Effects of 6-week Circuit Training on Anaerobic Performance and Simple Reaction Time in Individuals with Intellectual Disability (ID) in Kelantan State (Kesan Latihan Litar Selama 6 Minggu Terhadap Prestasi Anaerobik dan Tindak Balas Masa Ringkas dalam Individu Kurang Daya Intektual (ID) di Negeri Kelantan) / Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia

@#Participation in exercise benefits health and fitness among Intellectual Disability (ID) individuals. Circuit training is one of the exercise programme that can be tailored by manipulating the intensity, time and types of exercise. The purpose of the present study is to examine the effects of six weeks of circuit training on anaerobic fitness and simple reaction time in ID individuals. Thirty participants with mild to moderate ID were selected from individuals who are registered with the Pusat Pemulihan dalam Komuniti (PDK) and Yayasan Orang Kurang Upaya (YOKUK) in the Kelantan state. Participants were randomly divided into Circuit Training and Control groups. Participants in Circuit Training group followed a circuit training exercise programme, two times per week for six weeks, whereas participants in Control group were not involved in circuit training and carried out their regular activities. The anaerobic peak power was significantly decreased (ƿ < 0.001) in Control group after six weeks. The anaerobic power of post-test was significantly improved (ƿ = 0.042) from the pre-test in Circuit Training group and it was also significantly higher (ƿ = 0.001) than Control group. There were no significant differences for the anaerobic capacity and simple reaction time between and within groups. Circuit training can be conducted to enhance anaerobic power in ID individuals, however longer participation may be needed to improve anaerobic capacity and simple reaction time.

Assessment of the upper limbs maximum power and the locomotion speed in amputee football players

Abstract Aim: The purpose of the study was to assess upper limbs' maximum power and locomotion speed among amputee football (amputee soccer) players. Methods: The 30-s Wingate Anaerobic test and the 20-m sprint test were performed. Anthropometric measurements and body composition (Body mass index (BMI), percentage of body fat (% BF), and lean body mass (LBM)) were examined. Results: BMI significantly differentiated forwards and defenders (p < 0.05). Peak power (PP) and mean power (MP) were related to LBM (p < 0.05), thus defenders reached higher values of PP, in comparison to forwards. % BF and BMI were related to relative mean power (rMP) (p < 0.05). Field position differentiated players in terms of upper limbs' relative peak power (rPP) in favour of forwards (p < 0.05). Age was a significant factor for speed velocity on 10 m and 20 m (p < 0.05). There was no relationship between upper limbs' power and locomotion speed. Conclusion: Body composition, especially % BF may influence on the anaerobic performance of amputee football players.

Comparison of body composition and aerobic and anaerobic performance between competitive cyclists and triathletes / Comparação da composição corporal, desempenho aeróbio e anaeróbio entre ciclistas e triatletas competitivos

The aim of this study was to compare anthropometric characteristics and aerobic and anaerobic fitness between competitive cyclists and triathletes. The sample consisted of 11 cyclists and 12 triathletes with experience in competitions. The tests were performed on two different days, with an interval of 48 h between sessions. On the first day, the athletes were submitted to anthropometric assessment (body mass, height, and skinfold thickness) and a maximal incremental test to determine maximal oxygen uptake, maximum power, maximum heart rate, maximum lactate, and the first (LL1) and second lactate threshold (LL2). The Wingate test was conducted on the second day to determine peak power, average power, and fatigue index. There were significant difference (p < 0.05), with medium effect size (0.80 - 1.5), in mid-thigh skinfold thickness (15.2 ± 6.3 and 10.5 ± 4.8 mm), power at LL1 (195.0 ± 30.9 and 162.7 ± 28.3 W), power at LL2 (247.6 ± 25.0 and 219.7 ± 37.9 W), and fatigue index (47.2 ± 13.0 and 60.1 ± 16.4%) between cyclists and triathletes, respectively. The other variables did not differ between groups. Anthropometric characteristics are similar in triathletes and cyclists. However, cyclists present higher power outputs at the lactate thresholds (LL1 and LL2) and lower fatigue indexes.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar as características antropométricas e aptidão aeróbia e anaeróbia entre ciclistas e triatletas competitivos. Participaram do estudo 11 ciclistas e 12 triatletas com experiência em competições esportivas. As avaliações foram realizadas em dois dias distintos, com intervalo de 48 h entre as sessões. No primeiro dia, foram realizados a avaliação antropométrica (massa corporal, estatura e dobras cutâneas) e um teste incremental máximo para determinação do consumo máximo de oxigênio, potência máxima, frequência cardíaca máxima, lactato máximo, primeiro limiar de lactato (LL1) e segundo limiar de lactato (LL2). No segundo dia, foi realizado um teste de Wingate para obter a potência pico, potência média e índice de fadiga. Houve diferença significativa (p < 0,05) e com tamanho de efeito moderado (0,80 - 1,5) para a dobra cutânea da coxa média (15,2 ± 6,3 e 10,5 ± 4,8 mm), potência no LL1 (195,0 ± 30,9 e 162,7 ± 28,3 W), potência no LL2 (247,6 ± 25 e 219,7 ± 37,9 W) e índice de fadiga (47,2 ± 13,0 e 60,1 ± 16,4 %) entre ciclistas e triatletas, respectivamente. As demais variáveis analisadas não diferiram estatisticamente entre os grupos. Os triatletas e ciclistas são semelhantes em relação às características antropométricas. No entanto, ciclistas apresentam maiores valores de potência nos limiares (LL1 e LL2) e menores valores do índice de fadiga.

