Real-world nailfold videocapillaroscopy in a referral centre in north-western Colombia: A real-life cohort

Introduction: Nailfold videocapillaroscopy is a non-invasive tool for the assessment of peripheral microcirculation, the main indication is the study of Raynaud's phenomenon, poorly standardized outside of this context. There is no clear information in real-life about the rea-sons for referral, the presence of clinical findings of autoimmune diseases, the frequency of patterns of autoantibodies, and specific capillaroscopic findings. Objective: The purpose of this survey is to describe the sociodemographic, clinical, paraclinical, and angioscopy findings of a cohort of subjects referred to a capillaroscopy service in North-western Colombia. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted, from 2015 to 2018. Categorical variables were expressed in frequency and percentage and quantitative variables in mean and standard deviation or median with interquartile range, depending on the distribution of the data. Results: A total of 318 capillaroscopies were performed for the first time. The main referral reason was Raynaud's phenomenon (n = 134; 42.1%). The most frequent baseline capillaroscopic pattern found was normal (n = 123; 38.7%). Of the 12 capillaroscopies that presented a non-specific pattern at a 6-month follow-up, only one (8.3%) progressed to a scleroderma pattern. In the subjects with systemic sclerosis, the most frequent clinical finding was sclerodactyly (n = 34; 37.8%), and 42/44 individuals (95.4%) had positive antinuclear antibodies; the most frequent pattern was centromere (n = 27; 64.3%) Conclusions: In a real-world setting, the main referral reason for capillaroscopy was Raynaud's phenomenon; more than a third of the subjects had normal capillaroscopic findings. Sclerodactyly was the most frequent clinical finding in patients with scleroderma capillaroscopic pattern.

Introducción: La videocapilaroscopia del lecho ungular es una herramienta no invasiva para la evaluación de la microcirculación periférica; la indicación principal es el estudio del fenómeno de Raynaud. Luego de una revisión de la literatura, no hay información clara sobre los motivos de remisión, presencia de hallazgos clínicos de enfermedades autoinmunes, frecuencia de patrones de autoanticuerpos y hallazgos capilaroscópicos específicos. Objetivo: Describir los hallazgos sociodemográficos, clínicos, paraclínicos y capilaroscópicos de sujetos remitidos a un servicio de capilaroscopia en el noroccidente colombiano. Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo de 2015 a 2018. Las variables categóricas se expresaron en frecuencias absolutas y porcentajes, y las variables cuantitativas en media y desviación estándar o mediana con rango intercuartílico, dependiendo de la distribución de los datos. Resultados: Se realizaron 318 capilaroscopias por primera vez. El principal motivo de remisión fue el fenómeno de Raynaud (n = 134; 42,1%). El patrón capilaroscópico basal más frecuente fue el normal (n = 123; 38,7%). De las 12 capilaroscopias que presentaron un patrón no específico en un seguimiento de seis meses, solo una (8,3%) progresó a un patrón de esclerodermia. En los sujetos con esclerosis sistémica, el hallazgo clínico más frecuente fue la esclerodactilia (n = 34; 37,8%), y 42/44 individuos (95,4%) tenían anticuerpos antinucleares positivos; el patrón más frecuente fue el centromérico (n = 27; 64,3%). Conclusiones: La razón principal de remisión para realizar una capilaroscopia fue el fenómeno de Raynaud; más de un tercio de los sujetos tenían hallazgos capilaroscópicos normales. La esclerodactilia fue el hallazgo clínico más frecuente en pacientes con patrón capilaroscópico de esclerodermia.

