Analysis is novel in our environment and especially in the area of Perinatal Psychology.