A influência da fadiga neuromuscular e da acidose metabólica sobre a corrida de 400 metros / Influence of neuromuscular fatigue and metabolic acidosis on the 400-meter race

Exercícios inabituais podem levar a danos musculares que persistem por alguns dias diminuindo a capacidade de desempenho em decorrência da fadiga. Além disso, o aumento da acidose intramuscular pode limitar o metabolismo celular no processo de gerar trabalho. Com isso, esta pesquisa teve como finalidade analisar a influência da fadiga neuromuscular e da acidose metabólica sobre a corrida de 400 metros. Foram selecionados 20 indivíduos, sedentários, com idade entre 18 e 35 anos. Estes foram submetidos aos seguintes protocolos: teste incremental em esteira, para determinação do VO2max; limiares aeróbio e anaeróbio, teste de 400m (400/C), atividade pliométrica, com repouso ativo/passivo, seguida de corrida de 400m logo após (400/Pós) e 24 horas após a atividade pliométrica (400/24h). Os resultados obtidos mostram que, quando comparados os grupos ativo e passivo, não apresentaram diferenças significantes no desempenho dos 400/ Pós, mas o tempo deste foi maior, para os dois grupos quando comparado com os 400/C. No entanto, o 400/24h não foi significantemente diferente quando comparado com o 400/C para ambos os grupos. Concluise que, independente do tipo de recuperação - ativa ou passiva -, a diminuição de desempenho em uma corrida de 400 metros após atividade pliométrica parece ser ocasionada por mecanismos neuromusculares que levam à fadiga e não a limitações metabólicas.

Unusual exercises can lead to muscle damage that persists for a few days reducing performance ability due to fatigue onset. Moreover, intramuscular acidity increase can limit the cell metabolism in the process of producing work. Therefore, the objective of this research was to analyze the influence of neuromuscular fatigue and metabolic acidity in the 400 m race. The selected sample consisted of 20 sedentary individuals, aged between 18 and 35 years. They were submitted to the following protocols: treadmill incremental test for determination of VO2max; aerobic and anaerobic threshold; 400m race test (400/R); plyometric activity with active/passive rest followed by 400m race immediately after (400/Post) and 24 hours after the plyometric activity (400/24h). The obtained results show that when the active and passive groups are compared, they do not show significant difference in 400/Post performance, but this time was longer for both groups when compared with the 400/R. Nevertheless, the 400/24h was not significantly different when compared with the 400/R to both groups. It was concluded that regardless of the kind of recovery, active or passive, the performance reduction in a 400-meter race after plyometric activity seems to occur by neuromuscular mechanisms that lead to fatigue and not to metabolic limitations.

Efeitos da suplementação prolongada de creatina mono-hidratada sobre o desempenho anaeróbio de adultos jovens treinados / Effects of long-term creatine monohydrate supplementation on anaerobic performance of trained young adults

O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar o impacto de oito semanas de suplementação de creatina mono-hidratada (Crm) sobre o desempenho anaeróbio de adultos jovens treinados. Vinte e seis estudantes de educação física, do sexo masculino, saudáveis, foram divididos aleatoriamente em grupo creatina (GCr, n = 13; 22,5 ± 2,7 anos; 74,9 ± 6,8kg, 178,5 ± 4,8cm) e grupo placebo (GPl, n = 13; 22,9 ± 3,2 anos, 71,9 ± 11,3kg, 178,6 ± 4,0cm). Os indivíduos ingeriram em sistema duplo-cego doses de Crm ou placebo-maltodextrina (20 g.d-1 por 5 dias e 3 g.d-1 por 51 dias subsequentes). Ambos os grupos tiveram seus hábitos alimentares e os níveis de aptidão física controlados anteriormente. O teste anaeróbio de Wingate (TW) foi usado para avaliar o desempenho anaeróbio antes e após o período de ingestão de Crm ou placebo. Os índices de desempenho analisados foram: potência pico relativa (PPR), potência média relativa (PMR), trabalho total relativo (TTR) e índice de fadiga (IF). Para tratamento estatístico foi utilizado ANOVA, seguido pelo teste de post hoc Tukey, quando P<0,05. Não foram observadas diferenças significantes nos índices PPR, PMR, TTR e IF após o período de suplementação de Crm (P<0,05). Os resultados do presente estudo sugerem que a suplementação de Crm não parece ser um recurso ergogênico eficiente em esforços físicos de alta intensidade e curta duração que envolve uma única série.

The objective of the present study was to investigate the impact of eight weeks of creatine monohydrate (Crm) supplementation on the anaerobic performance of young trained adults. Twenty-six healthy male physical education students were randomly divided in creatine group (CrG, n = 13; 22.5 ± 2.7 years; 74.9 ± 6.8 kg; 178.5 ± 4.8 cm) and placebo group (PlG, n = 13; 22.9 ± 3.2 years; 71.9 ± 11.3 kg; 178.6 ± 4.0 cm). The subjects received in a double-blind system a Crm or placebo-maltodextrin dose (20 g.d-1 for 5 days and 3 g.d-1 for 51 subsequent days). Both groups had their eating habits and levels of physical fitness previously controlled. The Wingate anaerobic test (WT) was used to evaluate the anaerobic performance before and after the ingestion period of Crm or placebo. The performance indexes assessed were: relative peak power (RPP), relative mean power (RMP), relative total work (RTW) and index of fatigue (IF). ANOVA followed by Tukey post hoc test were used when P<0.05 for statistical treatment. No significant difference in RPP, RMP, RTW or IF was observed after the period of supplementation of Crm (P>0.05). The results of the present study suggest that Crm supplementation does not seem to be an efficient ergogenic resource in high-intensity and short-duration efforts involving a single set.