Nailfold capillaroscopy and microvascular involvement in Diabetes Mellitus / Capilaroscopia de leito ungueal e envolvimento microvascular em Diabetes Mellitus

Objective: to study the relationship between microvascular lesions of Diabetes Mellitus and alterations in the nailfold capillaroscopy. Subjects and Methods: cross-sectional study including 140 individuals (70 with Diabetes Mellitus and 70 controls). Epidemiological and clinical variables were collected from patient's charts. Fundus ophthalmoscopy, nailfold capillaroscopy, analysis of microalbuminuria and renal clearance as well as fasting glycaemia and HbA1c values were studied simultaneously. Results: capillary density was reduced, and vascular dilatation was increased in Diabetes Mellitus patients when compared to controls (both with p<0.0001). In diabetic individuals the number of dermal papillary capillaries/mm3 correlated negatively with microalbuminuria (p=0.02), patient's age (p=0.03), values of HbA1c (p=0.03). Patients with diabetic retinopathy and using antiplatelet agents had lower capillary density (p<0.0001 and 0.04 respectively). Capillary dilatation was associated with disease duration (p=0.04). Conclusion: microvascular disease in Diabetes Mellitus is reflected in nailfold capillaroscopy. Decreased capillary density, increased number of ectasias and increased presence of avascular areas were observed in patients with diabetes when compared to controls. In the present study, capillary density correlated/associate with age, retinopathy, use of antiplatelet medication, HbA1c, microalbuminuria and diabetes duration. Ectasias or dilatations were related to retinopathy, glomerular filtration rate and longer disease duration.

Objetivo: estudar a relação entre lesões microvasculares do Diabetes Mellitus e alterações na capilaroscopia ungueal. Sujeitos e Métodos: estudo transversal incluindo 140 indivíduos (70 com Diabetes Mellitus e 70 controles). Variáveis epidemiológicas e clínicas foram coletadas dos prontuários dos pacientes. A oftalmoscopia de fundo, capilaroscopia ungueal, análise de microalbuminúria e depuração renal, bem como glicemia de jejum e valores de HbA1c foram estudados simultaneamente. Resultados: a densidade capilar foi reduzida e a dilatação vascular aumentada em pacientes com Diabetes Mellitus quando comparados aos controles (ambos com p <0,0001). Em indivíduos diabéticos, o número de capilares papilares dérmicos/ mm3 correlacionou-se negativamente com microalbuminúria (p = 0,02), idade do paciente (p = 0,03), valores de HbA1c (p = 0,03). Pacientes com retinopatia diabética e em uso de antiagregante plaquetário apresentaram menor densidade capilar (p <0,0001 e 0,04 respectivamente). A dilatação capilar foi associada ao tempo de doença (p = 0,04). Conclusão: a doença microvascular no Diabetes Mellitus reflete-se na capilaroscopia ungueal. Diminuição da densidade capilar, aumento do número de ectasias e aumento da presença de áreas avasculares foram observados em pacientes com diabetes quando comparados aos controles. No presente estudo, a densidade capilar se correlacionou/ se associou com idade, retinopatia, uso de antiagregante plaquetário, HbA1c, microalbuminúria e tempo de diabetes. Ectasias ou dilatações foram relacionadas à retinopatia, à taxa de filtração glomerular e a maior duração da doença.

Características de la videocapilaroscopia del lecho ungular y de los anticuerpos antinucleares en una cohorte de pacientes con enfermedad autoinmune sistémica con fenómeno de Raynaud / Characteristics of nailfold videocapillaroscopy and antinuclear antibodies in a cohort of patients with systemic autoimmune disease with Raynaud's phenomenon

Resumen Introducción: Entre un 15 y un 20% de los pacientes con fenómeno de Raynaud progresarán a una enfermedad autoinmune sistémica. La presencia de autoanticuerpos o alteraciones capilaroscópicas es fundamental para el diagnóstico temprano. Objetivos: Determinar las características de la videocapilaroscopia del lecho ungular y de los anticuerpos antinucleares en una cohorte de pacientes con enfermedad autoinmune sistémica. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal en sujetos con fenómeno de Raynaud. Estos fueron evaluados con videocapilaroscopia y anticuerpos antinucleares. Las variables cualitativas se describieron con frecuencias absolutas y relativas; las variables cuantitativas, según la distribución de los datos, se reportaron como media o mediana, con desviación estándar y rango intercuartílico, respectivamente. Resultados: Se incluyeron 58 individuos; el 91,4% eran mujeres. La edad promedio fue 40,9 ± 14,1 arios. En 41 sujetos, los anticuerpos antinucleares fueron positivos; el patrón más común fue el moteado (41,5%), con una mediana de dilución de 1:640 (rango inter-cuartílico 1:320-1:1.280). Se encontró enfermedad autoinmune sistémica en 10 individuos (19,2%), 8 de ellos con esclerosis sistémica. Las alteraciones capilares más frecuentes fueron: megacapilares (n = 10), microhemorragias (n = 10) y zonas avasculares (n = 8). Conclusiones: En este grupo de pacientes con fenómeno de Raynaud sometidos a video-capilaroscopia, el diagnóstico de enfermedad autoinmune sistémica fue realizado en un porcentaje similar a lo reportado en la literatura. Se encontró una mayor dilución de anticuerpos antinucleares que la descrita.

Abstract Introduction: Between 15 and 20% of patients with Raynaud's phenomenon will progress to a systemic autoimmune disease. The presence of autoantibodies or capillaroscopy alterations are fundamental for early diagnosis. Objectives: To determine the characteristics of nailfold videocapillaroscopy and antinuclear antibodies in a cohort of patients with systemic autoimmune disease. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in subjects with Raynaud s phenomenon. These were evaluated with videocapillaroscopy and antinuclear antibodies. The qualitative variables were described with absolute and relative frequencies. The quantitative variables, according to the distribution of data, were reported as mean or median, with standard deviation and interquartile range, respectively. Results: The study included 58 individuals, of which 91.4% were women. The mean age was 40.9 ± 14.1 years. Antinuclear antibodies were positive in 41 subjects. The most common pattern was speckled (41.5%), with a median dilution of 1:640 (interquartile range 1:3201:1,280). A systemic autoimmune disease was found in 10 (19.2%) patients, 8 of them with systemic sclerosis. The most frequent capillary alterations were: mega-capillaries (n = 10), micro-haemorrhages (n = 10), and avascular zones (n = 8). Conclusions: In this group of patients with Raynaud's phenomenon subjected to videocapillaroscopy, a diagnosis of systemic autoimmune disease was made in a similar percentage to that reported in the literature. A higher dilution of antinuclear antibodies was found than that described.

Periungual capillaroscopy in psoriasis / Capilaroscopia periungueal em psoríase

BACKGROUND: Nailfold capillaroscopy is a useful technique for evaluating changes in microcirculation. OBJECTIVE: To investigate changes at nailfold capillaroscopy in psoriatic patients compared with controls. METHODS: Nailfold capillaroscopy was performed in 46 psoriatic patients and 50 controls to assess microscopic morphological changes, capillary density and the presence of areas with devascularization. RESULTS: Patients with psoriasis had lower capillary density (p=0.0005), increased avascular areas (p=0.0035) and an increased number of morphologically abnormal capillaries (coiled, p<0.0001) compared to controls. No association was found between capillary density and the duration of the disease (p = 0.92) or the extent of skin involvement, as measured by the psoriasis area and severity index (PASI) score (p = 0.59). The presence of avascular areas was more common in psoriatic individuals whose nails were affected by the condition (p = 0.047). CONCLUSION: Patients with psoriasis have decreased capillary density and a greater presence of morphologically abnormal capillaries when compared to controls.

FUNDAMENTOS: A capilaroscopia periungueal é um método utilizado no estudo de alterações da microcirculação. OBJETIVO: Verificar alterações na capilaroscopia periungueal de pacientes com psoríase, comparando-os com controles saudáveis. MÉTODOS: A capilaroscopia periungueal foi realizada em 46 pacientes com psoríase e 50 controles, utilizando-se um estereomicroscópio e observando-se alterações morfológicas, densidade capilar e presença de áreas com desvascularização. RESULTADOS: Pacientes com psoríase tinham menor densidade capilar (p=0,0005), maior presença de áreas avasculares (p=0,0035) e de capilares morfologicamente alterados (enrodilhados; p<0.0001) do que os controles. Não se encontrou associação entre densidade capilar e tempo de doença (p=0.92) ou grau de envolvimento cutâneo medido pelo PASI (p=0.59). A presença de áreas avasculares foi mais comum em indivíduos com psoríase que tinham envolvimento ungueal (p=0,047). CONCLUSÃO: Pacientes com psoríase têm menor densidade capilar e presença de capilares morfologicamente alterados em relação aos controles.

Avaliação da capilaroscopia usando Endotelina-1 como um marcador de ativação endotelial na lesão microvascular e úlceras cutâneas / Evaluation of the capillaroscopy using endothelin-1 as a marker of endothelial activation in microvascular injury and cutaneous ulcerations

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a presença da ET-1 em pacientes portadores de esclerodermia e a sua correlação com o nível de atividade da doença; verificar se os níveis de endotelina estão associados com o perfil clínico e de autoanticorpos da esclerodermia e, ainda, se há associação com lesão microvascular detectada pela capilaroscopia periungueal. MÉTODOS: Um total de 74 pacientes, sendo 37 portadores de esclerodermia e o restante controle, foram submetidos à dosagem de ET-1 por meio de teste de ELISA. Pacientes com esclerodermia foram analisados através de um questionário sobre características da doença e pesquisa de autoanticorpos. A gravidade da doença foi definida pelos critérios de Medsger e a doença microvascular foi acessada através de capilaroscopia periungueal. RESULTADOS: Dos 37 pacientes com esclerodermia três (8,1%) eram homens e 34 (91,89%) mulheres, com idade média de 48,97 ? 13,36 anos e tempo médio de doença de 42,54 ? 13,35 anos. Os valores da ET-1 nos controles foram de 0,41 a 5,65 pg/ml (mediana de 2,26 pg/ml) e nos com esclerodermia de 0,41 a 8.82 pg/ml (mediana de 0,41 pg/ml) com p de 0,0007. Não houve correlação com o tempo de doença, idade do paciente e com o nível de acometimento cutâneo. Não encontrou-se correlação entre nível de ET-1 sérica e gravidade da doença (p=0,13). Níveis maiores de ET-1 foram observados na forma de superposição (1,49 a 6,82 pg/ml). CONCLUSÃO: Os níveis de ET-1 em esclerodérmicos mostraram-se inferiores aos controles. Não houve associação dos níveis de ET-1 com as variáveis estudadas.

Objectives: To evaluate the presence of ET-1 in patients with scleroderma and its correlation with the level of disease activity; to verify if the levels of endothelin are associated with the clinical profile and autoantibodies of scleroderma, and even if there is an association with microvascular injury detected by nailfold capillaroscopy. METHODS: A total of 74 patients, 37 patients with scleroderma, the remaining being controls, were subjected to measurement of ET-1 by ELISA. Patients with scleroderma were evaluated through a questionnaire about characteristics of the disease and determination of autoantibodies. Disease severity was defined by the criteria of Medsger and microvascular disease was accessed through nailfold capillaroscopy. RESULTS: Of the 37 patients with scleroderma, three (8.1%) were men and 34 (91.89%) women, with a mean age of 48.97 ± 13.36 years and mean disease duration of 42.54 ± 13, 35. The amounts of ET-1 in the controls was 0.41 to 5.65 pg / ml (median of 2.26 pg / ml) and, in the scleroderma group, from 0.41 to 8.82 pg / ml (median, 0.41 pg / ml), with p = 0.0007. There was no correlation with disease duration, patient age and the degree of skin involvement. No correlation was found between serum levels of ET-1 and disease severity (p = 0.13). Higher levels of ET-1 were observed in the form of overlap (1.49 to 6.82 pg / ml). CONCLUSION: The levels of ET-1 in scleroderma were inferior to controls. There was no association of ET-1 levels with the variables studied.

Endotelium in Turner syndrome with capillaroscopy / Endotélio na síndrome de Turner com capilaroscopia

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the endothelium function in patients with Turner syndrome using videocapillaroscopy and to compare the results with healthy control. METHODS: Subjects and controls were studied in a temperature-controlled room, 20 days after no nailfold manipulations. The capillaries were visualized by a microscope connected to a television and a computer. The test of post-occlusive reactive hyperemia was performed using a sphygmomanometer attached to the fourth left finger, 20mmHg above maximum arterial pressure during 1 minute, and the following patterns were studied: area of transverse segment, maximal post-ischemia area and time to reach maximal post-ischemia area. RESULTS: The value of measure of transverse segment projected area , the maximal postischemia area of hand nailfold capillary loops using computerized videophotometry and the time to reach maximal post ischemia area were studied in 40 patients with Turner syndrome and 26 healthy women controls of comparable age (20±7.5 versus 18±8.1 years old; p=0.57). There were differences between transverse segment area (706.8±139.1 versus 548.8±117.2; p=0.001). Maximal post-ischemia area (891.3±226.1 versus 643.5±134.3; p=0.001) and the time to reach it (10.8±4.3 versus 5.5±2.5; p=0.001) were different between patients and controls. CONCLUSIONS: Changes of capillary response to ischemia could be observed in patients with Turner syndrome using videocapillaroscopy when they were compared to a healthy control group.

OBJETIVOS: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a função endotelial de pacientes com síndrome de Turner, utilizando a videocapilaroscopia e comparar os resultados com grupo controle saudável. MÉTODOS: Pacientes e controles foram estudados em sala com temperatura controlada, após 20 dias, sem a manipulação das cutículas. Os capilares foram visualizados por microscópio conectado a televisão e computador. O teste de hiperemia reativa pós-oclusiva foi realizado utilizando-se esfigmomanômetro fixado no quarto quirodáctilo da mão esquerda, 20mmHg acima da pressão arterial máxima durante 1 minuto, e os seguintes parâmetros foram estudados: área do segmento transverso, área máxima pós-hiperemia e tempo para alcançar a área máxima pós-hiperemia. RESULTADOS: O valor da área do segmento transverso, área máxima pós-hiperemia dos capilares da região da mão usando-se a videocapilaroscopia computadorizada e o tempo para alcançar a área pós-hiperemia foram estudadas em 40 pacientes com síndrome de Turner e 26 controles do sexo feminino pareados para idade (20±7,5 versus 18±8,1 anos; p=0,57). Houve diferenças nos grupos quanto à área do segmento transverso (706,8±139,1 versus 548,8±117,2; p=0,001). A área máxima pós-hiperemia (891,3±226,1 versus 643,5±134,3; p=0,001) e o tempo para alcançá-la (10,8±4,3 versus 5,5±2,5; p=0,001) foram significativamente diferentes entre pacientes e controles. CONCLUSÃO: Houve alterações na resposta do capilar à isquemia em pacientes com síndrome de Turner utilizando-se videocapilaroscopia quando comparados ao grupo controle saudável.

Uso da capilaroscopia ungueal como método diagnóstico e prognóstico de rosácea / Nailfold capillaroscopy as a diagnostic and prognostic method in rosacea

FUNDAMENTOS: Não há um método adequado e fidedigno de avaliação e seguimento da severidade na rosácea. OBJETIVO: Determinar a importância da capilaroscopia periungueal como método diagnóstico e prognóstico em pacientes portadores de rosácea. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal onde foram submetidos ao exame da capilaroscopia periungueal 8 pacientes com rosácea e 8 controles no período entre maio e julho de 2009. Foram coletados dados clínicos relacionados ao sexo, idade, fototipo, classificação da rosácea de acordo com a classificação de Plewig e Kligman e a classificação da National Rosacea Society. Adicionalmente, avaliamos o tempo de evolução da doença e tratamentos previamente utilizados. RESULTADOS: A grande maioria das pacientes avaliadas (6 das 8 pacientes) apresentavam rosácea grau I (vascular) ou eritêmato-teleangiectásica. A idade média de duração da rosácea foi de 5,96 anos, sendo que 87,5 por cento faziam tratamento com metronidazol tópico. Nenhum paciente tanto do grupo rosácea como controle demonstrou evidência de desvascularização ao exame capilaroscópico. CONCLUSÃO: A capilaroscopia periungueal apresenta um padrão inespecífico e não parece auxiliar no diagnóstico ou prognóstico da rosácea.

BACKGROUND: There is no appropriate and reliable method of evaluating and monitoring severity in rosacea. OBJECTIVE: To determine the importance of nailfold capillaroscopy as a diagnostic and prognostic method for patients with rosacea. METHODS: A cross-sectional study where eight patients with rosacea and 8 control subjects were submitted to nailfold capillaroscopy from May to July 2009. We collected clinical data related to gender, age, skin phototype, and rosacea stage according to Plewig and Kligman classification and the classification of the National Rosacea Society. Additionally, we evaluated the progression of the disease and treatment therapies previously used. RESULTS: The majority of the patients evaluated (6 out of 8 patients) had rosacea subtype I (vascular) or erythematotelangiectatic rosacea. The mean duration of the disorder was 5.96 years, and 87.5 percent of the patients were under treatment with topical metronidazole. Nailfold cappilaroscopy showed that evidence of devascularization was absent in both groups. CONCLUSION: Nailfold capillaroscopy presents a nonspecific pattern and does not seem to help in the diagnosis or prognosis of rosacea.

Microvascular reactivity in type 1 diabetics / Reatividade microvascular em diabéticos tipo 1

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether differences are present in microvascular response to the schemia induced by dynamic videocapillaroscopy (VCD), through analysis of the measured capillar transverse segment area (CTSA) in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). METHODS: The vascular reactivity of the CTSA was studied by VCD, using a reactive hyperemia test in 61 volunteers, being 31 healthy controls without diabetes family history (Group 1) and 30 patients with T1DM without complications (Group 2). The images were captured every two seconds, during reperfusion after one minute induced ischaemia, and they were analyzed by the program Studio Version 8 and Motic Image Plus. The pre-ischemia capillary transverse segment (basal area, BA), the maximum strain post-ischemia (maximum area, MA), and time to achieve it (MAt) were measured during reperfusion, and the increased area percentage (Ap) was estimated. RESULTS: The mean differences between groups were evaluated by the t-test. The median comparisons between the groups were studied by the Mann-Whitney test. There was no difference in BA between the groups. The Ap was significantly lower among the diabetic patients, and there was a significant increase in the Mat among the patients of Group 2 when compared to Group 1. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that type 1 diabetes provokes earlier endothelial dysfunction, before the onset of clinically detectable degenerative complications. The outcomes from these alterations need further studies.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar se há diferença de resposta microcirculatória à isquemia induzida pela videocapilaroscopia dinâmica (VCD), por meio da análise de medida da área do segmento transverso capilar (ASTC) em pacientes com diabetes melito tipo 1 (DMT1). MÉTODOS: A reatividade vascular do ASTC foi estudada pela VCD usando o teste de hiperemia reativa em 61 voluntários, sendo 31 controles sadios sem história familiar de diabetes (Grupo 1) e 30 pacientes com DMT1, sem complicações (Grupo 2). As imagens foram capturadas a cada dois segundos, durante a reperfusão após um minuto de isquemia induzida, e analisadas pelo programa Studio Version 8 e Motic Image Plus. O segmento transverso pré-isquemia (área basal, AB), a área máxima pós-isquemia (área máxima, AM) e o tempo para alcançá-la foram medidos durante a reperfusão, e o percentual de incremento foi estimado. RESULTADOS: As principais diferenças entre os grupos foram avaliadas pelo teste t. As médias comparativas entre os grupos foram avaliadas pelo teste Mann-Whitney. Não houve diferença na área basal entre os dois grupos. O percentual de incremento foi significativamente menor entre os pacientes diabéticos e houve um aumento significativo no ASTC entre os pacientes do Grupo 2 quando comparados com o Grupo 1. CONCLUSÕES: Os dados sugerem que o diabetes tipo 1 provoca disfunção endotelial precoce, antes mesmo de complicações degenerativas serem detectadas clinicamente. Os fatores que levam a essas alterações necessitam de estudos adicionais.